Veterinary Treatment of Pigs

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Graham R Duncanson. Veterinary Treatment of Pigs

Veterinary Treatment of Pigs

Contents

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

1 Animal Husbandry. The Origins of the Domestic Pig

Breeds of Pig. Aksai Black Pied

Arapawa Island

Auckland Island Pig

Ba Xuyen

Bantu

Bazna

Beijing Black

Belarus Black Pied

Bentheim Black Pied

Berkshire

British Lop

Bulgaria White

Chato Murciano

Choctaw Hog

Danish Protest Pig

Duroc

Forest Mountain

Gascon

Gloucestershire Old Spot

Guinea Hog

Hampshire

Hereford

Iberian

Jeju Black Pig

Kakhetian

Kemerovo

Korea Native Pig

Kunekune

Lacombe

Landrace

Large Black

Large White

Latvian White

Lithuanian White

Lincolnshire Curly-Coated

Mangalitsa

Meishan

Middle White

Mukota

Mulefoot

Myrhorod

North Caucasian

North Siberian

Ossabaw Island

Oxford Sandy and Black

Pietrain

Red Wattle

Saddleback

Semirechye

Siberian Black Pied

Small Black

Small White

Swabian-Hall

Taihu Pig

Tamworth

Tsivilsk

Turopolje

Ukrainian Spotted Steppe

Vietnamese Pot Bellied

Welsh

West French White

Handling and Restraint

Housing. Introduction

Space needs for growing pigs

Health Planning

Waste Management

Welfare Monitoring

Pet Pigs. Introduction

Feeding and notifiable diseases

Exercise

Teeth

Reproduction

Environment

Manure disposal

Carcass disposal

Legal requirements

Handling

Abnormal Behaviour. Introduction

Belly-nosing

Ear biting

Penis sucking

Urine drinking

Wall licking

Animal Husbandry Procedures to Help Disease Control ‘All-in, all-out’

Strict cleaning and disinfection procedures

Limit the mixing of pigs

Farrowing

Partitions and pen size

Removal of pigs

Air quality

Broken Needle Policy. Introduction

Length of needle

Gauge of needle

Needle breaks

Herd Recording. Introduction

Farrowing rate

Farrowing index

Non-productive days

Pre-weaning mortality

2 Nutrition. Introduction

Water

Food Requirements. Nutritional deficiencies and excesses

Minerals

Vitamins

Amino acids

Nutritional induced diarrhoea

Colostrum

Neurological Diseases Caused by Changes in Nutrition. Copper deficiency myelopathy

Copper toxicity

Hypoglycaemia

Osteomalacia

Vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin B deficiency

Vitamin K deficiency

Skin Diseases Caused by Changes in Nutrition. Biotin deficiency

Iodine deficiency

Parakeratosis

Vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin B deficiency

3 Making a Diagnosis and Post-mortem Technique. Clinical Examination

Diagnostic Laboratory Tests. Blood sampling

Saliva

Urine samples

Diagnostic Imaging. Radiography

Ultrasonography

Post-mortem Examination. Equipment required

Specific history required for post-mortem carcasses

Before post-mortem the outside of the pig should be examined

Single-handed post-mortem technique without a cradle

Two-person post-mortem technique or single-handed technique using a cradle

Carcass disposal

4 Veterinary Equipment. Equipment for Handling

Equipment for Diagnosis

Equipment for Treatment

Equipment for the Feet. Hoof knife

Hoof trimmers

Gutter tape

Small sheep-size hoof clippers

Equipment for Dentistry. Head light

Large horse molar cutters

Molar extraction forceps

Molar spreaders

Mouth-washing syringe

Small ruminant gag

Equipment for the Reproductive System. Vaginal speculum

A dedicated box for Caesarean section

5 Vaccines. Introduction

Vaccines to be given to Sows to Prevent Abortion. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and porcine parvovirus

Porcine parvovirus

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

Vaccines to be given to Sows to Give Passive Immunity to Neonatal Piglets. Introduction

Atrophic rhinitis

Aujeszky’s disease

Clostridium tetani and Clostridium perfringens type B, C and D

Escherichia coli (K99 strains) and Clostridium perfringens type B, C and D

Escherichia coli (K99 strains)

Porcine circovirus type 2

Rotavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis and colibacillosis

Swine influenza A virus

Vaccines to be given to Growing and Fattening Pigs. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Aujeszky’s disease

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Haemophilus parasuis

Lawsonia intracellularis

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

M. hyopneumoniae and H. parasuis combined

Porcine circovirus type 2

Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium

Streptococcus suis serotype 2

Swine influenza A virus

Tetanus

Improvac

Vaccines to be given to Breeding Stock. Classical swine fever

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Foot and mouth disease

Table of Vaccines

6 Sedation, Analgesia, Anaesthesia and Euthanasia. Sedation

Analgesia

Anaesthesia. Piglets

Older growing pigs

Large growing pigs and adults

Epidural anaesthesia

Euthanasia. Introduction

Euthanasia of piglets up to 5 kg

Euthanasia of pigs up to 15 kg

Larger pigs and adults using a gun

Chemical euthanasia of pigs larger than 5 kg

7 Surgical Procedures. Surgical Procedures Related to the Skin. Abscesses

Bites

Burns

Cuts

Haematomas

Neoplasia

Surgical Procedures Related to the Locomotory System. Acute lameness. Abscess in the foot

Arthrogryposis

Benign enzootic paresis

Biotin deficiency

Erysipelas

Fractures

Foot and mouth disease

Haemophilus arthritis

Infectious mycoplasma

Osteochondrosis and epiphysiolysis

Osteomalacia

Slipped epiphysis of the femoral head

Splay leg

Streptococcal arthritis

Chronic lameness. Arthrosis deformans

Bursitis

Chronic septic arthritis

Heel ulceration

Laminitis

Ligamental damage

Overgrown hooves

Tarsitis

Hoof trimming

Recumbency

Surgical Procedures Related to the Gastroenteric System. Atresia ani

Gastric torsion

Gastric ulceration

Intestinal obstruction

Prolapsed rectum in fattening pigs

Prolapsed rectum in sows

Tooth problems

Umbilical hernia

Surgical Procedures Related to the Urinary System. Preputial damage

Retroversion of the bladder

Surgical Procedures Related to the Reproductive System. Introduction to castration

Castration

Vasectomy

8 Diseases of the Gastroenteric System. Introduction

Mode of Infection

Prevention

Causes of Enteric Disease

Enteric Diseases Caused by Viruses and Their Treatment. Epidemic diarrhoea

Rotavirus infection

Transmissible gastroenteritis

Vomiting wasting disease

Enteric Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Their Treatment. Campylobacter enteritis

Clostridial diarrhoea

Escherichia coli diarrhoea

Helicobacter infection

Proliferative enteropathy

Salmonellosis

Swine dysentery

Spirochaetal diarrhoea

Yersinia infection

Enteric Diseases Caused by Protozoa. Coccidiosis

Cryptosporidiosis

Enteric Diseases Caused by Endoparasites. Ascariasis

Hyostronylosis

Oesophagostomosis

Trichuris suis infestation

Resistance and control

Enteric Diseases of Unknown Aetiology. Bowel torsion

Colitis

Gastric torsion

Gastric ulcers

Intestinal haemorrhagic syndrome

Rectal prolapse

Rectal stricture

9 Diseases of the Respiratory and Circulatory Systems. Respiratory Diseases. Introduction

Respiratory Diseases Caused by Viruses. Inclusion body rhinitis

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

Swine influenza

Respiratory Diseases Caused by Bacteria. Actinobacillosis

Atrophic rhinitis

Bordetella bronchiseptica rhinitis

Enzootic pneumonia

Glasser’s disease

Mycoplasma hyorhinis disease

Mycoplasma hyosynoviae disease

Pasteurellosis

Respiratory Diseases Caused by Endoparasites. Ascaris migration

Metastrongylosis

Miscellaneous Causes of Respiratory Disease. Drowning

Smoke inhalation

Suffocation

Diseases of the Circulatory System. Introduction

Autoimmune thrombocytopaenia

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Endocarditis

Eperythrozoon suis disease

Iron deficiency

Lymphosarcoma

Monensin poisoning

Mulberry heart disease

Navel bleeding

Nitrite/nitrate poisoning

Pericarditis

Streptococcal lymphadenitis

Thiamin deficiency

Von Willebrand’s disease

Warfarin poisoning

10 Diseases of the Urino-genital System. Urinary Problems. Nephritis/cystitis complex

Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

Stephanurus dentatus

Urolithiasis

Breeding and Reproductive Medicine for Commercial and Smallholder Pigs. Introduction

Reproductive biology

Artificial insemination

Measures to aid reproduction

Factors which affect reproductive performance

Pregnancy diagnosis

Problems at Parturition. Abnormalities of parturition

Vaginal prolapse

Uterine torsion

Farrowing fever complex

Caesarean section

Problems after Parturition. Vaginal discharge and/or metritis

Uterine prolapse

Chronic mastitis

Abortions, Stillbirths, Weak and Mummified Piglets. Introduction

Common causes of abortion, stillbirths, weak and mummified piglets. African swine fever

Aujeszky’s disease

Blue eye paramyxovirus

Brucellosis

Carbon monoxide

Classical swine fever

Erysipelas

Foot and mouth disease

Japanese B encephalitis virus infection

Leptospirosis

Mycotoxins

Porcine parvovirus

Porcine circovirus infection

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

Salmonella spp

Stillbirths, mummification, embryonic deaths and infertility

Swine influenza

Toxoplasmosis

Vitamin A deficiency

Seasonal Infertility

11 Diseases of the Neurological System. Neurological Conditions. Introduction

The predominant signs

Diagnosis

Neurological Diseases Caused by Viruses. African swine fever

Aujeszky’s disease

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Classical swine fever

Eastern equine encephalitis

Japanese B encephalitis

Rabies

Swine vesicular disease

Talfan disease

Teschen disease

Neurological Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Their Treatment. Abscesses

Actinobacillosis

Bowel oedema

Haemophilus parasuis meningitis

Leptospirosis

Listeriosis

Middle-ear infection

Salmonellosis

Streptococcal meningitis

Tetanus

Neurological Diseases Caused by Protozoa. Coccidiosis

Neurological Diseases of Newly Born Piglets. Barking piglets

Congenital meningoencephalocoele

Congenital tremor AI

Congenital tremor AII

Congenital tremor AIII

Congenital tremor AIV

Congenital tremor AV

Congenital tremor type B

Copper deficiency

Hypoglycaemia

Splay leg

Vitamin A deficiency

Neurological Disease Caused by Miscellaneous Causes. Heat stroke

12 Diseases of the Skin. Introduction

Skin Diseases Caused by Viruses. Swinepox

Skin Diseases Caused by Bacteria. Abscesses

Actinomycosis

Clostridial cellulitis

Dermatophilosis

Erysipelas

Greasy pig disease

Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

Staphylococcal folliculitis

Streptococcal pustular dermatitis

Ulcerative necrotic granuloma

Skin Diseases Caused by Fungi. Ringworm

Skin Diseases Caused by Parasites. Demodectic mange

Fleas

Flies

Lice

Sarcoptic mange

Ticks

Skin Diseases Related to Nutrition. Biotin deficiency

Iodine deficiency

Parakeratosis

Vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin B deficiency

Skin Diseases due to Miscellaneous Causes. Aural haematoma

Bite wounds

Burns

Callus

Frostbite

Melanomas

Juvenile papillomas

Pemphigus

Porcine ulcerative dermatitis syndrome

Pressure sores

Recurrent dermatosis

Sunburn

Uticaria

Non-infectious Skin Diseases of Neonatal Piglets. Aplasia cutis

Bite wounds on the faces of neonatal piglets

Cutaneous asthenia

Dermatosis vegetans

Epitheliogenesis imperfecta

Inherited congenital goitre

Pityriasis rosea

Pressure sores

Thrombocytopaenic purpura

13 Multisystemic Diseases. African Swine Fever

Anthrax

Classical Swine Fever

Clostridium novyi Infection

Foot and Mouth Disease

Leptospirosis

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome

Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome

Swine Erysipelas

Swine Vesicular Disease

14 Notifiable Diseases

African Swine Fever

Aujeszky’s Disease

Classical Swine Fever

Foot and Mouth Disease

Japanese Encephalitis

Leptospirosis

Nipah Virus Encephalitis

Old World Screw-worm

Porcine Cysticercosis

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome

Rabies

Swine Vesicular Disease

Teschen Disease

Transmissible Gastroenteritis

Trichinellosis

Tularaemia

Vesicular Stomatitis

15 Poisons and Causes of Sudden Death. Mycotoxicosis

Plant Poisoning. Introduction

Arum maculatum

Beta vulgaris

Buxus sempervirens

Conium maculatum

Daphne mezereum

Hyoscyamus niger

Iris foetidissima

Lycopersicon esculentum

Nicotiana tabacum

Oenanthe crocata

Quercus robur

Rheum rhaponticum

Chemical Poisons. Ammonia

Arsenic poisoning

Carbadox

Carbon monoxide

Cyanide poisoning

Furazolidone

Iron toxicity

Metaldehyde

Monensin

Nitrite/nitrate poisoning

Olaquindox

Organophosphorus poisoning

Paraquat

Phenol

Salt poisoning

Selenium poisoning

Warfarin

Reactions to Medicines. Penicillin

Tiamulin

Causes of Sudden Death. Iatrogenic causes of sudden death

Reasons for animals to be found dead. African swine fever

Anthrax

Aujeszky’s disease

Bowel oedema

Chemical poisons

Classical swine fever

Clostridiosis

Coliform mastitis

Cystitis/pyelonephritis

Drowning

Erysipelas/endocarditis

Electrocution

Encephalomyocarditis

Gassing from slurry

Gastric/splenic torsion

Heat stroke

Haemophilus infection

Hertztod

Intestinal haemorrhage syndrome

Intestinal volvulus/intussusception/intestinal foreign body/hernial entrapment

Leptospirosis

Lightening strike

Malignant hyperthermia

Mulberry heart disease

Pasteurellosis

Poisonous plants

Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

Porcine stress syndrome

Post-weaning multisytemic wasting syndrome

Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy

Ruptured aneurysm

Ruptured uterine artery

Salmonellosis

Septic metritis

Snake bite

Streptococcal infections

Teschen/Talfan disease

Thiamin deficiency

Trauma

Uterine prolapse

Uterine rupture

Whey bloat

16 Zoonotic Diseases. Introduction

Viral Zoonotic Diseases Found in Pigs Categorized by Their Human Medical Name. Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever

Encephalomyocarditis

Foot and mouth disease

Influenza

Japanese B encephalitis

Rabies

Rotaviral gastroenteritis

Swine influenza

Swine vesicular disease

Vesicular stomatitis

Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases Found in Pigs Categorized by Their Human Medical Name. Animal erysipelas (human erysipeloid)

Anthrax

Botulism

Brucellosis

Campylobacteriosis

Clostridial food poisoning

Colibacillosis

Enterocolitic yersiniosis

Leptospirosis

Listeriosis

Meliodosis

Pasteurellosis

Salmonellosis

Fungal Zoonotic Diseases Found in Pigs Categorized by Their Human Medical Name. Dermatophytosis

Protozoal Zoonotic Diseases Found in Pigs Categorized by Their Human Medical Name. Sarcocystosis

Parasitic Zoonotic Diseases Found in Pigs Categorized by Their Human Medical Name. Acanthocephaliasis

Ascariasis

Clonorchiasis

Echinostomiasis

Gastrodiscoidiasis

Taeniasis and cysticercosis

Trichinosis

Tungiasis

Zoonotic scabies

Appendix: Veterinary Medicines. Pig Medicines. Introduction

Medicine care on-farm

Health and safety

Anti-inflammatory preparations

Antimicrobial preparations

Cardiovascular and respiratory preparations

Dietary supplements and fluid metabolites

Antiparasitic preparations

Other medicines

Medicines Useful in Pigs not Licensed for Pigs but Licensed for Other Species

Glossary

References

Index

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Veterinary Treatment of Pigs

I had only been working for him for 4 weeks when he suggested that my knowledge of pig medicine was rather limited. He showed me an advertisement for a two-day pig medicine course advertised in the Veterinary Record. I duly attended at the practice expense. That course and his knowledge were the foundation of my pig practice. I will always remember him with gratitude.

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Fig. 1.19. Accommodation costs are low for outdoor pigs.

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