Acoustic and Vibrational Enhanced Oil Recovery

Acoustic and Vibrational Enhanced Oil Recovery
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ACOUSTIC AND VIBRATIONAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY Oil and gas is still a major energy source all over the world, and techniques like these, which are more environmentally friendly and inexpensive than many previous development and production technologies, are important for making fossil fuels more sustainable and less hazardous to the environment. Based on research they did in the 1970s in Russia and the United States, the authors discovered that oil rate production increased noticeably several days after the occurrence of an earthquake when the epicenter of the earthquake was located in the vicinity of the oil producing field. The increase in oil flow remained higher for a considerable period of time, and it led to a decade-long study both in the Russia and the US, which gradually focused on the use of acoustic/vibrational energy for enhanced oil recovery after reservoirs waterflooded. In the 1980s, they noticed in soil remediation studies that sonic energy applied to soil increases the rate of hydrocarbon removal and decreases the percentage of residual hydrocarbons. In the past several decades, the use of various seismic vibration techniques have been used in various countries and have resulted in incremental oil production. This outstanding new volume validates results of vibro-stimulation tests for enhanced oil recovery, using powerful surface-based vibro-seismic sources. It proves that the rate of displacement of oil by water increases and the percentage of nonrecoverable residual oil decreases if vibro-energy is applied to the porous medium containing oil. [b]Audience: Petroleum Engineers, Chemical Engineers, Earthquake and Energy engineers, Environmental Engineers, Geotechnical Engineers, Mining and Geological Engineers, Sustainability Engineers, Physicists, Chemists, Geologists, and other professionals working in this field

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George V. Chilingar. Acoustic and Vibrational Enhanced Oil Recovery

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations

List of Tables

Guide

Pages

Acoustic and Vibrational Enhanced Oil Recovery

Dedication

List of Contributors. List of Major Contributors

Other Contributors

1. Introduction

1.1 Origin and Migration of Oil

1.1.1 Seismicity

1.1.2 Electrokinetics

1.1.3 Earth Tides

1.1.4 Compaction

1.1.5 Migration in a Gaseous Form

1.2 Seismic Vibration Techniques

1.2.1 Producing Well Experiments

1.2.2 Mechanisms of Interaction of Fluid Flow With the Vibro-Energy in Porous Media

References and Bibliography

2. Wave Spreading Patterns in the Porous Media. 2.1 Spread of Vibration in Reservoir

2.2 Effect on the Wave Spread in the Oil Accumulations by the Geologic-Geophysical Conditions

2.3 Wave Spreading From the Vibrating Surface of the Reservoir Matrix Into the Saturated Medium

2.4 Excitation of Vibration in Oil Reservoirs

References and Bibliography

3. Directional Displacement of a Dispersed Phase

3.1 Simplest Models of the Vibrational Directional Displacement

3.2 Physical Mechanisms and Major Types of Asymmetry Causing Vibratory Displacement

3.3 Directed Motion of the Dispersed Phase in Vibrating Pore Channels

3.4 Directional Motion of the Vibrating Dispersed Phase in Pore Channels

References

4. Formation Damage Control and Cement Sheath Stability

4.1 Status of the Reservoir

4.2 Vibration Effect on the Reservoir’s Heat Properties

4.3 Decolmatation of the Near-Bottomhole Zone in the Vibration Field

4.4 Cement Sheath Stability Around a Well in the Vibration Field

References and Bibliography

5. Effect of Vibration on Improving Oil Yield and Various Tertiary Recovery Technologies. 5.1 Major Causes of Incomplete Oil Recovery From the Subsurface

5.1.1 Oil Displacement by Miscible Hydrocarbons

5.1.2 Oil Displacement by a High-Pressure Dry Gas

5.1.3 Oil Displacement by an Enriched Gas

5.1.4 Oils Displacement by Liquefied Petroleum Gas

5.1.5 Oil Displacement With Carbon Dioxide

5.1.6 Oil Displacement by Polymer Solutions

5.1.7 Oil Displacement by Micellar Solutions

5.1.8 Thermal Methods

5.1.9 The Vibroseismic Method

5.2 A Study of the Residual Formation Pressure in the Vibration Field

5.3 A Study of the Oil Capillary Displacement in the Vibration Field

5.4 Studies of the Oil and Water Gravity Flow in the Vibration Field

5.4.1 Absolute Permeability Effect

5.4.2 An Effect of Oil Viscosity

5.4.3 The Capillary Pressure Effect

5.4.4 The Oil and Water Phase Permeability Effect

References

6. Vibration Effect on Properties of Saturating Phases in a Reservoir. 6.1 Changes in Interfacial Tensions and Rheological Parameters

6.1.1 A Newtonian Liquid

6.1.2 A Viscoplastic Liquid

6.2 Permeability Changes. 6.2.1 A Single-Phase Flow

6.2.2 Two-Phase Flow

6.2.3 Three-Phase Flow

6.3 Capillary Pressure Changes

6.4 Interformational Oil Degassing and a Decline in the Formation Water Saturation

References

7. Energy Criteria

7.1 Parameters of Oscillatory Treatment and Conditions for Manifestation of Useful Effects in Saturated Geological Media

7.2 Wavelike Nature of the Oil-Saturated Geological Media Stress-Energy Exchange. Elastic Oscillations as an Energy Exchange Indicator and Regulator

7.2.1 Manifestation of Seismoacoustic Radiation in Oil-Saturated Media Exposed to Internal Stress Disturbance and Elastic Oscillation Treatment

7.2.2 Mechanism of Receptive Accumulation of Mechanical Stress Energy in Failing Oil-Saturated Media

7.3 Justification of Rational Wave Treatment for the Near-Wellbore Zone and Entire Reservoir

7.3.1 Reservoir Treatment With Elastic Oscillations

References and Bibliography

8. Types of Existing Treatments

8.1 Integrated Technologies of the Near-Wellbore Zone Vibrowave Treatment

8.1.1 Downhole Equipment

8.1.2 Integrated Vibrowave, Overbalance/Pressure-Drawdown, and Chemical Treatment (VDHV)

8.1.3 Vibrowave and Foam Treatment (VPV)

8.1.4 Deep Chemical-Wave Reservoir Treatment (GRVP)

8.1.5 Remediation of Troubles When Shutting Off Water and Gas Entries

8.1.6 Coiled Tubing Wave Technologies (KVT)

8.1.7 Tubing and Bottomhole Cleanout Technology

8.1.8 HydroVibroSwabbing Technology

8.1.9 Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Combined with Vibrowave Treatment (HydroVibroFrac)

8.1.10 Hydraulic Fracturing Operations

8.1.11 Integrated Treatment of Water Production Wells

8.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies Based on Vibroseismic Treatment (VST)

References and Bibliography

9. Laboratory Experiments. 9.1 Laboratory Experiments

9.1.1 Oil and Water Saturations of the Porous Medium Exposed to Elastic Waves

9.1.2 Rate of Displacement of Oil by Water and Effect of Elastic Waves on Relative Permeability to Oil

9.1.3 Degassing of Fluids by the Applied Vibro-Energy

9.2 Displacement of Oil by Gas-Free Water in the Presence of Elastic Waves

9.3 Displacement of Oil by CO2-Saturated Water in the Presence of Elastic Waves

9.4 Modeling of Oil Displacement by Water in Clayey Sandstones

References and Bibliography

10. Oil Field Tests. 10.1 Abuzy Oil Field

10.2 Changirtash Oil Field

10.3 Jirnovskiy Oil Field, First Stage

10.4 Jirnovskiy Oil Field, Second Stage

References and Bibliography

11. Electrokinetic Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR)

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Petroleum Reservoirs, Properties, Reserves, and Recoveries

11.2.1 Petroleum Reservoirs

11.2.2 Porosity

11.2.3 Reservoir Saturations

11.2.4 Initial Reserves

11.2.5 Primary Oil Production and Water Cut

11.3 Relative Permeability and Residual Saturation

11.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery

11.5 Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery

11.5.1 Historical Background

11.5.2 Geotechnical and Environmental Electrokinetic Applications

11.5.3 Direct Current Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery

11.6 DCEOR (EEOR) and Energy Storage

11.6.1 Mesoscopic Polarization Model

11.7 Electrochemical Basis for DCEOR

11.7.1 Coupled Flows and Onsager’s Principle

11.7.2 Joule Heating

11.7.3 Electromigration

11.7.4 Electrophoresis

11.7.5 Electroosmosis

11.7.6 Electrochemically Enhanced Reactions

11.7.7 Role of the Helmholtz Double Layer. 11.7.7.1 Dissociation of Ionic Salts

11.7.7.2 Silicates

11.7.7.3 Phillosilicates and Clay Minerals

11.7.7.4 Cation Exchange Capacity

11.7.7.5 Electrochemistry of the Double Layer

11.8 DCEOR Field Operations

11.8.1 Three-Dimensional Current Flow Ramifications

11.8.2 Electric Field Mapping

11.8.3 Joule Heating and Energy Loss

11.8.4 Comparison of DC vs. AC Electrical Transmission Power Loss

11.9 DCEOR Field Demonstrations

11.9.1 Santa Maria Basin (California, USA) DCEOR Field Demonstration

11.9.2 Lloydminster Heavy Oil Belt (Alberta, Canada) DCEOR Field Demonstration

11.10 Produced Fluid Changes

11.11 Laboratory Measurements

11.11.1 Electrokinetics and Effective Permeability

11.11.2 Sulfur Sequestration

11.11.3 Carbonate Reservoir Laboratory Tests

11.12 Technology Comparisons

11.12.1 Comparison of DCEOR and Steam Flood Efficiency

11.12.2 Comparison of DCEOR and Steam Flood Costs

11.12.3 Comparison of DCEOR to Other EOR Technologies

11.13 Summary

11.14 Nomenclature

References

Addendum. Improving Injectivity of Liquids Into Tight Rocks

References

Nomenclature

Symbols

Subscripts and superscripts

Classifications of the reservoirs on the basis of permeability

About the Authors

Index

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