Companion to Feminist Studies

Companion to Feminist Studies
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A c omprehensive overview of feminist scholarship edited by an internationally recognized and leading figure in the field   Companion to Feminist Studies  provides a broad overview of the rich history and the multitude of approaches, theories, concepts, and debates central to this dynamic interdisciplinary field. Comprehensive yet accessible, this edited volume offers expert insights from contributors of diverse academic, national, and activist backgrounds—discussing contemporary research and themes while offering international, postcolonial, and intersectional perspectives on social, political, cultural, and economic institutions, social media, social justice movements, everyday discourse, and more.  Organized around three different dimensions of Feminist Studies, the  Companion  begins by exploring ten theoretical frameworks, including feminist epistemologies examining Marxist and Socialist Feminism, the activism of radical feminists, the contributions of Black feminist thought, and interrelated approaches to the fluidity of gender and sexuality. The second section focuses on methodologies and analytical frameworks developed by feminist scholars, including empiricists, economists, ethnographers, cultural analysts, and historiographers. The volume concludes with detailed discussion of the many ways in which pedagogy, political ecology, social justice, globalization, and other areas within Feminist Studies are shaped by feminism in practice. A major contribution to scholarship on both the theoretical foundations and contemporary debates in the field, this volume:  Provides an international and interdisciplinary range of the essays of high relevance to scholars, students, and practitioners alike Examines various historical and modern approaches to the analysis of gender and sexual differences Addresses timely issues such as the difference between radical and cultural feminism, the lack of women working as scientists in academia and other research positions, and how activism continues to reformulate feminist approaches Draws insight from the positionality of postcolonial, comparative and transnational feminists Explores how gender, class, and race intersect to shape women’s e

Оглавление

Группа авторов. Companion to Feminist Studies

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Companion to Feminist Studies

About the Editors. Editor

Managing Editor

Notes on Contributors

Acknowledgments

1 Feminist Studies as a Site of Critical Knowledge Production and Praxis

Introduction

The Diversity of Epistemologies, Methodologies, and Feminist Praxis

Conclusion

References

2 Biological Determinism and Essentialism

Introduction: Historical Perspectives on Woman's Nature

Biological Determinism and Essentialism. Defining Biological Determinism and Essentialism

Defining Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Biological Theories about Sex and Gender

Evolution and Genes

Hormones

Brains

Essentialism and Feminist Theory

Sexuality and Biological Determinism

A Place for Biology but not for Determinism or Essentialism? Reclaiming the Body

Explaining the Role of Biology

The Enduring Appeal of Essentialist and Biological Explanations. Persistence of Essentialist Thinking

Persistence of Biological Determinism

Conclusion

References

3 Marxist and Socialist Feminisms

Early Tenets

Historical and Theoretical Background

The Value of Social Reproduction

The Social Wage, Mode of Production Debate, and Patriarchy

Exchange Value, Surplus Value, and Social Reproduction Theory

Affective Economies, Anticapitalism, and Anticolonialism

Gendered Capitalism and the Global Division of Labor

Social Reproduction, Imperialism, and Revolutionary Subjects

Intersectional Organizing

Conclusion

References

4 Radical and Cultural Feminisms

Introduction: History and Definitions

Radical Feminism: Key Tenets

The Personal is Political

The Patriarchy Problem

Sexual Violence

Gender and Sex Roles

Womanhood

Radical Feminism and Lesbianism

Radical Feminism: Criticisms

The Transgender Challenge

Radical Feminism: Legacy

Radical Feminism: Continued Relevance

Prostitution

Pornography

References

Notes

5 Materialist Feminisms

Introduction

French Materialist Feminism

The Delphy–Barrett and McIntosh Debate

British Materialist Feminism

US Materialist Feminism

Hennessy and Ingraham's 1997 Anthology

References

Notes

6 Black Feminism and Womanism

Introduction

Black Feminism(s)

Womanism

The Historical Context of Black Feminism

Womanism in Historical Context

Black Feminist Theoretical Moves

Queering Black Feminism

Third Wave of Feminism?

Conclusions: Coming Full Circle

References

7 Intersectionality as Critical Inquiry

Intersectionality as a Metaphor

Why Metaphors Matter

Intersectionality's Heuristic Thinking

Intersectionality and Paradigm Shifts

Core Constructs and Guiding Premises

References

Note

Notes

8 Queer, Trans, and Transfeminist Theories

Introduction

Key Concepts and Terms

Historical Context: Placing Feminist Theory in Conversation with Queer Theory

Queer Theory

Critical Queering

Transgender Theory

Transgender Theory and Gender Fluidity

Transfeminism

Transfeminism and Borderlands

Conclusion and Future Research Questions

References

Notes

9 Postcolonial Feminism

Introduction

Rewriting the Colonial Discourse of Satihood

The Critique of Third World Women

Postcolonial Sexualities

African Feminism and Africana Womanism

Muslim and Islamic Feminism as Part of Postcolonial Feminism

Postcolonial Feminism and the Politics of Intersectionality

Postcolonial Feminism and Disability Studies

Postcolonial Feminism and Grassroots Activism

Film and Literary Examples

Further Direction

Conclusion

References

Suggested Further Reading

10 Feminisms in Comparative Perspective

Introduction

Asia‐Pacific Feminisms

South Asia

East Asia

Middle East and North African (MENA) Feminisms

Sub‐Saharan African Feminisms

European Feminisms

Feminisms in the Americas. North American Feminisms

Latin American and Caribbean Feminisms

Conclusion

References

11 Transnational Feminisms

Transnational Feminist Activism

Transnational Feminism as Theory

Third World Feminists and Transnational Feminism

Contesting Euro‐Centric Definitions of Feminism

Challenging the Binary Between Western “Liberated” Women and Women in the Global South

Intersectionality, Third World Feminism, and its Critics

Transnational Feminism's Critique of Neoliberalism

Religious Fundamentalism and Nationalism

Solidarity and Coalition‐Building

New Directions in Transnational Feminism

Conclusion

References

12 Feminist Methodologies

Origins and Development

Methodologies and Methods

A Range of Methods

Continuing Themes

Reflexivity, Power, and Privilege

The Challenge of Studying Powerful or Unsympathetic Groups

An Example of Innovation

Newer Directions

Autoethnography

Transnational Anti‐colonial Methodology

Feminist Methodologies in the Archive

Quantitative and Feminist: Old Debate, New Developments

Beyond the Gender Binary

Intersectionality and Methodology

Conclusion

References

Notes

13 Feminist Empiricism

Introduction

The Journey Toward Feminist Empiricism: A Historical Overview

Feminist Empiricism: An Overview

Values, Knowledge, and Evidence: An Interplay

Challenging Knowing and Agency

Critiques of Feminist Empiricism

Comparing Feminist Empiricism to Other Feminist Epistemologies. Feminist Standpoint and Feminist Empiricism

Feminist Empiricism and Feminist Postmodernism

Conclusion

References

Additional Resources

14 Feminist Science Studies

Introduction

Gender in Science: Foundations

Toward Feminist Science

Strong Objectivity

Situated Knowledges

Feminist Materialisms

Postcolonialisms, Queer Theory, and Indigeneity in Feminist Science Studies

Black Feminist Science Studies

Toward Practice: Two Case Studies

Feminist Archaeologies and Genomics

Feminist Disability Bioethics

Future Directions and Conclusions

References

Notes

15 Feminist Economics

Orthodox and Heterodox Feminist Economics

Methodological Starting Points

Feminist Economics and Development

Feminist Economics in the Periphery: Contributions from the South

Measurement

Conclusion

References

Notes

16 Feminist Ethnography

Introduction

Historicizing Feminist Ethnography

Defining Feminist Ethnography

Feminist Epistemology, Methodologies, and Methods

Politics of Feminist Ethnography. Coloniality and Postcoloniality

Ethnographic Crisis

Citational Politics

Public Scholarship: Innovative Production, Digital Ethnography, and Activist Scholarship

Creative Production

Collaborative Writing

Visual Ethnography

Digital Ethnography

Activist Scholarship

Conclusion: Possibilities for the Future

References

Note

17 Feminist Historiography

Introduction

Feminist Historiography as Feminist Praxis

Claiming Expertise and Building the Field

Feminist Historiography and Critique

Essentialism and Difference

Refining Feminist Methods in the Archives

Oral History and Questions of Subtext and Representation

Feminist Praxis Futures

Conclusion

References

18 Feminism, Gender, and, Popular Culture

What Is Popular Culture?

Second‐Wave Feminism, Gender, and Popular Culture

Critical Perspectives: The Third Wave

Post‐feminism, Gender, and Popular Culture

Conclusion

References

Notes

19 Feminist Pedagogy

History of Feminist Pedagogy and Praxis

Defining Feminist Pedagogy

Key Tenets of Feminist Pedagogy

Putting Feminist Pedagogy into Practice

References

Additional Reading and Media Resources

20 Feminist Praxis and Globalization

Coloniality of Gender

Beyond Modern, Emancipatory Feminist Praxis

Gender Justice Otherwise

References

21 Feminism and Somatic Praxis

Feminism and Body‐Based Theory

The Gestalt Body/The Somatic Body

Describing Somatic Praxis

Somatic Epistemology

Somatic Methodology

Tuning into Self

Reaching from Self to Others

Applying Somatic Praxis

The Significance of Somatic Praxis for Social Justice

References

Further Reading

22 Feminist Health Movements

Introduction

Definitions

Earlier Women's Health Movements

Eugenics and Forced Sterilization

Women's Health Movements After 1950

New Trends Since 2000

“Hashtag Activism”

New Dynamic Youth Groups

What Did the Earlier Movements Accomplish?

Birth Control

Legalized Abortion

Curbed Abuse of Sterilization

Attention to Infertility

Contemporary Challenges for Today's Movements

Conclusions

References

Notes

23 Feminist Praxis and Gender Violence

Introduction

A Private Problem Becomes a Public Issue

Liberal Feminism

Radical Feminism

Intersectionality

Violence Against Transgender Women and Men

Structural Violence

A Feminist Political Economic Theory of Gender‐Based Violence

Conclusion

References

24 Feminist Political Ecologies in Latin American Context

Introduction

Beginnings of Feminist Political Ecology

Current Scholarship on FPE

Historical and Specific Experiences and Knowledges: Latin American Feminist Political Ecology

Emergence of a Latin American Feminist Political Ecology

Ecofeminisms

Latin American Feminisms and Indigenous Women Movements

Feminist spatialities

Trends of LAFPE

Conclusions

References

25 Feminism and Social Justice Movements

Social Movement Theories

How Do Social Movements Form?

What Makes Social Movements Successful?

Feminism and Social Movements. What Is Feminism?

What Is a Feminist Movement?

Feminist Contributons to Social Movements Theory

Collective Behavior Theory

Resource Mobilization

Collective Action Frames and Collective Identity Theory

Political Process Theory

Social Justice Movements: Two Major Examples. Palestinian Working Woman Society for Development

Black Lives Matter

Conclusion

References

Index

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In countering the fatalism of deterministic and essentialist theories in relation to human behavior, it is necessary to take full account of the biological, the social, the psychological, and the environmental. It is critical to do this in a way that is scientifically robust. Scientists from both the natural and the social sciences have embarked on this project, in different ways but with a common recognition that the old either/or polarities – opposing the biological and the psychosocial – are a theoretical dead‐end. Biology is in itself dynamic, evolving, and totally interdependent with the environment (Rose 1997; Woese 2004). In this sense, strong biological determinism with its connotation of a fixed biology impervious to environmental influence is not tenable. As long ago as 1978 Lambert commented,

The notion that “innate” factors, such as genes or hormones, influence human behavior is often called (usually pejoratively) “biological determinism.” To equate biological with intrinsic, inflexible, or pre‐programed is an unfortunate misuse of the term biological. Behavior is itself a biological phenomenon, an interaction between organism and environment.

.....

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