Оглавление
George R. Chatburn. Highways and Highway Transportation
Highways and Highway Transportation
Table of Contents
PREFACE
LIST OF INSERTS
CHAPTER I. TRANSPORTATION A MEASURE OF CIVILIZATION
Stages in Civilization
Stage of Direct Appropriation
The Pastoral Stage
The Agricultural Stage
The Manorial and Feudal Systems
The Handicraft Stage
Craft-guilds
Effect upon Trade
The Domestic System
Governmental Control
Agriculture
The Industrial Stage
Railways Developed
Some Historic Roads and Their Influence
Early Highways
Roman Roads
Pre-historic American Roads
Conclusion
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
CHAPTER II. TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES; EARLY TRAILS AND ROADS
The Birch Bark Canoe
Meagerness of Early Roads
Settlement Follows Waterways; Portages
Lines of Travel
Trails from the North
Boone’s Trace, or The Wilderness Road
Calk’s Diary
Marquette’s Explorations
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Transcontinental Trails
Origin of the Oregon Trail
The Final Trail
Salt Lake Trail
Later California Trail
Santa Fé Trail
Gila and Spanish Trails
Era of Turnpiking
Turnpike Roads
Wagon Road Desuetude
National Participation
Extension of the Cumberland Highway
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
CHAPTER III. WATER WAYS AND CANALS
Canals
Canal Prosperity and Desuetude
Ship Canals
The Panama Canal
French Participation
River Transportation
The Government’s Attitude Toward River Improvement
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
CHAPTER IV. RAILROADS
Pacific Roads
Construction of Pacific Roads
The Crédit Mobilier
Railroad Consolidation
Mechanical Development
The Evolution of the Sleeping Car
Street Car Service
Electric Traction
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
CHAPTER V. THE MODERN WAGON ROAD
The Influence of the Bicycle on Roads
Office of Public Roads Inquiry
Object-Lesson Roads
Rural Free Delivery
State Aid
Salient Features of the State Aid Law
Federal Aid
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
CHAPTER VI. INTERRELATION BETWEEN HIGHWAY AND OTHER KINDS OF TRANSPORTATION
Legitimate Fields of Transportation Agencies
Intra City Traffic
Length of Haul for Economical Trucking
Short-Haul Roads Reduce Express Rates
Avoiding Waste
Carve Out New Fields of Usefulness
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
CHAPTER VII. AUTOMOTIVE TRANSPORTATION
Business Passenger Traffic
Pleasure Passenger Traffic
Freight Traffic
Traffic between Towns
Motor Bus Traffic
To and from the Farm
Terminal Facilities
The Social Aspect of Motor Transportation
Consolidation of Rural Schools
Changing Concepts of the Public Schools
Rural Mail Delivery
The Automobile and Health
The Automobile and Crime
Vandalism
Conclusion
Addendum
SELECTED REFERENCES
Development of the Automobile:
Motor Rail Cars:
Footnote
CHAPTER VIII. PLANNING HIGHWAY SYSTEMS: SELECTION OF ROAD TYPES
Motor Transport Efficiency Outline
The Highway System Unit
State System
The Procedure of Laying out a Road System
Financial Considerations
Traffic Census
Methods of Taking Traffic Censuses
Classification of Traffic
Destructive Factors
Other Methods of Estimating Amount of Traffic
The Selection of a Suitable Type of Road
Materials and Design
Resistance Due to Grade
Slipperiness
Sanitariness
Noisiness
Acceptability
Some Types of Roads and Their Qualities
Comparison of Roads
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
CHAPTER IX. EFFECT OF EASE AND COST OF TRANSPORTATION ON PRODUCTION AND MARKETING
Grain Exchanges
Coöperative Marketing
Highway Transportation from Farm to Local Market
Stock Raising
Shrinkage
Dairying
Poultry
Diversified Farming
Forestry
Other Uses of the Truck
Amos Log Loader
In the Yards
Mining
Factory Products
Construction
Other Agencies
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
CHAPTER X. FINANCING HIGHWAYS AND HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION LINES
Private Financing
Public Financing
Direct Taxes
Indirect Taxes
Special Taxes
Zone Weights
To Calculate the Frontage
Procedure with Unequal Zones or Irregular Lots
Second Method of Apportioning Assessments
Rule for Assessment
Miscellaneous Sources of Revenue
Bonds
Kinds of Bonds
Total Cost by the Three Kinds of Bonds
The Term of Bonds
Stocks and Bonds
National and State Aid
Federal Aid
State Aid
Present State of Federal Aid
Matching Federal Aid Dollars
Financing Highway Transportation
Individual
Partnership
Corporation
Public Ownership
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
CHAPTER XI. HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS AND THEIR MITIGATION
The Driver
Driving and Operating
Horns
Stopping Cars on Grades, Streets, etc
Backing
Other Forms of Carelessness
The Car
Skidding
The Brake
Flexibility
Steering and Turning Ability
Lights
Unlighted Vehicles
Speedometer
Bad Roads Cause Accidents
Embankments and Guard Rails
The danger from sharp turns
Superelevation
Clear Vision
Curves
Bridges and Culverts
Railway Crossing Accidents
The Automobile and Crossing Accidents
Clearance
Pedestrians
Jay Walking
Obstacles that Obscure Vision
Pedestrians on Country Roads
Slow-Going Vehicles
Bicycles
Road and Traffic Regulations
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
CHAPTER XII. HIGHWAY ESTHETICS
Trees
Shrubs
Climbing Plants
Semi-Formal Style
Telephone and Other Poles
“The Ideal Section.”
Location of Poles
Legislation
Local Conditions Determine Planning
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
CHAPTER XIII. AIDS AND ATTRACTIONS TO TRAFFIC AND TRAVEL
Ranking and Parking
Parking Spaces a Convenience to Motorists
One Way and Rotary Traffic
Taking Care of Opera House Traffic
Public Garages
Terminal Stations
Gas, Air, and Water Stations
Named and Numbered Roads
Marks, Signs and Guides
Distance and Direction Signs
Uniformity of Signs
Letters and Colors
Warning Signs
Map Signs
Detour Signs
Location of Detour Markers
Speed Signs
Traffic Guides
Dummy Cop
Semaphores
Signal Lights and Colors
Road and Street Lighting
City Traffic
Touring
Camping Grounds
Something More Moderate
Camp Sites
Hotels
Parks
Information
SELECTED REFERENCES
Footnote
INDEX
