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Giovanni Gentile. The Reform of Education
The Reform of Education
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. EDUCATION AND NATIONALITY
CHAPTER II. EDUCATION AND PERSONALITY
CHAPTER III. THE FUNDAMENTAL ANTINOMY OF EDUCATION
CHAPTER IV. REALISM AND IDEALISM IN THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE
Footnote
CHAPTER V. THE SPIRITUALITY OF CULTURE
Footnote
CHAPTER VI. THE ATTRIBUTES OF CULTURE
Footnote
CHAPTER VII. THE BIAS OF REALISM
CHAPTER VIII. THE UNITY OF EDUCATION
CHAPTER IX. CHARACTER AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION
CHAPTER X. THE IDEAL OF EDUCATION. ART AND RELIGION
Footnote
CHAPTER XI. CONCLUSION
THE EUROPEAN LIBRARY. Edited by J. E. SPINGARN
Отрывок из книги
Giovanni Gentile
Published by Good Press, 2021
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From this we are not, however, to infer that a nation can under no circumstances exist prior to the formation of its State. For if this formation means the formal proclamation or the recognition by other States, it surely does pre-exist. But it does not if we consider that the proclamation of sovereignty is a moment in a previously initiated process, and the effect of pre-existing forces already at work; which effect is never definite because a State, even after it has been constituted, continues to develop in virtue of those very forces which produced it; so that it is constantly renewing and continually reconstituting itself. Hence a State is always a future. It is that state which this very day we must set up, or rather at this very instant, and with all our future efforts bent to that political 14 ideal which gleams before us, not only in the light of a beautiful thought, but as the irresistible need of our own personality.
The nation therefore is as intimately pertinent and native to our own being as the State, considered as Universal Will, is one with our concrete and actual ethical personality. Italy for us is the fatherland which lives in our souls as that complex and lofty moral idea which we are realising. We realise it in every instant of our lives, by our feelings, and by our thoughts, by our speech and by our imagination, indeed, by our whole life which concretely flows into that Will which is the State and which thus makes itself felt in the world. And this Will, this State is Italy, which has fought and won; which has struggled for a long time amid errors and sorrows, hopes and dejection, manifestations of strength and confessions of weakness, but always with a secret thought, with a deep-seated aspiration which sustained her throughout her entire ordeal, now exalting her in the flush of action, now, in the critical moment of resistance, confirming and fortifying her by the undying faith in ultimate triumph. This nation, which we all wish to raise to an ever loftier station of honour and of beauty, even though we differ as to the means of attaining this end, is it not the substance of our personality,—of that personality which we possess not as individuals who drift with the current, but as men who have a powerful 15 self-consciousness and who look upward for their destiny?
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