Оглавление
Группа авторов. Coastal Ecosystems in Transition
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Geophysical Monograph Series
Coastal Ecosystems in Transition. A Comparative Analysis of the Northern Adriatic and Chesapeake Bay
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
1 Introduction: Coastal Ecosystem Services at Risk
ABSTRACT
1.1. WHY COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND WHY THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA AND CHESAPEAKE BAY?
1.2. THE 1999 COMPARISON
1.2.1. Overview of the Watersheds
1.2.2. Nutrient Inputs, Circulation, and Nutrient Recycling
1.2.3. Effects of Nutrient Enrichment. 1.2.3.1. Phytoplankton Production
1.2.3.2. Shallow Water Habitats
1.2.3.3. Planktonic Consumers
1.2.3.4. Benthic Animals
1.2.3.5. Fisheries
1.2.4. Management
REFERENCES
2 Recent Status and Long‐Term Trends in Freshwater Discharge and Nutrient Inputs
ABSTRACT
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. OVERVIEW OF THE WATERSHED AND FRESHWATER INPUTS
2.3. NUTRIENT INPUTS. 2.3.1. Recent Status: 2004–2012
2.3.2. Seasonality (2004–2012)
2.3.3. Long‐Term Trends (1985–2015)
2.4. CONTROLS OF NUTRIENT EXPORT. 2.4.1. Nutrient Sources
2.4.2. Controlling Factors
2.4.3. Watershed Management
2.5. MAJOR CHALLENGES. 2.5.1. Legacy Sources
2.5.2. Climate Change
2.5.3. Reservoir Filling
2.6. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3 Sea State: Recent Progress in the Context of Climate Change
ABSTRACT
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. CHESAPEAKE BAY. 3.2.1. Introduction and Oceanographic Setting
3.2.2. Progress in Understanding CB Circulation. 3.2.2.1. The Field at Large
3.2.2.2. Wind‐Driven Circulation
3.2.2.3. Mixing
3.2.2.4. Modeling
3.2.3. Climate Change. 3.2.3.1. Temperature
3.2.3.2. Salinity
3.2.3.3. Sea‐Level Rise
3.2.3.4. Hurricane Forcing
3.2.3.5. Estuarine Circulation
3.3. NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA. 3.3.1. Oceanographic Setting. 3.3.1.1. General Topography and Bathymetry
3.3.1.2. Meteorological Forcing
3.3.1.3. Water Mass Communication Through the Otranto Strait
3.3.2 Sea‐Level Anomalies. 3.3.2.1. Tides
3.3.2.2. Seiches and Storm Surges
3.3.2.3. Long Term Sea‐Level Trends
3.3.3. Circulation. 3.3.3.1. 20‐Year Circulation Reanalysis
Atmospheric and Lateral Boundary Conditions
The ROMS Model Setup
3.3.3.2. General Circulation
Wind‐Driven Circulation
Bora Circulation
Sirocco Circulation
3.3.3.3. Thermohaline Circulation
Salinity Distribution
Dense Water Formation
Long‐Term Variability of Sea‐Surface Temperature and Salinity
3.3.4. Climate Change
3.4. PARALLELS AND PROSPECTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
4 Phytoplankton Dynamics in a Changing Environment
ABSTRACT
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. STUDY SITES. 4.2.1. Northern Adriatic Sea
4.2.2. Chesapeake Bay
4.3. HYDROGRAPHIC REGIMES AND NUTRIENTS. 4.3.1. Northern Adriatic Sea
4.3.2. Chesapeake Bay
4.4. PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS. 4.4.1. Northern Adriatic Sea
4.4.2. Chesapeake Bay
4.5. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE. 4.5.1. Northern Adriatic Sea. 4.5.1.1. Seasonal Patterns and Interannual Variability of Phytoplankton Functional Groups
Northwest Region (Gulf of Venice, Po River Plume, and Adjacent Waters)
Northeast Region (Gulf of Trieste and Istrian Coastal and Offshore Waters)
4.5.1.2. Changes in Species Composition. Northwest Region
Northeast Region
4.5.2. Chesapeake Bay
4.5.2.1. The Potomac River Estuary
4.6. PHYTOPLANKTON PRIMARY PRODUCTION. 4.6.1. Northern Adriatic Sea
4.6.1.1. Spatial Patterns
4.6.1.2. Temporal Patterns
4.6.2. Chesapeake Bay
4.7. SYNTHESIS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
5 Eutrophication, Harmful Algae, Oxygen Depletion, and Acidification
ABSTRACT
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EUTROPHICATION. 5.2.1. Chesapeake Bay
5.2.2. Northern Adriatic
5.3. PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS, HARMFUL ALGAE, AND MUCILAGE EVENTS. 5.3.1. Chesapeake Bay. 5.3.1.1. Phytoplankton Biomass
5.3.1.2. Harmful Algae
5.3.2. Northern Adriatic Sea. 5.3.2.1. Phytoplankton Biomass
5.3.2.2. Harmful Algae
5.3.2.3. Mucilage Events
5.4. OXYGEN DEPLETION. 5.4.1. Chesapeake Bay
5.4.2. Northern Adriatic Sea
5.5. OLIGOTROPHICATION
5.5.1. Chesapeake Bay
5.5.2. Northern Adriatic Sea
5.6. ACIDIFICATION
5.6.1. Chesapeake Bay
5.6.2. Northern Adriatic Sea
5.7. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
6 Mesozooplankton and Gelatinous Zooplankton in the Face of Environmental Stressors
ABSTRACT
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. OVERALL TAXONOMIC, SPATIAL, AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS. 6.2.1. Mesozooplankton. 6.2.1.1. Chesapeake Bay
6.2.1.2. Northern Adriatic Sea
6.2.2. Gelatinous Zooplankton
6.2.2.1. Chesapeake Bay. Scyphomedusae and Ctenophora
Hydromedusae and Siphonophora
6.2.2.2. Northern Adriatic Sea. Scyphomedusae and Ctenophora
Hydromedusae and Siphonophora
6.3. TROPHIC DYNAMICS. 6.3.1. Chesapeake Bay
6.3.2. Northern Adriatic Sea
6.4. LONG‐TERM TRENDS. 6.4.1. Mesozooplankton
6.4.2. Gelatinous Zooplankton. 6.4.2.1. Chesapeake Bay
6.4.2.2. Northern Adriatic
6.5. NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES
6.6. COMPARISON OF THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA AND CHESAPEAKE BAY
6.7. THE IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING AND THE OUTLOOK FOR ZOOPLANKTON IN THE NAS AND THE CB
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
7 Ecological Role of Microbes: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects
ABSTRACT
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. BACTERIA. 7.2.1. Autotrophic Picophytoplankton. 7.2.1.1. Abundance and Productivity
7.2.1.2 Top‐Down Control of Picocyanobacteria
7.2.2. Heterotrophic Bacterial Abundance and Productivity
7.2.3. Community Composition
7.2.4. Controls on Heterotrophic Bacteria
7.2.4.1. Resource Availability
7.2.4.2. Bacterial Cell Lysis and Grazing
7.2.4.3 Temperature
7.2.4.4. Suspended Particulate Matter
7.2.5. Chemoautotrophic Bacteria and Archaea
7.3. JELLYFISH BLOOMS AND BACTERIA
7.4. SECULAR CHANGES AND TRENDS IN BACTERIAL ABUNDANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
7.5. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
8 Advances in Our Understanding of Pelagic–Benthic Coupling
ABSTRACT
8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.2. LAND‐WATER FLUXES AND SEDIMENT COMPOSITION. 8.2.1. Northern Adriatic Sea
8.2.2. Chesapeake Bay
8.3. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER
8.3.1. Northern Adriatic Sea
8.3.2. Chesapeake Bay
8.4. POM DEPOSITION TO SEDIMENTS. 8.4.1. Northern Adriatic Sea
8.4.2. Chesapeake Bay
8.5. BENTHIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND INVERTEBRATES. 8.5.1. Northern Adriatic Sea. 8.5.1.1. Variation of Microphytobenthic Biomass and Production
8.5.1.2. Macrofauna
8.5.2. Chesapeake Bay. 8.5.2.1. Variation of Microphytobenthos Production
8.5.2.2. Macrofauna
8.6. BENTHIC RESPIRATION AND NUTRIENT REGENERATION. 8.6.1. Northern Adriatic Sea
8.6.2. Chesapeake Bay
8.6.2.1. Contrasting Fluxes in Shallow Versus Deep Environments
8.6.2.2. Feedbacks Within Sediments
8.7. ANNUAL MASS BALANCES OF CORG, N, AND P. 8.7.1. Northern Adriatic Sea
8.7.2. Chesapeake Bay
8.8. SYNTHESIS AND FURTHER DIRECTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9 Status of Critical Habitats and Invasive Species
ABSTRACT
9.1. INTRODUCTION
9.2. CRITICAL HABITATS. 9.2.1. Hard Bottom. 9.2.1.1. Chesapeake Bay
9.2.1.2. Northern Adriatic Sea
9.2.2. Soft Bottom
9.2.2.1. Seagrass Beds
Chesapeake Bay
Northern Adriatic Sea
9.2.2.2. Tidal Marshes
Chesapeake Bay
Northern Adriatic Sea
9.2.3. Chesapeake Bay Beaches
9.2.4. Northern Adriatic Sea Coastal Lagoons
9.3. PRESSURES
9.3.1. Eutrophication
9.3.1.1. Chesapeake Bay
Oyster Reefs
Seagrass Meadows
Tidal Wetlands
9.3.1.2. Northern Adriatic Sea. Canopy‐Forming Brown Algae
Lagoons
9.3.2. Climate Change
9.3.2.1. Chesapeake Bay
9.3.2.2. Northern Adriatic Sea
9.3.3. Invasive Species
9.3.3.1. Chesapeake Bay
9.3.3.2. Northern Adriatic Sea
9.4. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
10 Status of Fish and Shellfish Stocks
ABSTRACT
10.1. INTRODUCTION
10.1.1. Adriatic Sea
10.1.2. Chesapeake Bay
10.2. RECENT FISHERIES YIELDS AND TRENDS. 10.2.1. Adriatic Sea: Annual Catch Statistics
10.2.2. Chesapeake Bay: Annual Catch Statistics
10.3. FISHERIES RESOURCES
10.3.1. Pelagic Fish. 10.3.1.1. Adriatic Sea
10.3.1.2. Chesapeake Bay
10.3.2. Demersal Fish. 10.3.2.1. Adriatic Sea
10.3.2.2. Chesapeake Bay
10.3.3. Anadromous and Catadromous Fish. 10.3.3.1. Adriatic Sea
10.3.3.2. Chesapeake Bay
10.3.4. Invertebrates: Mollusks and Crustaceans. 10.3.4.1. Adriatic Sea
10.3.4.2. Chesapeake Bay
10.4. PREDATOR–PREY DYNAMICS. 10.4.1. Adriatic Sea
10.4.2. Chesapeake Bay
10.5. ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS: PROBLEMS AND CONCERNS. 10.5.1. Overfishing. 10.5.1.1. Adriatic Sea
10.5.1.2. Chesapeake Bay
10.5.2. Effects of Habitat Modification and Loss on Fisheries. 10.5.2.1. Adriatic Sea
10.5.2.2. Chesapeake Bay
10.5.3. Climate Change. 10.5.3.1. Adriatic Sea
10.5.3.2. Chesapeake Bay
10.5.4. Invasive Species. 10.5.4.1. Adriatic Sea
10.5.4.2. Chesapeake Bay
10.6. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT. 10.6.1. Adriatic Sea
10.6.2. Chesapeake Bay
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
11 Ecosystem‐Based Management of Multiple Pressures: Summary and Conclusions
ABSTRACT
11.1. SUMMARY
11.2. IMPACTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURES ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
11.3. MANAGEMENT, MONITORING, AND MODELING
REFERENCES
INDEX
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