Реклама. ООО «ЛитРес», ИНН: 7719571260.
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
MOUNT SINAI EXPERT GUIDES. Critical Care
Contributors
Series Foreword
Preface
Abbreviations
About the Companion Website
PART 1 Basic Techniques and Procedures
CHAPTER 1 Airway Management
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Functional anatomy of the upper airway
Airway assessment
Equipment
Positioning
Preoxygenation
Bag and mask ventilation
Laryngoscopy and confirmation of placement
Rapid sequence induction
Difficult airway
Cervical spine disease
Extubation
Complications of intubation. Airway trauma
Physiologic effects of airway instrumentation
Aspiration
Reading list
Images
CHAPTER 2 Sedation and Analgesia
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Clinical pharmacology
Monitoring. Sedation
Pain
Medications for sedation and analgesia
Opioids
Fentanyl
Hydromorphone
Morphine
Methadone
Benzodiazepines
Midazolam
Lorazepam
Diazepam
Other sedatives. Propofol
Dexmedetomidine
Ketamine
Reading list
CHAPTER 3 Vascular Access
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Central venous access. Indications
Venous access sites
Catheter types (Figure 3.1)
Procedure
Management of complications
Follow‐up
Arterial access. Indications
Arterial sites
Catheter types
Procedure
Management of complications
Follow‐up
Reading list
Suggested websites
Images
CHAPTER 4 Bedside Ultrasound
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Indications
Basic concepts. Ultrasound physics (Table 4.1)
Ultrasound equipment
Basic knobology
Basic terminology
Artifacts of US imaging
Procedure. Cardiac ultrasonography. Probe selection and orientation
Scanning technique
Clinical application
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Inferior vena cava (ultrasonography) Probe selection and orientation
Scanning technique
Clinical application
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Lung ultrasonography. Probe selection and orientation
Scanning technique
Clinical application
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Abdomen. Probe selection and orientation
Scanning technique
Clinical application
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Leg vein ultrasonography. Probe selection and orientation
Scanning technique
Clinical application
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Management/treatment algorithm
Reading list
Suggested websites
Images
CHAPTER 5 Bronchoscopy
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Introduction
The bronchoscope
Indications
Pre‐procedure
Bronchoscopy procedure
Common complications. Pre‐procedure
Procedure
Management of complications
Follow‐up
Reading list
Images
CHAPTER 6 Bedside Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Tracheostomy benefits (Table 6.1)
Early versus late tracheostomy
Open surgical tracheostomy versus bedside PDT
Risk factors
Selection of candidates for bedside PDT. Patient’s history and clinical status
Examination of candidates
Relative contraindications
PDT procedure
Procedure without bronchoscopic guidance
Bronchoscopic assistance
Management of complications
Follow‐up
Reading list
Images
CHAPTER 7 Nutritional Support and Total Parenteral Nutrition
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Goals of nutrition in the critically ill
Enteral nutrition
Enteral nutrition formulation
Total parenteral nutrition
Indications for TPN
Energy and macronutrient dosing calculations
Micronutrients and other additives
Administration
Adaptation to special situations
Monitoring
Complications
Reading list
CHAPTER 8 Glycemic Control
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Pathogenesis
Risk factors for hyperglycemia
Prevention of hyperglycemia
Diagnosis. Differential diagnosis of hyperglycemia in the ICU
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment
Preferred route of insulin administration
Monitoring of glucose level
Transitioning from intravenous to subcutaneous insulin
Nutrition and insulin
Management of complications
Treatment/management
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 9 Prevention of Complications
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Neurologic complications
Cardiovascular complications
Hematologic complications
Gastrointestinal complications
Renal complications
Procedure‐related complications
Infection control in ICU
Reading list
Suggested websites
CHAPTER 10 Palliative Care
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Understanding palliative care
Benefits
Recommended model of palliative care in the ICU
Devices and withdrawal of artificial life support
Reading list
PART 2 Cardiovascular Critical Care
CHAPTER 11 Hemodynamic Monitoring
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Arterial lines. Indications
Locations for placement
Contraindications
Complications
Advanced arterial hemodynamic monitoring
Pulse contour analysis
PiCCO system (Pulsion Medical Systems)
FloTrac™ system (Edwards Lifesciences)
Pulse power analysis. LiDCO system
Central lines
Common locations
Complications
Waveform components
Controversy regarding the utility of CVP monitoring
Pulmonary artery catheter monitoring. Background
Procedure
Indications
Direct measurements
Indirect measurements
Calculated measurements
Complications
Echocardiography
Reading list
CHAPTER 12 Vasoactive Drugs
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Physiology
Basic properties
Indications
Types of shock
Selecting vasoactive therapy
Low preload (LVEDP)
Receptors affected by vasoactive medications
Key principles of vasoactive medication use
Vasoactive medications in focus
Reading list
CHAPTER 13 Mechanical Circulatory Support
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Overview of devices and indications
Short‐term mechanical circulatory support
Intermediate‐term mechanical circulatory support
Durable (long‐term) mechanical circulatory support
Short‐term mechanical circulatory support devices. Intra‐aortic balloon pump
Indications
Contraindications
Postulated mechanisms of action
IABP pressure waveform
Complications
Impella intraluminal catheter‐based axial flow pump
Left ventricular Impella
Right ventricular Impella
Indications
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Indications
Indications for V‐V ECMO
Indications for V‐A ECMO
Contraindications and complications
Intermediate‐term mechanical circulatory support devices. TandemHeart
Indications
CentriMag
Indications
Contraindications and complications
Durable (long‐term) mechanical circulatory support devices. Left ventricular assist device
Evolution of LVAD devices
Components
Indications
Management of cardiac arrest in patients on mechanical circulatory support
Parameters used to monitor LVAD function
LVAD troubleshooting
LVAD‐related complications
Total artificial heart
Indications
Complications
Reading list
Images
CHAPTER 14 Acute Hypertensive and Aortic Syndromes
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention
Screening
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of aortic dissection
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic algorithm (Algorithm 14.1)
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
Management/treatment algorithm (Algorithm 14.2)
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Pregnancy
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
International society guidelines
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 15 Cardiac Arrhythmias
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
Imaging modalities
Diagnostic algorithms (Algorithms 15.1–15.3)
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale. Bradyarrhythmias
Tachyarrhythmias
Atrial fibrillation. Reversion to sinus rhythm
Heart rate control
AVNRT/AVRT
Atrial tachycardia/MAT
Monomorphic VT
Polymorphic VT
Recurrent VT/VF–electrical storm
Prevention/management of complications
Management/treatment algorithms (Algorithms 15.4–15.6)
CLINICAL PEARLS
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
International society guidelines
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 16 Acute Coronary Syndromes
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention
Screening
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
TIMI risk scor
GRACE risk model for risk of death in patients with ACS
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic algorithm (Algorithm 16.1)
Potential pitfalls/common errors regarding the diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
Management/treatment algorithm (Algorithm 16.2)
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Pregnancy
Elderly
Other
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Natural history of untreated disease
Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
International society guidelines
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 17 Heart Failure Management
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Prevention
Screening
Primary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Differential diagnosis of causes of decompensated heart failure
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Estimating disease severity and prognosis
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to refer
Prevention/management of complications
Table of treatment for acute heart failure
CLINICAL PEARLS
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
Evidence
Image
CHAPTER 18 Shock Syndromes
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Screening
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic algorithm (Algorithm 18.1)
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Managing the hospitalized patient
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Pregnancy
Elderly
Prognosis
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Natural history of untreated disease
Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. International society guidelines
Image
CHAPTER 19 Cardiac Arrest
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Diagnosis
Basic cardiac life support
Considerations in Performing High‐Quality CPR
Chest compressions
Chest compression rate
Chest compression depth
Compression : ventilation ratio
Bystander naloxone in opioid‐associated life‐threatening emergencies
Shock first versus CPR first
Advanced cardiac life support. Epinephrine
Use of Advanced Airways
Antiarrhythmic drugs
Differential diagnosis of PEA arrest
Resuscitative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
Cardiocerebral resuscitation. Diagnosis and management of acute coronary syndromes
BOTTOM LINE
Therapeutic temperature modulation. BOTTOM LINE
Who to treat with TTM?
Induced therapeutic hypothermia protocol
Phase 1: cooling phase for the first 24 hours
COLUMBIA ANTI‐SHIVERING PROTOCOL
BEDSIDE SHIVERING ASSESSMENT SCALE
Phase 2: rewarming phase
Phase 3: maintenance of normothermia phase
Special populations. Pregnancy
Children
Prognosis
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Guidelines. International society guidelines
PART 3 Pulmonary Critical Care
CHAPTER 20 Respiratory Monitoring
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Importance of respiratory monitoring
Major types of respiratory monitoring
Definition of respiratory failure. Type I: hypoxemic respiratory failure
Type 2: hypercapneic respiratory failure
Physical examination. Bedside examination
Patterns of breathing
Respiratory examination in neuromuscular disease
Impedance monitors
Monitoring of oxygenation: pulse oximetry
Benefits/accuracy
Potential pitfalls
Using pulse oximetry in the ICU
CLINICAL PEARLS
Monitoring of ventilation: capnography
Clinical uses. Acute clinical situation monitoring
Routine monitoring applications for capnography
Capnograph waveform: four phases (Figure 20.1)
Causes of abnormal ETCO2
Interpretation of capnographs (Table 20.2)
CLINICAL PEARLS
Arterial blood gases
Indications for ABG
Cautions with ABG
Use of venous blood gases
Comparison of arterial blood gas and venous blood gas
CLINICAL PEARLS
Co‐oximetry
CLINICAL PEARLS
Lung mechanics on mechanical ventilation
BOTTOM LINE
Ventilator waveforms
Ventilator loops
Pressure–volume loop
Important parameters to monitor on mechanical ventilator. Positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) and auto‐PEEP
How to identify auto‐PEEP on the graphics
Airway pressures and airway resistance
How to identify increased resistance to inspiration on the waveform
Lung compliance
How to identify changes in compliance on the waveform
CLINICAL PEARLS
Monitoring respiratory muscle strength
Vital capacity
Maximal inspiratory pressure
Monitoring diaphragmatic function
Causes of diaphragmatic dysfunction
Assessment of diaphragm dysfunction
CLINICAL PEARLS
Imaging in respiratory monitoring. Chest radiograph
Goal‐directed lung ultrasonography
Reading list
Images
CHAPTER 21 Mechanical Ventilatory Support
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition and goals of invasive mechanical ventilation
Prevalence and impact
Indications for invasive mechanical ventilation
Commonly used terms
Setting the ventilator
Ventilator phases
Trigger
Limit
Cycle
Modes of mechanical ventilation
Volume control (VC)
Pressure control (PC)
Pressure‐regulated volume control (PRVC)
Pressure support (PS)
Volume support (VS)
Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV)
Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV)
Troubleshooting the ventilator
High pressure alarm
Low pressure alarm (with low tidal volume)
Systematic approach to respiratory deterioration in an unstable, mechanically ventilated patient
Disease‐oriented settings. ARDS
Obstructive airways disease: status asthmaticus, acute COPD exacerbation
Cardiovascular effects of mechanical ventilation (heart–lung interactions)
Effect on venous return and cardiac output
Effect on PVR
Effect on left heart function
Auto‐PEEP
Complications and prevention. Barotrauma
Ventilator‐associated events and pneumonia
Gastric stress ulcer bleeding
Deep venous thrombosis
Reading list
CHAPTER 22 Non‐Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Principles of action. NPPV
Benefits in acute respiratory failure
HFNC
Benefits in acute respiratory failure
Indications and contraindications
Basic terminology and settings
Use of NPPV in disease states. NPPV in acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD)
NPPV in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE)
NPPV in acute exacerbation of asthma
NPPV in neuromuscular disorders with ARF
NPPV and HFNC in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure
Special considerations for NPPV
Predictors of success and failure of NPPV. Predictors of success
Predictors of failure
Guidelines for use. Protocol for initiation of NPPV
Protocol for initiation of HFNC
Managing the patient on NPPV. Daily monitoring and weaning
Troubleshooting
Complications
Reading list
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 23 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Exudative phase (0–7 days)
Fibroproliferative phase (7–14 days)
Recovery phase
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE
Screening
Primary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE
Disease definition and severity classification
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
Management/treatment algorithm (Algorithm 23.1)
Special populations. Pregnancy
Elderly
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE
Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Guidelines. International society guidelines
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 24 Bronchospasm and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention
CLINICAL PEARLS
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. CLINICAL PEARLS
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to hospitalize
Managing the hospitalized patient. Overview of management for acute severe asthma or AECOPD
Supplemental oxygen
Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV)
Indications for NPPV in AECOPD
Contraindications to NPPV
Initial settings for NPPV
Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV)
Indications for IMV
Intubation
Ventilator settings
Sedation for IMV
Adjunctive therapies
Pharmacologic therapy (Table 24.2)
Refractory respiratory failure in mechanically ventilated patients
Additional treatments for patients with refractory respiratory failure
Prevention/management of complications
Special populations. Pregnancy
Prognosis. Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
International society guidelines
Images
CHAPTER 25 Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Definition
Incidence/prevalence
Assessment of readiness to wean
Factors that affect respiratory strength and load
Maintaining homeostasis of the other systems
Daily sedation interruption
Daily spontaneous breathing trial
Fluid restriction
Early initiation of physical therapy
Nutrition
Acid–base status
Assessment of readiness for extubation
Spontaneous breathing trials
Methods of SBTs. Continuous positive airway pressure
Pressure support ventilation
T‐piece/T‐tube
Criteria for a successful SBT (Table 25.1)
Weaning protocols
Extubation
Extubation failure
Management of extubation failure
Risk factors for extubation failure
Managing the difficult to wean patient
Role of non‐invasive ventilatory support in weaning
Role of tracheostomy
Other factors to consider. Agitation
Obesity
Persistent hypoxia despite decreased work of breathing
Ventilator factors
CLINICAL PEARLS
Reading list
Images
PART 4 Neurologic Critical Care
CHAPTER 26 Delirium
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE
Important risk factors for delirium
Diagnosis. Typical presentation
Validated tools to aid in the diagnosis of delirium
Evaluation
Common triggers of delirium
Laboratory diagnosis
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment and management. Treatment rationale
Medications
Dexmedetomidine
Management/treatment algorithm (Algorithm 26.1)
Specific populations. Pregnancy
Prognosis
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
International society guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 27 Stroke
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Disease classification
Causes and mechanisms of stroke
Incidence/prevalence. Incidence
Prevalence
Pathophysiology
Predictive/risk factors. Ischemic stroke/TIA
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral aneurysm
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE
Screening
Primary and secondary prevention
Diagnosis. Differential diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Stroke severity scales. The NIH Stroke Scale
The ICH score
SAH disease severity scores
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic algorithm (Algorithm 27.1)
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to hospitalize
Table of specific treatments for stroke
Prevention/management of complications
Management/treatment algorithms (Algorithms 27.2–27.4)
Special populations. Pregnancy
Elderly
Prognosis
BOTTOM LINE
Natural history of untreated disease
Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 28 Neurotrauma
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Screening
Primary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Differential diagnosis of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic algorithm (Algorithm 28.1)
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to hospitalize
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
Management/treatment algorithms (Algorithms 28.2 and 28.3)
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Pregnancy
Children
Elderly
Others
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Natural history of untreated disease
Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 29 Status Epilepticus
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Screening
Diagnosis
UNIFIED EEG CRITERIA FOR NCSE
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment
Treatment rationale
When to hospitalize
Managing the hospitalized patient
Table of treatment: anticonvulsant drugs for status epilepticus
Prevention/management of complications
Treatment algorithm (Algorithm 29.1)
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Children
Others
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 30 Intracranial Pressure and Neuromonitoring
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Intracranial pressure monitoring. Overview
Monro–Kellie doctrine
Intracranial compliance
Cerebral perfusion pressure
Pathologic pressure waves
Conditions associated with increased ICP
Clinical features of elevated ICP
Herniation syndromes
Indications for ICP monitoring
ICP monitoring devices
Treatment of ICP
Multimodality neuromonitoring. Brain oxygenation monitoring
Jugular venous oxygen saturation monitoring
Brain tissue oxygen pressure monitoring
Cerebral blood flow monitoring
Thermal diffusion flowmetry
Laser doppler flowmetry
Cerebral microdialysis
Intracortical (or depth) EEG monitoring
Continuous electroencephalogram monitoring
Seizure detection
Titration of therapy for status epilepticus
Monitoring for DCI after SAH
Coma prognosis
Limitations of cEEG
Reading list
Images
CHAPTER 31 Coma and Brain Death
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Disease classification
Etiology of coma
Pathology/pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of coma or brain death
Clinical diagnosis of brain death. Physical examination
Apnea test
Useful clinical decision rules when diagnosing brain death
Laboratory diagnosis of brain death. List of diagnostic tests
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of brain death
CLINICAL PEARLS
Management of potential organ donors
Procedure
Psychosocial issues
Special populations. Children
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
CHAPTER 32 Toxicology and Drug Reactions
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Prevention. Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination:
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to hospitalize
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
Management/treatment algorithm (Algorithm 32.1)
CLINICAL PEARLS
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
PART 5 Surgical Critical Care
CHAPTER 33 Gastrointestinal Bleeding
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Screening
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic algorithm (Algorithm 33.1)
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. CLINICAL PEARLS
Treatment rationale
When to hospitalize
Managing the hospitalized patient
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
Special populations. Children
Elderly
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Natural history of untreated disease
Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
International society guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 34 Acute Abdomen and Abdominal Sepsis
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors for abdominal sepsis
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to hospitalize
Managing the hospitalized patient
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Pregnancy
Children
Elderly
Others
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Natural history of untreated disease
Prognosis for treated patients
Reading list
Guidelines. International society guidelines
CHAPTER 35 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Diagnosis
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
Disease severity classification: grading system for intra‐abdominal hypertension
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Managing the hospitalized patient
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
Reading list
Guidelines. International society guidelines
CHAPTER 36 Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Screening
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
CLINICAL PEARLS
Prognosis
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Natural history of untreated disease
Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
International society guidelines
Evidence
Image
CHAPTER 37 Surgical Trauma
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Economic impact
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Screening
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic algorithms
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to hospitalize
Managing the hospitalized patient
Airway control
Damage control
Prevention/management of complications
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Pregnancy
Children
Elderly
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Suggested websites
Evidence
CHAPTER 38 Burns
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Evolution of injury
Predictive/risk factors for fire death
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Primary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators. Rule of nines (Figure 38.1) Calculation of fluid requirements
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to hospitalize
Criteria for non‐burn center hospital admission
Managing the hospitalized patient
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Children
Others. Patients with electrical burn injuries
Patients with chemical burn injuries
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Natural history of untreated disease
Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines (H1) National society guidelines
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 39 Acute Hepatic Failure
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors for AHF
Diagnosis. Differential diagnosis of hepatic failure
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Managing the hospitalized patient. Laboratory monitoring
General systemic management strategies
Specific management
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Prognosis for treated patients
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
Image
CHAPTER 40 Abdominal Organ Transplantation
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Liver transplantation. Background
Indications and contraindications
Indications
Contraindications
Techniques. Whole liver recipient procedure
Special considerations and technique
Partial liver recipient procedure
Immunosuppression
Complications
Outcomes
Kidney transplantation. Background
Indications and contraindications
Technique
Complications
Immunosuppression
Graft survival
Pancreas transplantation. Background
Indications and contraindications
Acceptance criteria for pancreas transplantation at Mount Sinai Medical Center
Contraindications
Guidelines for acceptance of deceased donor pancreas at Mount Sinai Medical Center
Pancreas donor grading system
Techniques. Categories of pancreas transplant (Table 40.2) Techniques of exocrine and venous drainage (Tables 40.3 and 40.4) Immunosuppression
Complications
Outcomes
Small bowel and multivisceral transplantation. Background
Indications in adults
Techniques (Table 40.5)
Immunosuppression
Complications
Outcomes
Reading list
Images
CHAPTER 41 Obstetric Emergencies
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Overview
Critical care fundamentals of pregnancy. Airway management
Difficult airway features of the pregnant patient
Ventilator management
Maternal cardiac arrest. Background. Incidence/prevalence
Common causes
Prevention
Diagnosis
List of imaging techniques
Differential diagnosis in maternal cardiac arrest
Treatment
Prognosis
Post‐partum hemorrhage. Background. Definition
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Predictive/risk factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Peri‐partum cardiomyopathy. Background. Definition
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Predictive/risk factors
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of peri‐partum cardiomyopathy
Treatment. Stable cases: outpatient management
Unstable cases: inpatient management
Agents for treating peri‐partum cardiomyopathy
Prognosis
Pulmonary embolic disease. Background. Definition
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia. Background. Definition
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Predictive/risk factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Table of treatment of severe pre‐eclampsia
Prevention/management of complications
Prognosis
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
PART 6 Infectious Diseases
CHAPTER 42 The Febrile Patient
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of diseases
Pathophysiology
Incidence
Economic impact
Prevention
Diagnosis
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Fever measurement
Differential diagnosis. Differential diagnosis based on the severity of fever (Table 42.1)
Differential diagnosis based on type of leukocytosis (Table 42.2)
Differential diagnosis of sources of fever with WBC count of >30 000/μL
Emergent causes of early postoperative fever (<48 hours)
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History and physical examination
Common and important infectious causes of fever in the ICU
Common and important non‐infectious causes of fever in the ICU
Transfusion reactions (Table 42.3)
Less common non‐infectious causes of fever in the ICU
Questionable causes of fever in the ICU
Laboratory diagnosis
List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic algorithm (Algorithm 42.1)
Treatment
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Immunocompromised patients
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
CHAPTER 43 Sepsis
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition
Incidence/prevalence
Economic impact
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Diagnosis
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic and management algorithm (Algorithm 43.1)
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of sepsis
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Supportive care measures
Managing the hospitalized patient
Prevention/management of complications
Management/treatment algorithm
2018 Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Pregnancy/post‐partum
Elderly
Others
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 44 Infections Acquired in the Intensive Care Unit
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
General treatment rationale
General prevention
Central line‐associated bloodstream infections. Background. Definition of disease
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention
Diagnosis. Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment
Prognosis
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Catheter‐associated urinary tract infections. Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors for CAUTI
Prevention
Diagnosis. Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment
Prognosis
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Ventilator‐associated event and ventilator‐associated pneumonia. Background. Definition of disease
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention
Diagnosis. Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment
Prognosis
Clostridium difficile infection. Background. Definition of disease
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. Screening
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. Differential diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment
Prognosis
Natural history of untreated disease
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Pressure ulcer infection. Background. Definition of disease
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. Screening
Primary prevention
Diagnosis. Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment
Prognosis. Natural history of untreated disease
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
CHAPTER 45 Antimicrobial Therapy
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Clinical pharmacology principles
Bactericidal versus bacteriostatic pharmacodynamics
Key pharmacodynamic predictors of antibiotic effectiveness
Dosing principles using pharmacokinetics
Pathophysiologic and pharmacokinetic changes in the critically ill
Specific treatments. Acute renal failure requiring IHD, CRRT, and PD
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Inhaled antibiotic therapy
Treatment of resistant organisms
Gram‐negative resistance due to beta‐lactamase production
Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP)
Antifungal and antiviral therapy (Tables 45.1–45.4)
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
CHAPTER 46 Pneumonia
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors for CAP
Prevention
BOTTOM LINE
Screening
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
ATS/IDSA criteria for ICU admission for CAP
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques (Figures 46.1 and 46.2)
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to hospitalize
Managing the hospitalized patient
Principles of antimicrobial therapy
Table of treatment
Adjunctive therapy
Prevention/management of complications
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Pregnancy
Children
Elderly
Others
Clinical associations with specific populations/conditions
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
International society guidelines
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 47 Central Nervous System Infections
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology. Meningitis
Common causes of community‐acquired bacterial meningitis
Other causes of meningitis
Encephalitis
Causes of encephalitis
Brain abscess
Epidural abscess
Pathology/pathogenesis. Meningitis
Encephalitis
Brain abscess
Spinal epidural abscess
Predictive/risk factors for CNS infection
Prevention. Screening
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic algorithm (Algorithm 47.1)
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Managing the hospitalized patient. Meningitis
Encephalitis
Brain abscess
Spinal epidural abscess
Prevention/management of complications. Non‐neurologic complications
Elevated intracranial pressure
Clinical pearls. Septic intracranial thrombophlebitis
Bacterial infections
Viral infections
Fungal and parasitic infections
Special populations. Pregnancy
Children
Elderly
Others
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Natural history of untreated disease
Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
International society guidelines
Evidence
Images
CHAPTER 48 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Causes of ICU admission in HIV‐positive patients
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention
Screening
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Antiretroviral therapy in the ICU
Continuing ART
Drug interactions
Initiation of ART
Discontinuing ART
Lactic acidosis in critically ill HIV‐infected patients
Acute kidney injury in HIV
Pancreatitis in HIV
Table of treatment
Treatment of PCP
Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis
CLINICAL PEARLS
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV
Prognosis of HIV in the ICU
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. National society guidelines
Evidence
Images
PART 7 Renal Disorders
CHAPTER 49 Fluid Resuscitation
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Indications for fluid resuscitation
Contraindications to fluid resuscitation
Factors affecting fluid balance
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis
Antidiuretic hormone
Natriuretic factors
Distribution of body fluid
Role of sodium
Impact of 1 L IV fluid on body fluid compartments
Concept of the third space
Role of water balance
Assessment of fluid status. Physical examination
Measurement of cumulative fluid balance
Management
Colloids versus crystalloids. Colloids
Crystalloids
Complications of fluid therapy. Volume overload
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis due to normal saline
Renal failure
Reading list
Images
CHAPTER 50 Acute Kidney Injury
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Prevention
Risk factors for acute kidney injury
Primary prevention
Causes of intrinsic renal disease
Diagnosis. Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic algorithm (Algorithm 50.1)
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Table of treatment
Management/treatment algorithm (Algorithm 50.2)
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Pregnancy
Elderly
Others
Prognosis
Natural history of untreated disease
Reading list
Suggested websites
Guidelines. International society guidelines
CHAPTER 51 Dialysis
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Indications for RRT
Timing of RRT initiation
Procedure. Mechanisms of solute transport
Modes of RRT. Intermittent hemodialysis (IHD)
Continuous veno‐venous hemodialysis (CVVHD)
Continuous veno‐venous hemofiltration (CVVH)
Continuous veno‐venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF)
Pros and cons of intermittent versus continuous RRT
Anticoagulation during CRRT
Complications of RRT
Management of complications (Table 51.3)
Prognois. Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reasons for discontinuation of RRT in the ICU
Reading list
Suggested websites
Image
CHAPTER 52 Electrolyte Disorders
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Hyperkalemia. BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations
Prognosis. Natural history of untreated disease
Prognosis for treated patients
Hypokalemia. BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of hypokalemia
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Predictive/risk factors
Diagnosis
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
CLINICAL PEARLS
Prognosis
Hyperphosphatemia. BOTTOM LINE
Background. Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Primary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
Laboratory diagnosis
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Table of treatment
CLINICAL PEARLS
Hypophosphatemia. BOTTOM LINE
Background. Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention
Diagnosis
BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations
Hyponatremia. BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to transfer to the ICU
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
Potential pitfalls/common errors
Prognosis
CLINICAL PEARLS
Hypernatremia. BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Predictive/risk factors
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to admit to the ICU
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
Potential pitfalls/common errors
Prognosis
CLINICAL PEARLS
Hypercalcemia. BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Predictive/risk factors
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to admit to the ICU
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
Potential pitfalls/common errors
Prognosis
CLINICAL PEARLS
Hypocalcemia. BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to admit to the ICU
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
Potential pitfalls/common errors
Prognosis
CLINICAL PEARLS
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
International society guidelines
Evidence
CHAPTER 53 Acid–Base Disorders
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background
Etiology
Diagnosis. Five‐step approach
Step 1: assess internal validity
Step 2: assess the primary acid–base disorder
Step 3: assess for appropriate compensation
Step 4: calculate the anion and osmolal gaps
Step 5: assess the delta ratio or the delta‐delta gap
Clinical presentations and further diagnostic steps for acid–base disorders
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to admit to the ICU
CLINICAL PEARLS
Prognosis. Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
PART 8 Hematology and Oncology
CHAPTER 54 Blood Products and Transfusions
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Blood products. Red blood cell preparations
Indications for PRBC transfusion
Plasma products
Indications for FFP transfusion
Cryoprecipitate
Indications for cryoprecipitate transfusion
Platelet products
Indications for platelet transfusion
Treatment protocols. Blood products for transfusion
Massive transfusion protocol (MTP)
Adverse transfusion reactions. Potentially severe acute reactions. Allergic, urticarial, or anaphylactic reactions
Acute hemolytic reactions
Sepsis
Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI)
Transfusion‐associated circulatory overload (TACO)
Potentially moderate acute reactions. Hypotension
Metabolic derangements
Mild acute reactions. Fever
Transfusion‐associated dyspnea (TAD)
Delayed post‐transfusion complications
Reading list
CHAPTER 55 Anticoagulation‐Related Bleeding
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Drug monitoring
Primary prevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnosis
Diagnostic algorithm (Algorithm 55.1)
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment
Treatment rationale
When to admit to the ICU
Managing the hospitalized patient
Table of treatment
Prevention/management of complications
CLINICAL PEARLS
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARL S
Natural history of untreated disease
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
CHAPTER 56 Coagulopathy and Thrombocytopenia
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Coagulopathy
DIC scoring system
Thrombocytopenia
Pathology/pathogenesis. Coagulopathy
Thrombocytopenia
Prevention. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Screening
Primary pmrevention
Diagnosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators. 4T scoring system for HIT
Disease severity classification
Laboratory diagnosis. Differential diagnosis of laboratory abnormalities of hemostasis
Abnormal PT/aPTT (Algorithm 56.1)
Thrombocytopenia (Algorithm 56.2)
General considerations
Imaging techniques
Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Hemorrhage
Anticoagulation
Procedures
Etiology‐specific treatments
Special populations. CLINICAL PEARLS
Pregnancy
Elderly
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Natural history of untreated disease
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
International society guidelines
CHAPTER 57 Venous Thromboembolism and Pulmonary Embolism
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Disease classification
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Predictive/risk factors
Risk stratification
Prevention
Screening
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Typical presentation
Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Disease severity classification
PESI components
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Diagnostic algorithm (Algorithm 57.1) Potential pitfalls/common errors made regarding diagnosis of disease
Treatment. Treatment rationale
Table of treatment for PE
Prevention/management of complications
Management/treatment algorithm (Algorithm 57.2)
CLINICAL PEARLS
Special populations. Pregnancy
Elderly
Prognosis. BOTTOM LINE/CLINICAL PEARLS
Prognosis for treated patients
Follow‐up tests and monitoring
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
Images
CHAPTER 58 Oncologic Emergencies
OVERALL BOTTOM LINE
Background. Definition of disease
Incidence/prevalence
Etiology
Pathology/pathogenesis
Prevention. Screening
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis. History
Physical examination
Useful clinical decision rules and calculators
Neutropenic fever
Laboratory diagnosis. List of diagnostic tests
List of imaging techniques
Treatment. Treatment rationale
When to admit to the ICU
Table of treatment
Management/treatment algorithms (Algorithms 58.1 and 58.2)
Prognosis. Prognosis for treated patients
Reading list
Guidelines. National society guidelines
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
EDITED BY
Stephan A. Mayer, MD, FCCM, FNCS
.....
Zachary D. Kuschner, MD Department of Emergency Medicine Long Island Jewish Medical Center Northwell Health System New York, NY, USA
Pavis Laengvejkal, MD Neurointensivist Bumrungrad International Hospital Bangkok, Thailand
.....