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George Ritzer. Essentials of Sociology
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Essentials of Sociology
Essentials of Sociology
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
Letter from the Author
Acknowledgments
Publisher’s Acknowledgments
About the Author
1 An Introduction to Sociology in the Global Age
Learning Objectives
A Sociology of Revolutions and Counterrevolutions
The Changing Nature of the Social World—and Sociology
Central Concerns for a Twenty-First-Century Sociology
Globalization
Consumption
McDonaldization
Critiquing Consumption
George Ritzer
The Digital World
Digital Living: Blogging and Tweeting about Sociology
Globalization, Consumption, the Digital World, and You
Sociology: Continuity and Change
The Sociological Imagination
Private Troubles and Public Issues
The Micro–Macro Relationship
The Agency–Structure Relationship
The Social Construction of Reality
Social Structures and Processes
Sociology’s Purpose: Science or Social Reform?
Sociology, the Other Social Sciences, and Common Sense
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
2 Thinking About and Researching the Social World
Learning Objectives
Do Sociological Theory and Research Help Us Understand Today’s Overheated Politics?
Theorizing the Social World
Classical Sociological Theory
Karl Marx
Max Weber
Émile Durkheim
Georg Simmel
W. E. B. Du Bois
Aldon D. Morris
Thorstein Veblen
Contemporary Sociological Theory
Structural/Functional Theories
Structural-Functionalism
Structuralism
Conflict/Critical Theories
Conflict Theory
Critical Theory
Feminist Theory
Queer Theory
Critical Theories of Race and Racism
Postmodern Theory
Inter/Actionist Theories
Symbolic Interactionism
Ethnomethodology
Exchange Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Researching the Social World
The Scientific Method
Sociological Research
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Observational Research
Participant and Nonparticipant Observation
Ethnography
Digital Living: Netnography
Interviews
Types of Interviews
The Interview Process
Survey Research
Types of Surveys
Sampling
Experiments
Secondary Data Analysis
Historical-Comparative Method
Content Analysis
Issues in Social Research
Reliability and Validity
Research Ethics
Physical and Psychological Harm
Illegal Acts
Violation of Trust
Alice Goffman
Objectivity, or “Value-Free” Sociology
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
3 Culture
Learning Objectives
A Reflection of U.S. Culture
A Definition of Culture
The Basic Elements of Culture
Values
Norms
Material Culture
Symbolic Culture and Language
Cultural Differences
Ideal and Real Culture
Ideology
Subcultures
Countercultures
Culture Wars
Multiculturalism and Assimilation
Robert Wuthnow
Identity Politics
Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism
Global Culture
The Globalization of Values
Cultural Imperialism
Consumer Culture
Children in a Consumer Culture
Nontraditional Settings for Consumption
A Postconsumer Culture?
Culture Jamming
Cyberculture
Digital Living: Netiquette
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
4 Socialization and Interaction
Learning Objectives
Socialization and Variance
The Individual and the Self
Symbolic Interaction and Development of the Self
Humans and Nonhumans
Symbolic Interaction
Mind and Self
The Generalized Other
The “I” and the “Me”
The Individual as Performer
Impression Management
Sherry Turkle
Front and Back Stage
Socialization
Childhood Socialization
Family
Peers
Gender
Mass Media and New Media
Digital Living: Cyberbullying
Consumer Culture
Adult Socialization
Workplaces
Total Institutions
Other Aspects of Adult Socialization
Interaction
Superordinate–Subordinate Interactions
Reciprocity and Exchange
“Doing” Interaction
Interaction Order
Status and Role
Micro-Level Social Structures
Interpersonal Relationships
Social Networks
Groups
Types of Groups
Conformity to the Group
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
5 Organizations, Societies, and Global Relationships
Learning Objectives
Questioning Governmental Authority
Organizations
Bureaucracies
Authority Structures and Bureaucracy
Adam Reich and Peter Bearman
Rationality and Irrationality
The Informal Organization
Contemporary Organizational Realities
Gender Inequalities
Other Problems
Contemporary Changes
Globalization
McDonaldization and Bureaucratic Organizations
Network Organizations
Characteristics of the Network Organization
Informationalism
Societies
Global Relationships
Controlling Global Flows and Mobilities
Other Global Flows
Landscapes
Digital Living: Digital Currency
Global Barriers
Are Global Barriers Effective?
Organizational Barriers
More Open Organizations?
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
6 Deviance and Crime
Learning Objectives
Norms, Labels, and Judgment
Deviance
Shifting Definitions of Deviance
Global Flows and Deviance
Deviance and Consumption
Theories of Deviance
Structural/Functional Theories
Strain
Social Control
Conflict/Critical Theories
Deviance and the Poor
Deviance and the Elite
Inter/Actionist Theories
Labeling
Primary and Secondary Deviance
Key Ideas in the Labeling Process
Moral Panics
Stigmas
Crime
The Criminal Justice System
Bruce Western
Types of Crimes
Digital Living: Catching a Serial Killer through an Online DNA Site
Globalization and Crime
Criminalization of Global Activities
Global Crime Control
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
7 Social Stratification in the United States and Globally
Learning Objectives
Student “Haves” and “Have-Nots” in Higher Education
Dimensions of Social Stratification
Social Class
Status
Power
Economic Inequality
Income Inequality
Digital Living: Income Inequality in the New Sharing Economy
Wealth Inequality
Growing Wealth Disparities
Status, Power, and Wealth
The Perpetuation of Wealth
The Decline of the American Middle Class
Poverty
Analyzing Poverty
Poverty in the United States
The Feminization of Poverty
Social Mobility
Types of Social Mobility
Achievement and Ascription
Theories of Social Stratification
Structural/Functional Theories
Conflict/Critical Theories
Social Rewards and Status
Gender, Race, and Class
Inter/Actionist Theories
Matthew Desmond
Consumption and Social Stratification
Stratified Consumption
Social Class and Taste
The Quest for Distinction
Elites as Cultural Omnivores
Global Stratification
The Global North and Global South
High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries
The Richest People in the World: The Global Concentration of Wealth
The Poorest People in the World: The Bottom Billion
Other Global Inequalities
The Global Digital Divide
Global Health Inequality
Global Gender Stratification
Inequality in Employment, Occupations, and Wealth
Women and Informal Employment
Women in Global Care Chains
Changing Positions in Global Stratification
Race to the Bottom
Foreign Aid and Development
Theories of Global Stratification
Structural/Functional Theories
Conflict/Critical Theories
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
8 Race and Ethnicity
Learning Objectives
Minorities Acquire Political Power
The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity
Historical Thinking about Race
“Scientific” Explanations
Cultural Explanations
The Fluidity of Racial Categories
Racial and Ethnic Identities
Digital Living: Race in Cyberspace
Majority–Minority Relations
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Intersectionality
Patterns of Interaction
Racism
Jonathan M. Metzl
Foundations of Racism. Social Structure and Racism
Culture and Racism
Institutional Racism
The “Invisibility” of Institutional Racism
Social Movements and Race. Hate Groups
The Civil Rights Movement
Collective Identity and “Power” Movements
Race and Ethnicity in a Global Context
Ethnic Identity and Globalization
Global Prejudice and Discrimination
Global Flows Based on Race and Ethnicity
Positive and Negative Flows
Ethnic Conflict within Nation-States
Expulsion
Ethnic Cleansing
Genocide
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
9 Gender and Sexuality
Learning Objectives
Challenging Gender Stereotypes
Gender and Sex
Femininities and Masculinities
Transgender and Nonbinary Genders
Digital Living: Gender Swapping in Online Games
Gender Diversity
Gendered Inequalities
Gender and Education
Gender, Family, and Work
Separate Spheres
Dual-Earner Households and the Stalled Revolution
Gender Inequality at Work
Gender and Consumer Culture
Consumption, Work, and Family
Women and Girls as Consumers
Men and Boys as Consumers
The Sociology of Sexuality
Sexual Selves. Sexual Identities and Orientations
Arlene Stein
Spotlight on “Hooking Up”
Social Constraints on Sexuality
Culture and Consent
Sex and Consumption
Sexuality, Gender, and Globalization
Social Change and the Globalization of Sexuality
Global Flows Related to Sex and Sexuality
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Sexualities in a Global Context
The Global Sex Industry
Global Flows Related to Gender
The Feminization of Migration
The Feminization of Labor
The Feminization of Poverty and Female Proletarianization
Gender, War, and Violence
The Global Women’s Movement
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
10 Families
Learning Objectives
Fictional Families Get Real
Family, Marriage, and Intimate Relationships
Some Basic Concepts
Marriage
Intimate Relationships
Love
Broad Changes in Marriage and the Family
Decline in Marriage
Perspectives on the Decline in Marriage
The Deinstitutionalization of Marriage
Marriage as a Carousel
Self-Disclosing Intimacy and Pure Relationships
Digital Living: Online Dating
Nonfamily Households
Alternative Family Forms
Cohabitation
Single-Parent Families
Nonresident Parents
Stepfamilies and Blended Families
Lesbian and Gay Families
Theorizing the Family
Structural/Functional Theories
Conflict/Critical Theories
Feminist Theory
Inter/Actionist Theories
Symbolic Interactionism
Exchange Theory
Problems in the Family
Family Conflict
Abuse and Violence within the Family
Child Abuse
Intimate Partner Violence
Elder Abuse
Poverty and the Family
Gender Inequalities
Divorce
Caitlyn Collins
Factors in Divorce
Global Families
Global Flows That Involve the Family
Global Flows That Affect the Family
Global Economic Flows
Global Migration
Global Trafficking
Global Conflict
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
11 Education and Religion
Learning Objectives
Science versus Religion in the Public Schools
Education
Inequality in Education
Who Succeeds in School?
The Coleman Report: How Much Do Schools Matter?
Intelligence and School Success
Class Differences in Early Childhood
Preschool
Inequality within Schools: Tracking and Student Outcomes
Alternatives to Traditional Public Schools
Vouchers
Homeschooling
Charter Schools
Who Goes to College?
Tressie McMillan Cottom
Digital Living: Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
Globalization and Education
PISA Rankings
German, Japanese, and U.S. Education Systems
Religion
Components of Religion
Belief
Ritual
Experience
Secularization
Civil Religion
Religion as a Form of Consumption
Digital Living: Practicing Virtual Faith
Types of Religious Institutions
Sects
Churches
Denominations
Cults and New Religious Movements
Religion and Globalization
The Most Significant Global Religions
Judaism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Islam
Christianity
Mormonism
Fundamentalism
Faith on the Move
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
12 Politics and the Economy
Learning Objectives
The Interrelationship of Government and the Economy
Politics: Democracy or Dictatorship
Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea
Characteristics of Democracies
The Rise of Illiberal Democracy, or Is It Fascism?
Digital Living: Hacktivism and State Interference
Dictatorship: The Seizure of Power
Who Rules the United States?
The Structural/Functional Perspective: Pluralism
The Conflict/Critical Perspective: The Power Elite
Global Politics
Geopolitics
The Nation and the Nation-State
The U.S. Economy: From Industrial to Postindustrial
The Industrial Revolution
From Fordism to Post-Fordism
Other Industrial Revolutions
Socialism, Communism, and Capitalism
Socialism and Communism
Welfare States
Capitalism
Deindustrialization in the United States
Factors in Deindustrialization
Decline of American Labor Unions
The Postindustrial Society
Work, Consumption, and Leisure
Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment
Consumption and the Postmodern Society
Arlie Russell Hochschild
Leisure
Globalization and the Economy
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
13 The Body, Medicine, Health, and Health Care
Learning Objectives
The Opioid Crisis
The Sociology of Health
The Body
The Healthy Body: Lifestyle, Beauty, and Fitness
Beauty: Cultural Contexts
Anthony Ryan Hatch
The Quest for the Ideal, the Consumption of Beauty, and the Fit Body
Fitness and the Healthy Body
Body Modifications
Risky Behavior
The Sociology of Medicine
The Medical Profession
Weaknesses in the U.S. Health Care System
Inequalities in U.S. Health Care
Social Class and Health
Race and Health
Gender and Health
Health Care Reform in the United States
Consumerism and Health Care
The Internet and the Consumption of Health Care
Telemedicine
Globalization and Health
Growing Global Inequality
Disease
Malnutrition
Smoking
Borderless Diseases
HIV/AIDS
Superbugs
Globalization and Improvements in Health and Health Care
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
14 Population, Urbanization, and the Environment
Learning Objectives
Too Few, Too Old
Population
Population Growth
Population Decline
Basic Population Processes
Fertility
Economic Factors
Social Factors
U.S. Fertility Trends
Mortality
Life Expectancy
Macro-social Factors
Micro-social Factors
The Demographic Transition
Reducing Fertility
A Second Demographic Transition
Migration
Concern about Migration
Controlling Migration
Migration Today
Explaining Migration
Types of Migrants
Urbanization
Ever-Larger Urban Areas
Suburbanization
The Changing Nature of Major U.S. Cities
Cities and Globalization
Global Cities
Megacities (and Beyond)
The Main Site of Global Problems
The Center of Culture and Consumption
The Environment
Alice Fothergill and Lori Peek
Theories of the Environment and Its Problems
Globalization and the Environment
The Leading Environmental Problems
Destruction of Natural Habitats
Adverse Effects on Marine Life
The Decline in Freshwater
Global Warming
Global Responses
Sustainable Development
Technological Fixes
Digital Living: Smart Cities
The Paris Agreement
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
15 Social Change, Social Movements, and Collective Action
Learning Objectives
Workers’ Rights, Consumer Activism, and Social Change
Social Movements
Feminist Movements
The Women’s Movement in the United States
The Global Women’s Movement
Digital Living: #MeToo Movement
LGBTQ Movements
World War II and the Lavender Scare
The U.S.-Based Homophile Movement
Stonewall
Lesbian Herstory
HIV/AIDS, ACT UP, and Queer Nation
The Ongoing Fight for Marriage Equality
The Civil Rights Movement
Emergence, Mobilization, and Impact of Social Movements
Factors in the Emergence of a Social Movement
Resources and Mobilization of Social Movements
Participation
Goals, Strategies, and Tactics
Factors in Success
The Impact of Social Movements
The Internet, Globalization, and Social Movements
Collective Action
Zeynep Tufekci
Crowds
Riots
Negative Views of Riots
Disasters
Human Involvement in Disasters
The Effects of Disasters
Social Change: Globalization, Consumption, and the Internet
Globalization as the Ultimate Social Change
Global “Liquids”
Global “Flows”
Globalization and the Internet
Cyberactivism
Consumption and Globalization
Local and Regional Differences
Global Brands
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Glossary
References. Chapter-Opening Vignettes. Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Comprehensive List
Index
