The History of the Jews (All Six Volumes)

The History of the Jews (All Six Volumes)
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History of the Jews is the first comprehensive history of the Jewish people, written by Jewish historian Heinrich Graetz. This universal history offers an insight in Jewish history, covering the period from the early days to modern times. The work is divided in six volumes: Vol. I: From the Earliest Period to the Death of Simon the Maccabee (135 B. C. E.) Vol. II: From the Reign of Hyrcanus (135 B. C. E.) to the Completion of the Babylonian Talmud (500 C. E.) Vol. III: From the Revolt against the Zendik (511 C. E.) to the Capture of St. Jean d'Acre by the Mahometans (1291 C. E.) Vol. IV: From the Rise of the Kabbala (1270 C. E.) to the Permanent Settlement of the Marranos in Holland (1618 C. E.) Vol. V: From the Chmielnicki Persecution of the Jews in Poland (1648 C. E.) to the Period of Emancipation in Central Europe (c. 1870 C. E.) Vol. VI: Chronological Table of Jewish History.

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Graetz Heinrich. The History of the Jews (All Six Volumes)

The History of the Jews (All Six Volumes)

Table of Contents

Volume 1

PREFACE

CHAPTER I. THE EARLIEST PERIOD

CHAPTER II. OCCUPATION OF THE LAND OF CANAAN

CHAPTER III. NEIGHBOURING NATIONS

CHAPTER IV. THE JUDGES

CHAPTER V. ELI AND SAMUEL

CHAPTER VI. THE APOGEE

CHAPTER VII. DAVID AND ISHBOSHETH

CHAPTER VIII. DAVID

CHAPTER IX. SOLOMON

CHAPTER X. SECESSION OF THE TRIBES

CHAPTER XI. THE HOUSE OF DAVID AND THE JEHUIDES

CHAPTER XII. END OF THE HOUSE OF JEHU AND THE TIME OF UZZIAH

CHAPTER XIII. THE DOWNFALL OF THE KINGDOM OF THE TEN TRIBES; THE HOUSE OF DAVID, AND THE INTERVENTION OF THE ASSYRIANS

CHAPTER XIV. THE END OF THE KINGDOM OF THE TEN TRIBES, AND THE HOUSE OF DAVID

CHAPTER XV. THE LAST KINGS OF JUDAH

CHAPTER XVI. END OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH

CHAPTER XVII. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE DESTRUCTION

CHAPTER XVIII. THE BABYLONIAN EXILE

CHAPTER XIX. THE RETURN FROM BABYLON, THE NEW COMMUNITY IN JUDÆA, EZRA AND NEHEMIAH

CHAPTER XX. THE SOPHERIC AGE

CHAPTER XXI. SIMON THE JUST AND HIS DESCENDANTS

CHAPTER XXII. THE TYRANNICAL CONVERSION TO HELLENISM AND THE ELEVATION OF THE MACCABEES

CHAPTER XXIII. VICTORIES AND DEATH OF JUDAS MACCABÆUS; JONATHAN THE HASMONÆAN

CHAPTER XXIV. THE JUDÆANS IN ALEXANDRIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF SIMON

Volume 2

CHAPTER I. JOHN HYRCANUS

CHAPTER II. HYRCANUS'S SUCCESSORS, ARISTOBULUS I, ALEXANDER JANNÆUS, AND SALOME ALEXANDRA

CHAPTER III. HYRCANUS II. ARISTOBULUS II

CHAPTER IV. ANTIGONUS AND HEROD

CHAPTER V. THE HERODIANS

CHAPTER VI. MESSIANIC EXPECTATIONS AND ORIGIN OF CHRISTIANITY

CHAPTER VII. AGRIPPA I. HEROD II

CHAPTER VIII. SPREAD OF THE JUDÆAN RACE, AND OF JUDAISM

CHAPTER IX. AGRIPPA II. AND OUTBREAK OF THE WAR

CHAPTER X. THE WAR IN GALILEE

CHAPTER XI. DESTRUCTION OF THE JUDÆAN STATE

CHAPTER XII. THE AFTER-THROES OF THE WAR

THE TALMUDIC EPOCH. CHAPTER XIII. THE SYNHEDRION AT JABNE

CHAPTER XIV. INNER LIFE

CHAPTER XV. REVOLT OF THE JEWS AGAINST TRAJAN AND HIS SUCCESSORS

CHAPTER XVI. CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR OF BAR-COCHBA

CHAPTER XVII. THE PATRIARCHATE OF JUDAH I

CHAPTER XVIII. THE FIRST AMORAIM

CHAPTER XIX. THE JEWS OF THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE

CHAPTER XX. THE PATRIARCHATE OF GAMALIEL IV. AND JUDAH III

CHAPTER XXI. THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY AND ITS RELATIONS TO JUDAISM

CHAPTER XXII. THE LAST AMORAÏM

Volume 3

CHAPTER I. THE DECAY OF JUDÆA AND THE JEWS IN DISPERSION

CHAPTER II. THE JEWS IN EUROPE

CHAPTER III. THE JEWS OF THE ARABIAN PENINSULA

CHAPTER IV. THE AGE OF THE GEONIM

CHAPTER V. RISE OF KARAISM AND ITS RESULTS

CHAPTER VI. FAVORABLE CONDITION OF THE JEWS IN THE FRANKISH DOMINIONS, AND THE DECAY OF THE EXILARCHATE IN THE EAST

CHAPTER VII. THE GOLDEN AGE OF JEWISH SCIENCE: SAADIAH AND CHASDAÏ

CHAPTER VIII. THE RISE OF JEWISH-SPANISH CULTURE, AND THE DECAY OF THE GAONATE

CHAPTER IX. IBN-GEBIROL AND HIS EPOCH

CHAPTER X. THE FIRST CRUSADE

CHAPTER XI. ZENITH OF THE SPANISH-JEWISH CULTURE: JEHUDA HALEVI

CHAPTER XII. PERSECUTIONS DURING THE SECOND CRUSADE AND UNDER THE ALMOHADES

CHAPTER XIII. SURVEY OF THE EPOCH OF MAIMUNI (MAIMONIDES)

CHAPTER XIV. MAIMUNI (MAIMONIDES)

CHAPTER XV. NEW POSITION OF THE JEWS IN CHRISTIAN LANDS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

CHAPTER XVI. THE MAIMUNIST CONTROVERSY AND THE RISE OF THE KABBALA

CHAPTER XVII. PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS, AND THE BURNING OF THE TALMUD

CHAPTER XVIII. THE AGE OF SOLOMON BEN ADRET AND ASHERI

Volume 4

CHAPTER I. CULTIVATION OF THE KABBALA, AND PROSCRIPTION OF SCIENCE

CHAPTER II. THE FIRST EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM FRANCE, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

CHAPTER III. THE AGE OF THE ASHERIDES AND OF GERSONIDES

CHAPTER IV. THE BLACK DEATH

CHAPTER V. THE AGE OF CHASDAÏ CRESCAS AND ISAAC BEN SHESHET

CHAPTER VI. JEWISH APOSTATES AND THE DISPUTATION AT TORTOSA

CHAPTER VII. THE HUSSITES. PROGRESS OF JEWISH LITERATURE

CHAPTER VIII. CAPISTRANO AND HIS PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS

CHAPTER IX. THE JEWS IN ITALY AND GERMANY BEFORE THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN

CHAPTER X. THE INQUISITION IN SPAIN

CHAPTER XI. EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM SPAIN

CHAPTER XII. EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM NAVARRE AND PORTUGAL

CHAPTER XIII. RESULTS OF THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS FROM SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. GENERAL VIEW

CHAPTER XIV. REUCHLIN AND THE TALMUD

CHAPTER XV. THE KABBALA AND MESSIANIC FANATICISM. THE MARRANOS AND THE INQUISITION

CHAPTER XVI. STRIVINGS OF EASTERN JEWS FOR UNITY. SUFFERING IN THE WEST

CHAPTER XVII. THE JEWS IN TURKEY. DON JOSEPH NASSI

CHAPTER XVIII. THE JEWS IN POLAND

CHAPTER XIX. SETTLEMENT OF JEWS IN HOLLAND.—FEEBLE ATTEMPTS AT ENFRANCHISEMENT

CHAPTER XX. THE DUTCH JERUSALEM AND THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR

Volume 5

CHAPTER I. CHMIELNICKI AND THE PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS OF POLAND BY THE COSSACKS

CHAPTER II. SETTLEMENT OF THE JEWS IN ENGLAND AND MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL

CHAPTER III. THE SCEPTICS

CHAPTER IV. SPINOZA AND SABBATAÏ ZEVI

CHAPTER V. LIGHT AND SHADE

CHAPTER VI. GENERAL DEMORALIZATION OF JUDAISM

CHAPTER VII. THE AGE OF LUZZATTO, EIBESCHÜTZ, AND FRANK

CHAPTER VIII. THE MENDELSSOHN EPOCH

CHAPTER IX. THE NEW CHASSIDISM

CHAPTER X. THE MEASFIM AND THE JUDÆO-CHRISTIAN SALON

CHAPTER XI. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE EMANCIPATION OF THE JEWS

CHAPTER XII. THE JEWISH-FRENCH SYNHEDRION AND THE JEWISH CONSISTORIES

CHAPTER XIII. THE REACTION AND TEUTOMANIA

CHAPTER XIV. BÖRNE AND HEINE

CHAPTER XV. REFORM AND YOUNG ISRAEL

CHAPTER XVI. AWAKENING OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE SCIENCE OF JUDAISM

CHAPTER XVII. THE YEAR 1840 AND THE BLOOD ACCUSATION AT DAMASCUS

CHAPTER XVIII. EVENTS PRECEDING THE REVOLUTIONS OF FEBRUARY AND MARCH, 1848, AND THE SUBSEQUENT SOCIAL ADVANCE OF THE JEWS

RETROSPECT

Volume 6

TABLES OF JEWISH HISTORY

I. THE PATRIARCHAL AGE

II. THE EXODUS

III. THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN

IV. THE ERA OF THE JUDGES

Judges

V. THE KINGDOM (1067–977 B. C. E.)

Kings

VI. JUDAH AND ISRAEL UNTIL THE CAPTURE OF SAMARIA (977–719 B. C. E.) (See the Table of the Kings of Judah and Israel, p. 127.)

VII. JUDAH UNTIL THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM (719–586 B. C. E.) (See the Table of the Kings of Judah and Israel, p. 127.)

VIII. THE CAPTIVITY (586–516 B. C. E.)

Babylonian Kings

Persian Kings

IX. THE AGE OF EZRA, NEHEMIAH, AND THE SCRIBES (516–332 B. C. E.)

Persian Kings

X. THE AGE OF THE PTOLEMIES AND THE SELEUCIDÆ TO ANTIOCHUS IV (332–175 B. C. E.) (See the Table of the High Priests, p. 128.)

Egyptian Kings

Syrian Kings

XI. THE AGE OF THE MACCABEES (175–140 B. C. E.) (See the Table of the High Priests, p. 128.)

Egyptian Kings

Syrian Kings

XII. THE HASMONÆAN DYNASTY (140–37 B. C. E.) (See the Genealogical Table of the Hasmonæan Dynasty, p. 130.)

Egyptian Kings

Syrian Kings

XIII. THE HERODIAN DYNASTY (37 B. C. E.–72 C. E.) (See the Genealogical Table of the Herodian Dynasty, p. 134, and the Table of the High Priests, p. 129.)

Emperors of Rome

Procurators of Judæa (Subalterns to the Roman Legates or the Governors of Syria.)

XIV. THE EPOCH OF THE MISHNA AND THE TANAITES (72–219 C. E.)

XV. THE EPOCH OF THE TALMUD, THE AMORAIM, AND THE SABORAIM (219–550 C. E.)

XVI. FROM THE COMPLETION OF THE TALMUD TO THE END OF THE GAONATE (550–1038 C. E.)

XVII. THE AGE OF GEBIROL, HALEVI, RASHI, AND MAIMONIDES (1038–1204 C. E.)

XVIII. FROM THE DEATH OF MAIMONIDES TO THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN (1204–1492 C. E.)

XIX. FROM THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN TO THE PERSECUTION IN POLAND (1492–1648 C. E.)

XX. FROM THE PERSECUTION IN POLAND TO THE PRESENT TIME (1648–1873 C. E.)

THE KINGS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL (1067–586 B. C. E.)

THE HIGH PRIESTS (FROM THE CAPTIVITY TO THE DISPERSION.)

THE HASMONÆAN DYNASTY (143–37 B.C.E.)

THE HERODIAN DYNASTY (37 B.C.E.–70 C.E.)

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Heinrich Graetz

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With the object of protecting the people from a relapse into idolatry, and of supporting them during their state of transition from barbarism, they were allowed to form a conception of the Deity—though not by means of an image—through some material aid which would appeal to the senses. On Sinai they had beheld flashes of lightning with flames of fire, and from the midst of a burning cloud they had heard the Ten Commandments. An emblem of this phenomenon was now introduced to remind the people of the presence of the Deity as revealed at Sinai. It was ordained that a perpetual fire should be kept alight on a portable altar, and be carried before the tribes during their migrations. Not the Deity Himself, but the revelation of the Deity at Sinai, should thereby be made perceptible to the sense of vision. The performance of sacrificial rites was a further concession to the crude perceptions of the people.

The spiritual religion promulgated at Sinai did not intend sacrifices as the expression of divine adoration, but was meant to inculcate a moral and holy life; the people, however, had not yet risen to this conception, and could only be advanced by means of education and culture. The other ancient nations having found in sacrifices the means of propitiating their deities, the Israelites were permitted to retain the same mode of divine service; but its form was simplified. The altar became an integral part of the sanctuary, in which no image was tolerated. The only objects contained therein were a candelabrum, a table with twelve loaves, symbolising the twelve tribes; and there was also a recess for the Ark of the Covenant. Altar, sanctuary and sacrificial rites required a priesthood. This primæval institution, too, was retained. The Levites, as the most devoted and best informed tribe, were charged with sacerdotal functions, as during the sojourn in Egypt. The priests of Israel, unlike those of the Egyptians, were precluded from holding landed property, as such possessions might have tempted them to misuse their prerogatives and neglect their sacred duties. For this reason it was prescribed that their subsistence should be derived from the offerings made by the people. Collaterally there existed a custom, dating from remote patriarchal ages, which demanded that the first-born son of every family should attend to the performance of sacrificial rites. This prerogative could not be abruptly abolished, and continued for some time alongside of the Levitical priesthood, though both of them stood in the way of the pure Sinaitic teachings. The materialism of the age demanded indulgent concessions, combined with provisions tending to the refinement of popular habits. Only through the aid of the spiritually gifted could the understanding of the subordinate nature of sacrifices be preserved in the consciousness of the people.

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