Оглавление
Группа авторов. Genome Engineering for Crop Improvement
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Genome Engineering for Crop Improvement
List of Contributors
Preface
About the Editor
Acknowledgments
1 An Overview of Genome‐Engineering Methods
CHAPTER MENU
1.1 Introduction
1.2 ZFNs
1.3 TALENs
1.4 CRISPR‐Cas System
1.5 CRISPR‐Cpf1
1.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Note
2 Distribution of Nutritional and Mineral Components in Important Crop Plants
CHAPTER MENU
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Exploring Nutrient Distribution in Grain
2.2.1 Matrix Assisted Laser/Desorption/Ionization
2.2.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
2.2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2.3 Exploring the Mineral Distribution in Grain
2.3.1 Nuclear Microprobe
2.3.2 Synchrotron Radiation X‐Ray Florescence Spectrometry
2.3.3 Laser Ablation‐Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
2.3.4 Nano Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
2.3.5 Sample Preparation
2.4 Prospect
Acknowledgement
References
3 Application of Genome Engineering Methods for Quality Improvement in Important Crops
CHAPTER MENU
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Evolution and Historical Perspective of Genome Engineering
3.3 CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing Systems
3.4 Application of CRISPR/Cas System for Crops Quality Improvement
3.4.1 Rice
3.4.1.1 Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for Rice Quality Improvement
3.4.1.2 Wheat
3.4.1.3 Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for Wheat Quality Improvement
3.4.1.4 Maize
3.4.1.5 Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for Maize Quality Improvement
3.4.1.6 Cotton
3.4.1.7 Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for Cotton Quality Improvement
3.4.1.8 Soybean
3.4.1.9 Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for Soybean Quality Improvement
3.5 Regulatory Measures for Genome Engineering Crops
3.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
4 Genome Engineering for Enriching Fe and Zn in Rice Grain and Increasing Micronutrient Bioavailability
CHAPTER MENU
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Genes Related to Uptake of Fe and Zn from the Soil
4.2.1 Translocation of Fe and Zn
4.2.2 Storage of Fe and Zn in the Grain
4.3 Fe and Zn Biofortification using the SDN‐1 Approach. 4.3.1 Increasing Grain Fe and Zn by Gene Silencing
4.3.2 Improving Bioavailability by Gene Silencing
4.4 Fe and Zn Biofortification Using the SDN‐2 Approach
4.5 Fe and Zn Biofortification Using the SDN‐3 Approach
4.6 Future Thrust and Implications of SDN‐1, ‐2, and ‐3
References
5 Development of Carotenoids Rich Grains by Genome Engineering
CHAPTER MENU
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nutritional Quality Improvement Through Pathway Engineering. 5.2.1 Strategies for Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology in Plants
5.2.2 Strategies for Synthetic Metabolic Engineering
5.3 Crop Improvement through Genetic Engineering Techniques
5.3.1 Plant Multigene Transformation Vector Systems
5.4 Improvement of Carotenoid in Grain Crops through CRISPR/Cas9
5.5 Improvement of Carotenoid in Grain Crops Through RNAi
5.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
6 CRISPR‐Cas9 System for Agriculture Crop Improvement
CHAPTER MENU
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Genome Engineering
6.3 Tools for Genome Engineering
6.3.1 Meganucleases
6.3.2 Zinc‐Finger Nuclease (ZFN)
6.3.3 Transcription Activator‐like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)
6.3.4 CRISPR
6.3.4.1 The History of CRISPR/Cas System
6.4 CRISPR/Cas Beyond Genome Editing
6.4.1 CRISPR/Cas9 System for Multiple Gene Editing
6.4.2 CRISPR/Cas9 as Transcriptional Modulation
6.4.3 CRISPR/Cas9 as a Visualization Tool
6.4.4 CRISPR/Cas9 as an Epigenetic Regulator
6.5 CRISPR/Cas and Crop Improvement
6.6 Application of Genome Engineering Tools in Metabolic Engineering
6.7 Future Prospective
References
7 Contribution of Crop Biofortification in Mitigating Vitamin Deficiency Globally
CHAPTER MENU
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Effect of Vitamins on Human Health and Their Sources
7.2.1 Vitamin A (Retinol)
7.2.2 Vitamin D (Calciferol)
7.2.3 Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
7.2.4 Vitamin K (Phylloquinone and Menaquinone)
7.2.5 Vitamin B Complex
7.2.6 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
7.3 Plan Biofortification to Overcome Vitamin Deficiency
7.3.1 Biofortification Through Breeding
7.3.1.1 Food Crop Biofortification by Breeding
7.3.2 Biofortification Through Genetic Engineering
7.3.2.1 Transgenic Rice (Oryza sativa)
7.3.2.2 Transgenic Maize (Zea mays)
7.3.2.3 Transgenic Wheat (Triticum aesitivum)
7.3.2.4 Transgenic Soybean (Glycine max)
7.3.2.5 Transgenic Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
7.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8 Genome Editing Approaches for Trait Improvement in the Hairy Root Cultures of the Economically Important Plants
CHAPTER MENU
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Secondary Metabolites and Hairy Root Culture: An Insight
8.3 Genome Editing Process in Plants
8.3.1 Meganucleases (MGNs)
8.3.2 Zinc‐Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)
8.3.3 Transcription Activator‐like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)
8.3.4 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐Associated Protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)
8.4 Plant Hairy Root Culture as a Model for Genome Engineering
8.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
9 Phytic Acid Reduction in Cereal Grains by Genome Engineering: Potential Targets to Achieve Low Phytate Wheat
CHAPTER MENU
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Genes Involved in Phytic Acid Biosynthesis
9.3 Potential Targets and Strategies to Achieve Low Phytate Wheat. 9.3.1 Targeting Phytic Acid Pathway Genes
9.3.2 Manipulating Flux of Phosphate Uptake and Homeostasis
9.3.3 Emerging Role of Sulphate Transporters
9.3.4 Targeting the Regulators of PA Pathway
9.4 Evolution of Genome Engineering for Trait Development in Wheat
9.5 Future Implications
Acknowledgements
References
10 Genome Engineering for Nutritional Improvement in Pulses
CHAPTER MENU
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Need for Nutritional Improvement in Pulses
10.3 Nutritional Defects in Pulses Targeted for Genetic Engineering
10.4 Genome Engineering as an Alternate to Conventional Breeding
10.4.1 Biofortified Pigeonpea
10.4.2 Biofortified Chickpea
10.4.3 Biofortified Soybean
10.4.4 Biofortified Common Bean
10.4.5 Biofortified Peanut
10.4.6 Biofortified Faba Bean
10.4.7 Biofortified Lupins
10.4.8 Biofortified Azuki Bean
10.5 Conclusive Discussion
References
11 The Survey of Genetic Engineering Approaches for Oil/Fatty Acid Content Improvement in Oilseed Crops
CHAPTER MENU
11.1 Background
11.1.1 Oil Biosynthesis Pathway
11.2 Soybean: Triumph Oil Crop
11.2.1 Need for Genetic Modification
11.2.2 Elevated Stearic Acid Soybean Oil
11.2.3 High Oleic and Mid‐Oleic Acid Soybean Oil
11.2.4 Low and Ultra‐Low Linolenic Acid Soybean Oil
11.3 Camelina sativa: Biofuel and Future Ready Crop
11.3.1 Genetic Engineering Approaches for Oil Content Improvement in Camelina
11.3.1.1 Overexpression of Heterologous Genes
11.3.1.2 Gene Knockout/Silencing Approaches
11.3.1.3 CRISPR‐Cas9 Approaches for Camelina Improvement
11.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
12 Genome‐Editing Mediated Improvement of Biotic Tolerance in Crop Plants
CHAPTER MENU
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Plant Defense Response
12.3 Genome Engineering Tools for Engineering Disease Resistance
12.3.1 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)
12.3.2 CRISPR/Cas9 for Resistance against Bacterial Pathogens
12.3.3 CRISPR/Cas9 for Resistance against Fungal Pathogens
12.3.4 CRISPR/Cas9 for Resistance against Viral Pathogens. 12.3.4.1 DNA Viruses
12.3.4.2 RNA Viruses
12.3.5 Transcription Activator‐Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)
12.3.5.1 TALENs for Resistance against Bacterial Pathogens
12.3.5.2 TALENs for Resistance against Viral Pathogens
12.3.6 Zinc‐Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)
12.3.6.1 ZFNs for Resistance against Viral Pathogens
12.3.7 Additional Genome‐Editing Targets for Disease Resistance in Crop Plants
References
13 Genome Engineering and Essential Mineral Enrichment of Crops
CHAPTER MENU
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Root Engineering of Cereals: A Promising Strategy to Improve Nutrient Efficiency, Biofortification, and Drought Tolerance
13.3 Use of Genome Edited Plants in Phytoremediation
13.4 Genetic Engineering and Crop Biofortification
13.5 Genome Engineering Technology and Its Use in Essential Mineral Enrichment of Crop Plants
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Genome Editing to Develop Disease Resistance in Crops
CHAPTER MENU
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Traditional Approaches to Develop Disease Resistance in Crops
14.3 Genome Editing‐a New Way Forward
14.4 Genome Editing Examples to Develop Disease Resistance in Crops
14.4.1 Rice
14.4.1.1 Bacterial Blight Resistant Rice
14.4.1.2 Virus‐Resistant Rice
14.4.1.3 Fungus‐Resistant Rice
14.4.2 Wheat
14.4.3 Tomato
14.4.4 Miscellaneous Stories of Disease Resistance Through Genome Editing
14.5 Recent Trends in Genome Editing
14.6 Conclusion and Prospects
References
15 Biotechnological Approaches for Nutritional Improvement in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
CHAPTER MENU
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Genetic Transformation of Potato
15.3 Protein Engineering of Potato for Protein Content
15.4 Genetic Engineering of Potato for Starch Modification
15.4.1 Starch Synthase Enzyme Engineering in Potato
15.4.2 Genetic Engineering of Potato to Modify the Starch Granule Size
15.5 Lipids Biosynthesis Engineering in Potato
15.6 Vitamins Genetic Engineering in Potato
15.7 Metabolic Engineering of Potato for Enhanced Mineral Content
15.8 Pathway Engineering for the Functional Secondary Metabolites
15.9 Future Prospective and Conclusions
References
16 Genome Engineering Strategies for Quality Improvement in Tomato
CHAPTER MENU
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Genome Editing Systems in Plants
16.2.1 ZFNs
16.2.2 TALENs
16.2.3 CRISPRs
16.3 Current Applications of Genome Editing in Tomato Improvement. 16.3.1 Environmental Adaptation
16.3.2 Fruit Quality
16.4 Challenges and Future of Genome Editing in Tomato
References
17 Genome Editing for Biofortification of Rice: Current Implications and Future Aspects
CHAPTER MENU
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Genome Editing and its Tools
17.2.1 ZFNs
17.2.2 TALENs
17.2.3 CRISPR/Cas9 System
17.2.4 CRISPR/Cpf1 System
17.2.5 Base Editors
17.3 Genome Editing for Biofortification of Rice
17.3.1 Increase in Carbohydrate Content
17.3.2 Increase in Glutinous Content
17.3.3 Increase in Oleic Acid Content
17.3.4 Decrease in Heavy Metal Content
17.3.5 Increase in Carotenoid Content and Pigmentation in Seeds
17.4 Genome Editing for Improvement of Agronomic Traits in Rice
17.4.1 Increase in Rice Harvest Properties
17.4.2 Induction of Male Sterility and Shortening of Flowering Period
17.4.3 Improvement of Traits for Economic Purposes
17.5 Conclusion and Future Aspects
Acknowledgment
Conflicts of Interest
References
18 Genome Editing for Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice
CHAPTER MENU
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Recent Developments in Genome Editing Technology
18.2.1 Meganucleases
18.2.2 Zinc‐Finger Nucleases
18.2.3 Transcription Activator‐like Effectors Nucleases
18.2.4 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR Associated Proteins System
18.3 Challenges of Different Genome‐Editing Systems
18.4 Application of Genome‐Editing Technology for the Improvement of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice
18.4.1 Salinity Tolerance
18.4.2 Drought Tolerance
18.4.3 Cold Tolerance
18.4.4 Herbicide Tolerance
18.4.5 Heavy Metal Tolerance
18.4.6 Alkaline Stress Tolerance
18.5 Challenges of Genome Editing in Rice
18.5.1 Efficient Delivery System for Genome Editing Components
18.5.2 Target Specificity of the Genome‐Editing Tools
18.5.3 Better Understanding of the Complex Genetic Network of Agronomic Traits
18.5.4 Simultaneous Editing of Multiple Genes for Multiple Trait Improvement
18.5.5 Government Policies for Genome‐Edited Crops
18.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgment
Conflicts of Interest
References
Note
19 Role of Genome Engineering for the Development of Resistant Starch‐Rich, Allergen‐Free and Processing Quality Improved Cereal Crops
CHAPTER MENU
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Starch Characteristics
19.3 Starch Biosynthesis
19.4 Starch Digestibility and Resistant Starch
19.5 Genetic Modification in Relation to RS
19.6 Genetic Modification in Relation to Allergen‐Free Cereals
19.7 Genetic Modification in Relation to Improved Processing Quality Cereals
19.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
20 Engineering of Plant Metabolic Pathway for Nutritional Improvement: Recent Advances and Challenges
CHAPTER MENU
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methods for Metabolic Engineering
20.3 Vitamin A
20.4 Vitamin E
20.5 Vitamin C
20.6 Vitamin B
20.7 Amino Acids and Proteins
20.8 Plant Volatiles Compound
20.9 Phytic Acid
20.10 Condensed Tannin
20.11 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Note
21 Genome Engineering for Food Security
CHAPTER MENU
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Plant Breeding for Food Security. 21.2.1 Classical Plant Breeding
21.2.2 Modern Plant Breeding
21.2.3 Genomics for Food Security
21.2.4 Genome Engineering for Food Security
21.3 Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgement
References
Index. a
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