Оглавление
Georgi Popov. Risk Assessment
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Risk Assessment. A Practical Guide to Assessing Operational Risks
Preface
1 Risk Assessments: Their Significance
OBJECTIVES
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What Is a Risk Assessment?
1.2.1 Approach Taken at the ASSP
1.2.2 ASSP Risk Assessment Committee
1.2.3 The Goals
1.2.4 Core Risk‐Related Competencies
1.2.5 Risk Assessment Education
1.3 Risk Assessment Methods
1.4 The ANSI/ASSP Z690 – 2011 Series
1.5 ANSI B11.0 – 2020: Safety of Machinery
1.6 Risk Scoring Systems
1.7 European Union – Risk Assessment
1.8 OSHA Requirements
1.9 EPA Requirements
1.10 The Chemical Industry – The Extensive Body of Information
1.11 Conclusion
References
2 Risk Assessment Standards and Definitions
OBJECTIVES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Risk Assessments and the Safety Professional
2.3 Key Standards Requiring Risk Assessments
2.4 OSHA Compliance and Risk Assessments
2.4.1 1910.132, Personal Protective Equipment Standard
2.4.2 1910.119, Process Safety Management Standard
2.4.3 Other OSHA Standards
2.5 Consensus Standards Requiring Risk Assessment
2.6 ANSI Z10.0
2.7 ISO 45001
2.8 ISO 31000 and ISO 31010
2.9 ANSI/ASSP Z590.3, Prevention Through Design
2.10 ANSI B11.0 Machine Safety
2.11 NFPA 70E
2.12 MIL‐STD‐882E, 11 May 2012, Department of Defense Standard Practice, System Safety
2.13 Key Terms and Definitions
2.14 Summary
Review Questions
References
3 Risk Assessment Fundamentals
OBJECTIVES
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Risk Assessment Within the Risk Management Process
3.3 Risk Assessments and Operational Risk Management Systems
3.4 The Purpose of Assessing Risk
3.5 The Risk Assessment Process
3.6 Risk Criteria
3.7 Establishing Context
3.8 The Risk Assessment Team
3.9 Risk Identification
3.10 Risk Analysis
3.10.1 Consequence Analysis
3.10.2 Likelihood Analysis
3.10.3 Assessment of Controls
3.11 Risk Evaluation
3.12 Risk Treatment
3.13 Communication
3.14 Documentation
3.15 Monitoring and Continuous Improvement
3.16 Summary
Review Questions
References
4 Defining Risk Assessment Criteria
OBJECTIVES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Defining Risk Criteria
4.3 Risk Scoring Systems
4.4 Risk Assessment Matrices
4.5 Defining Risk Values
4.6 Risk Factors
4.7 Risk Levels
4.8 Risk Scoring
4.9 Severity of Consequence
4.10 Likelihood of Occurrence
4.11 Exposure
4.12 Risk Reduction and the Hierarchy of Controls
4.12.1 Using a Protection Factor
Example
4.13 Acceptable and Unacceptable Risk Levels
4.14 Documenting Risk
4.15 Communicating Risk Criteria
4.16 Summary
Review Questions
References
Appendix A. A. Risk Matrix (adapted/modified from ANSI Z10)
Semiquantitative Risk Matrix Model. Risk criteria
5 Fundamental Techniques
OBJECTIVES
5.1 Introduction to Fundamental Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment
5.2 Assessments Within an Operational Risk Management System
5.3 Hazard Analysis vs. Risk Assessment
5.4 The Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment Process
5.5 Fundamental Methods
5.6 Informal Methods
5.7 Formal Methods
5.7.1 Fundamental Hazard Analysis
5.7.2 Pre‐Task Hazard Analysis
5.7.3 Job Hazard Analysis
5.7.3.1 Conducting a Job Hazard Analysis
5.7.4 Fundamental Risk Assessment
5.7.5 Job Risk Assessment
5.8 Conclusion
Review Questions
References
Appendix A
Appendix B Common Hazards and Descriptions
Appendix C Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Assessment Form Example. PPE Hazard Assessment Form
6 Preliminary Hazard and Risk Analysis
OBJECTIVES
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Preliminary Hazard List
6.3 PHAs and Their Application
6.4 The Control of Hazardous Energy
6.5 Fundamental System Safety Tenets
6.6 Conducting a Preliminary Hazard and Risk Analysis (PHRA)
6.7 Scoring Systems
6.8 Practical Application
6.9 Summary
Review Questions
References
Practical Example
7 “What‐if” Analysis Methods
OBJECTIVES
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Traditional What‐if Methods
7.3 Application of What‐if Analysis
7.4 Process Steps for What‐if Analysis
7.5 Introduction to the Structured What‐if Risk Assessment (SWIFRA)
7.6 Severity of Injury or Harm. 7.7 Case Study – SWIFRA of Chemical Release Event
7.8 CSB Investigation Summary
7.9 Analyzing the Case Study
7.10 Conclusion
Review Questions
References
8 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
OBJECTIVES
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Purpose and Use
8.3 Defining Failure Modes
8.4 Risk Description Considerations
8.5 FMEA Process Steps
8.6 Practical Application
8.7 Summary
Review Questions
References
9 Bow‐Tie Analysis Methodology
OBJECTIVES
9.1 Introduction
9.2 History
9.3 Overview
9.3.1 Fault Tree Analysis
9.3.1.1 FTA Case Study
9.3.2 Event Tree Analysis
9.3.3 Bow‐Tie Methodology
9.3.3.1 Constructing a Bow‐Tie Diagram
9.4 Practical Application
9.4.1 Case Study #1 – Spray Paint Operation
9.4.2 Case Study #2 – Bhopal Disaster
9.5 Summary
Review Questions
References
10 Layers of Control Analysis
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Strategies for Reducing Operational Risk
10.3 Hierarchy of Risk Treatment
10.4 Developing a Risk Treatment Plan
10.5 The Concept of Layers of Protection
10.6 Analyzing Layers of Control
10.7 Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
10.8 LOMA
10.8.1 Case Study #1 – The Bhopal Tragedy
10.8.1.1 Layer 1 – Process Design
10.8.1.2 Layer Two – Process Warnings and Alarms
10.8.1.3 Layer Three – Critical Alarms and Manual Interventions
10.8.1.4 Layer Four – Automatic Action and Safety Instrumented Systems
10.8.1.5 Layer Five – Physical Protection and Relief Devices
10.8.1.6 Layer Six – Containment Systems
10.8.1.7 Layer Seven – Emergency Response
10.9 Barrier Analysis
10.10 Layers of Control Analysis (LOCA)
10.11 Conclusion
References
11 Prevention Through Design (PtD) and Design Safety Reviews
OBJECTIVES
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Concept of Prevention Through Design (PtD)
11.3 PtD Definitions
11.4 Risk Assessment Process and the PtD Model
11.5 Challenges and Obstacles to Overcome
11.6 Standards Requiring Design Safety
11.7 The Review of Designs
11.8 Hazardous Energy Control
11.9 Ergonomic Review of Designs
11.10 Design Review Process
11.11 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment in Design
11.12 Conclusion
References
12 Industrial Hygiene Risk Assessment
OBJECTIVES
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamental Concepts
12.3 US Navy Industrial Hygiene Field Operations Manual
12.4 Alternate Health Risk Ranking Systems
12.5 More Complex Occupational Hygiene Risk Assessment Tools
12.6 Health Risk Assessments and Prioritization
12.7 Modified HRR/IH FMEA Methodology
12.8 Case Study
12.8.1 Sampling
12.8.2 Results
12.9 Control Banding Nanotool
12.10 Dermal RA
12.11 Occupational Health Risk and PtD Process Alignment
12.12 Summary
Review Questions
References
13 Machine Risk Assessments
OBJECTIVES
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Machine Safety Standards
13.2.1 The B11 Standards
13.3 Machine Hazards
13.4 Machine Safeguarding
13.4.1 Machine Safety Control Systems
13.5 Selecting Machines for Assessment
13.6 Risk Assessment of Machines
13.7 Estimating Risk
13.8 Case Study
13.9 Assessment of Machine Maintenance and Service
13.10 Summary
Review Questions
Appendix A Machine Safeguards Methods (Adapted from OSHA)
References
14 Project‐Oriented Risk Assessments
OBJECTIVES
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fatalities and Serious Incidents
14.3 Error Traps in Nonroutine Tasks
14.4 Management of Change
14.5 Construction Project Work
14.6 Construction Project Risk Assessment
14.7 Safe Work Methods
14.8 Pre‐Task Hazard Analysis
14.9 The Use of Checklists
14.10 Maintenance and Service Work
14.11 Operating Hazard Analysis
14.12 Analyzing Specific Hazards
14.13 Pre‐Entry Hazard Analysis
14.14 Fall Hazard Assessment
14.15 Summary
Review Questions
References
15 Food Processing Risk Assessments
OBJECTIVES
15.1 Overview
15.2 Introduction to Food Risk
15.3 Risk Assessment Techniques in the Food Industry
15.4 Food Safety‐Related Hazards
15.5 Techniques for Assessing Food Risk
15.6 HACCP
15.7 Integration of Risk Assessment Methods
15.8 PtD and HACCP Integration
15.9 Conclusions
References
16 Ergonomic Risk Assessment
OBJECTIVES
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Ergonomics and Design
16.3 Ergonomic Hazards
16.4 Ergonomic Risk Factors
16.5 Establishing an Ergonomics Assessment Process
16.6 Assessing Ergonomic Risk
16.7 Ergonomics Improvement Process
16.7.1 Identify Jobs
16.7.2 Assessment Tools
16.7.3 Assessment Team
16.7.4 Performing the Assessments
16.7.5 Identifying Corrective Measures
16.7.6 Implementing Measures
16.7.7 Verify and Refine
16.7.8 Communicate Results
16.8 Ergonomic Risk Assessment Tool (ERAT) – A Practical Assessment Tool
16.8.1 ERAT Example – Pork Processing Belly Grader
16.8.2 ERAT Initial Assessment Scores
16.8.3 Ergonomics Risk Controls Selection and Implementation
16.8.4 Post‐Control Assessment
16.9 Conclusion
Review Questions
Appendix A Sample Ergonomic Responsibilities for Involved Stakeholders
Appendix B Sample Ergonomics Training for Involved Stakeholders
Appendix C Ergonomic Risk Assessment Tool (ERAT) – Initial Assessment
Appendix D Ergonomic Risk Assessment Tool (ERAT) – Post Control Assessment
Appendix E Hierarchy of Ergonomic Risk Controls
References
17 Assessing Operational Risks at an Organizational Level
OBJECTIVES
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Risks to an Organization
17.3 Organizational Risk Management
17.4 Key Terms in Organizational Risk
17.5 Assessing Organizational Risk
17.5.1 Case study
17.6 Summary
Review Questions
References
18 Risk Assessment Applications in Lean Six Sigma and Environmental Management Systems
OBJECTIVES
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Environmental Management Systems (EMSs)
18.3 ISO 14001 Implementation
18.4 Environmental Policy and Planning
18.5 Environmental Aspects
18.5.1 Purpose
18.6 Identify Environmental Aspects
18.7 Identification Process
18.8 Location, Department, Index, Aspect
18.9 Impacts to Environmental Properties
18.10 Impact Subtotal and Polarity Adjustment
18.11 Impact Severity
18.12 Impact Probability
18.13 Frequency
18.14 Legal Risks
18.15 Current Controls
18.16 Significance Score for Significance Scores without Controls Section
18.17 Personnel Risk
18.18 Significance Scores with Controls Section
18.19 Overall Significance Rating Chart
18.20 EMS and Implementation of Lean Six Sigma Practices
18.20.1 Case Study
18.21 Conclusions
Review Questions
References
19 Business Continuity Plan
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Business Continuity Management
19.3 Emergency Action Plans
19.4 Disaster Recovery Plans
19.5 Crisis Management Plans
19.6 Business Continuity Plans
19.7 Business Continuity Planning and Risk Assessment
19.8 Select BCP Team
19.9 Define Context, Purpose, Scope
19.10 Define Terminology
19.11 Critical Function Assessment
19.12 Threat Assessment
19.13 Business Impact Analysis (BIA)
19.14 Identify Hazards and Risk
19.14.1 Natural Hazards
19.14.2 Human‐Caused Hazards
19.14.3 Technological Hazards
19.15 Develop BCP
References
20 Communicate Risk
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Communicating Risk
20.3 Key Practices
20.4 Risk‐Based Information and Decision‐making
20.5 Assessing and Communicating Risk
20.6 Case Study
20.7 Conclusions
References
Index. a
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