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George V. Chilingar. Acoustic and Vibrational Enhanced Oil Recovery
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Acoustic and Vibrational Enhanced Oil Recovery
Dedication
List of Contributors. List of Major Contributors
Other Contributors
1. Introduction
1.1 Origin and Migration of Oil
1.1.1 Seismicity
1.1.2 Electrokinetics
1.1.3 Earth Tides
1.1.4 Compaction
1.1.5 Migration in a Gaseous Form
1.2 Seismic Vibration Techniques
1.2.1 Producing Well Experiments
1.2.2 Mechanisms of Interaction of Fluid Flow With the Vibro-Energy in Porous Media
References and Bibliography
2. Wave Spreading Patterns in the Porous Media. 2.1 Spread of Vibration in Reservoir
2.2 Effect on the Wave Spread in the Oil Accumulations by the Geologic-Geophysical Conditions
2.3 Wave Spreading From the Vibrating Surface of the Reservoir Matrix Into the Saturated Medium
2.4 Excitation of Vibration in Oil Reservoirs
References and Bibliography
3. Directional Displacement of a Dispersed Phase
3.1 Simplest Models of the Vibrational Directional Displacement
3.2 Physical Mechanisms and Major Types of Asymmetry Causing Vibratory Displacement
3.3 Directed Motion of the Dispersed Phase in Vibrating Pore Channels
3.4 Directional Motion of the Vibrating Dispersed Phase in Pore Channels
References
4. Formation Damage Control and Cement Sheath Stability
4.1 Status of the Reservoir
4.2 Vibration Effect on the Reservoir’s Heat Properties
4.3 Decolmatation of the Near-Bottomhole Zone in the Vibration Field
4.4 Cement Sheath Stability Around a Well in the Vibration Field
References and Bibliography
5. Effect of Vibration on Improving Oil Yield and Various Tertiary Recovery Technologies. 5.1 Major Causes of Incomplete Oil Recovery From the Subsurface
5.1.1 Oil Displacement by Miscible Hydrocarbons
5.1.2 Oil Displacement by a High-Pressure Dry Gas
5.1.3 Oil Displacement by an Enriched Gas
5.1.4 Oils Displacement by Liquefied Petroleum Gas
5.1.5 Oil Displacement With Carbon Dioxide
5.1.6 Oil Displacement by Polymer Solutions
5.1.7 Oil Displacement by Micellar Solutions
5.1.8 Thermal Methods
5.1.9 The Vibroseismic Method
5.2 A Study of the Residual Formation Pressure in the Vibration Field
5.3 A Study of the Oil Capillary Displacement in the Vibration Field
5.4 Studies of the Oil and Water Gravity Flow in the Vibration Field
5.4.1 Absolute Permeability Effect
5.4.2 An Effect of Oil Viscosity
5.4.3 The Capillary Pressure Effect
5.4.4 The Oil and Water Phase Permeability Effect
References
6. Vibration Effect on Properties of Saturating Phases in a Reservoir. 6.1 Changes in Interfacial Tensions and Rheological Parameters
6.1.1 A Newtonian Liquid
6.1.2 A Viscoplastic Liquid
6.2 Permeability Changes. 6.2.1 A Single-Phase Flow
6.2.2 Two-Phase Flow
6.2.3 Three-Phase Flow
6.3 Capillary Pressure Changes
6.4 Interformational Oil Degassing and a Decline in the Formation Water Saturation
References
7. Energy Criteria
7.1 Parameters of Oscillatory Treatment and Conditions for Manifestation of Useful Effects in Saturated Geological Media
7.2 Wavelike Nature of the Oil-Saturated Geological Media Stress-Energy Exchange. Elastic Oscillations as an Energy Exchange Indicator and Regulator
7.2.1 Manifestation of Seismoacoustic Radiation in Oil-Saturated Media Exposed to Internal Stress Disturbance and Elastic Oscillation Treatment
7.2.2 Mechanism of Receptive Accumulation of Mechanical Stress Energy in Failing Oil-Saturated Media
7.3 Justification of Rational Wave Treatment for the Near-Wellbore Zone and Entire Reservoir
7.3.1 Reservoir Treatment With Elastic Oscillations
References and Bibliography
8. Types of Existing Treatments
8.1 Integrated Technologies of the Near-Wellbore Zone Vibrowave Treatment
8.1.1 Downhole Equipment
8.1.2 Integrated Vibrowave, Overbalance/Pressure-Drawdown, and Chemical Treatment (VDHV)
8.1.3 Vibrowave and Foam Treatment (VPV)
8.1.4 Deep Chemical-Wave Reservoir Treatment (GRVP)
8.1.5 Remediation of Troubles When Shutting Off Water and Gas Entries
8.1.6 Coiled Tubing Wave Technologies (KVT)
8.1.7 Tubing and Bottomhole Cleanout Technology
8.1.8 HydroVibroSwabbing Technology
8.1.9 Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Combined with Vibrowave Treatment (HydroVibroFrac)
8.1.10 Hydraulic Fracturing Operations
8.1.11 Integrated Treatment of Water Production Wells
8.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies Based on Vibroseismic Treatment (VST)
References and Bibliography
9. Laboratory Experiments. 9.1 Laboratory Experiments
9.1.1 Oil and Water Saturations of the Porous Medium Exposed to Elastic Waves
9.1.2 Rate of Displacement of Oil by Water and Effect of Elastic Waves on Relative Permeability to Oil
9.1.3 Degassing of Fluids by the Applied Vibro-Energy
9.2 Displacement of Oil by Gas-Free Water in the Presence of Elastic Waves
9.3 Displacement of Oil by CO2-Saturated Water in the Presence of Elastic Waves
9.4 Modeling of Oil Displacement by Water in Clayey Sandstones
References and Bibliography
10. Oil Field Tests. 10.1 Abuzy Oil Field
10.2 Changirtash Oil Field
10.3 Jirnovskiy Oil Field, First Stage
10.4 Jirnovskiy Oil Field, Second Stage
References and Bibliography
11. Electrokinetic Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Petroleum Reservoirs, Properties, Reserves, and Recoveries
11.2.1 Petroleum Reservoirs
11.2.2 Porosity
11.2.3 Reservoir Saturations
11.2.4 Initial Reserves
11.2.5 Primary Oil Production and Water Cut
11.3 Relative Permeability and Residual Saturation
11.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery
11.5 Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery
11.5.1 Historical Background
11.5.2 Geotechnical and Environmental Electrokinetic Applications
11.5.3 Direct Current Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery
11.6 DCEOR (EEOR) and Energy Storage
11.6.1 Mesoscopic Polarization Model
11.7 Electrochemical Basis for DCEOR
11.7.1 Coupled Flows and Onsager’s Principle
11.7.2 Joule Heating
11.7.3 Electromigration
11.7.4 Electrophoresis
11.7.5 Electroosmosis
11.7.6 Electrochemically Enhanced Reactions
11.7.7 Role of the Helmholtz Double Layer. 11.7.7.1 Dissociation of Ionic Salts
11.7.7.2 Silicates
11.7.7.3 Phillosilicates and Clay Minerals
11.7.7.4 Cation Exchange Capacity
11.7.7.5 Electrochemistry of the Double Layer
11.8 DCEOR Field Operations
11.8.1 Three-Dimensional Current Flow Ramifications
11.8.2 Electric Field Mapping
11.8.3 Joule Heating and Energy Loss
11.8.4 Comparison of DC vs. AC Electrical Transmission Power Loss
11.9 DCEOR Field Demonstrations
11.9.1 Santa Maria Basin (California, USA) DCEOR Field Demonstration
11.9.2 Lloydminster Heavy Oil Belt (Alberta, Canada) DCEOR Field Demonstration
11.10 Produced Fluid Changes
11.11 Laboratory Measurements
11.11.1 Electrokinetics and Effective Permeability
11.11.2 Sulfur Sequestration
11.11.3 Carbonate Reservoir Laboratory Tests
11.12 Technology Comparisons
11.12.1 Comparison of DCEOR and Steam Flood Efficiency
11.12.2 Comparison of DCEOR and Steam Flood Costs
11.12.3 Comparison of DCEOR to Other EOR Technologies
11.13 Summary
11.14 Nomenclature
References
Addendum. Improving Injectivity of Liquids Into Tight Rocks
References
Nomenclature
Symbols
Subscripts and superscripts
Classifications of the reservoirs on the basis of permeability
About the Authors
Index
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