Оглавление
Группа авторов. Green Energy
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Green Energy. Solar Energy, Photovoltaics, and Smart Cities
Preface
Chapter Organization
1. Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Solar Cell: Part I
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Introduction to Si-Based Fabrication Technology
1.1.2 Introduction to Si Wafer
1.1.3 Introduction to Diode Physics
1.1.3.1 Equilibrium Fermi Energy (EF)
1.2 Fabrication Technology of Diode
1.3 Energy Production by Equivalent Cell Circuitry
1.4 Conclusion
References
2. Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Solar Cell: Part II
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Silicon Solar Cell Technologies
2.2.1 Crystalline Structured Silicon (c-Si)
2.2.2 Silicon-Based Thin-Film PV Cell
2.3 Homojunction Silicon Solar Cells
2.3.1 Classic Structure and Manufacture Process
2.3.2 Plans for High Productivity
2.4 Solar Si-Heterojunction Cell
2.5 Si Thin-Film PV Cells
2.5.1 PV Cell Development Based on p-I-n and n-I-p
2.5.2 Light-Based Trapping Methodologies
2.5.3 Approach to Tandem
2.5.4 Current Trends
2.6 Perovskite Solar Cells. 2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 Specific Properties with Perovskites-Based Metaldhalide for Photovoltaics
2.6.3 Crystallization of Perovskite
2.6.4 Current Trends
2.7 Future Possibility and Difficulties
2.8 Conclusions
References
3. Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Perovskite Solar Cell
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Architectures of Perovskite Solar Cells
3.3 Working Principle of Perovskite Solar Cell
3.4 Components of Perovskite Solar Cell
3.4.1 Transparent Conducting Metal Oxide (TCO) Layer
3.4.2 Electron Transport Layer (ETL)
3.4.3 Perovskite Layer
3.4.4 Hole Transport Layer (HTL)
3.4.5 Electrodes
3.5 Fabrication of Perovskite Films
3.5.1 One-Step Method
3.5.2 Two-Step Method
3.5.3 Solid-State Method
3.5.4 Bifacial Stamping Method
3.5.5 Solvent-Solvent Extraction Method
3.5.6 Pulse Laser Deposition Method
3.5.7 Vapor Deposition Method
3.5.8 Solvent Engineering
3.5.9 Additive Engineering
3.6 Manufacturing Techniques of Perovskite Solar Cells
3.6.1 Solution-Based Manufacturing Technique. 3.6.1.1 Spin Coating
3.6.1.2 Dip Coating
3.6.2 Roll-to-Roll (R2R) Process
3.6.2.1 Knife-Over-Roll Coating
3.6.2.2 Slot-Die Coating
3.6.2.3 Flexographic Printing
3.6.2.4 Gravure Printing
3.6.2.5 Screen Printing
3.6.2.6 Inkjet Printing
3.6.2.6.1 Continuous Inkjet Printing
3.6.2.6.2 Drop-On-Demand Inkjet Printing
3.6.2.7 Spray Coating
3.6.2.8 Brush Painting
3.6.2.9 Doctor Blade Coating
3.7 Encapsulation
3.8 Conclusions
References
4. Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells: A State-of-the-Art Review with Metaheuristic Approaches and Future Recommendations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Related Works
4.3 Problem Formulation
4.3.1 Single-Diode Model (SDM)
4.3.2 Double-Diode Model (DDM)
4.3.3 Three-Diode Model (TDM)
4.4 Salient Simulations and Discussions for Future Work
4.5 Conclusions
References
5. Power Electronics and Solar Panel: Solar Panel Design and Implementation
5.1 Chapter Overview
5.2 Challenges in Solar Power
5.3 Solar PV Cell Design and Implementation
5.3.1 Solar PV Cell Basics
5.3.2 Single-Diode-Based PV Cells (SDPVCs)
5.3.3 Determination of the Parameters
5.3.4 Double-Diode-Based PV Cell (DDPVC)
5.3.5 Solar PV System Configuration
5.4 MPPT Scheme for PV Panels
5.4.1 Operation and Modeling of MPPT Schemes for Solar PV Panels
5.4.2 Comparisons of Existing Solar MPPT Schemes
5.4.2.1 Perturbation and Observation (P&O)-MPPT Algorithms [12]
5.4.2.2 Incremental-Conductance MPPT Algorithm [12]
5.5 Way for Utilization of PV Schemes
5.5.1 Stand-Alone (SA) Based PV System
5.5.2 Grid-Integration–Based PV System
5.6 Future Trends
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. An Effective Li-Ion Battery State of Health Estimation Based on Event-Driven Processing
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background and Literature Review. 6.2.1 Rechargeable Batteries
6.2.2 Applications of Li-Ion Batteries
6.2.3 Battery Management Systems
6.2.4 State of Health Estimation Methods
6.2.4.1 Direct Assessment Approaches
6.2.4.2 Adaptive Model–Based Approaches
6.2.4.3 Data-Driven Approaches
6.3 The Proposed Approach
6.3.1 The Li-Ion Battery Model
6.3.2 The Event-Driven Sensing
6.3.3 The Event-Driven State of Health Estimation
6.3.3.1 The Conventional Coulomb Counting Based SoH Estimation
6.3.3.2 The Event-Driven Coulomb Counting Based SoHEstimation
6.3.4 The Evaluation Measures. 6.3.4.1 The Compression Ratio
6.3.4.2 The Computational Complexity
6.3.4.3 The SoH Estimation Error
6.4 Experimental Results and Discussion. 6.4.1 Experimental Results
6.4.2 Discussion
6.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
7. Effective Power Quality Disturbances Identification Based on Event-Driven Processing and Machine Learning
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background and Literature Review
7.2.1 Types of PQ Disturbances
7.2.1.1 Transient
7.2.1.2 Voltage Fluctuation
7.2.1.3 Long Duration Voltage Interruption
7.2.1.4 Noise
7.2.1.5 Flicker
7.2.1.6 Waveform Distortion
7.2.2 Reasons for Generation of the PQ Disturbances
7.2.3 PQ Disturbances Monitoring Techniques
7.2.4 Facilities Effected by Power Quality Disturbances
7.2.5 Power Quality (PQ) Disturbances Model
7.2.6 Extraction of Features
7.2.7 Classification Techniques
7.3 Proposed Solution
7.3.1 Power Quality (PQ) Disturbances Model
7.3.1.1 The Pure Signal
7.3.1.2 The Sag
7.3.1.3 The Interruption
7.3.1.4 The Swell
7.3.2 The Signal Reconstruction
7.3.3 The Event-Driven Sensing
7.3.4 The Event-Driven Segmentation
7.3.5 Extraction of Features
7.3.6 Classification Techniques
7.3.6.1 k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)
7.3.6.2 Naïve Bayes
7.3.7 Evaluation Measures
7.4 Results
7.5 Discussion
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
8. Sr2SnO4 Ruddlesden Popper Oxide: Future Material for Renewable Energy Applications
8.1 Introduction. 8.1.1 Needs of Renewable Energy
8.1.2 Ruddlesden Popper Oxide Phase
8.1.3 Application of Ruddlesden Popper Phase
8.1.4 Motivation of Present Work
8.2 Experimental Work. 8.2.1 Preparation of Materials
8.2.2 Characterizations of Materials
8.3 Experimental Results. 8.3.1 Thermogravimetric and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis
8.3.2 Characterization of Sr2-xBaxSnO4
8.3.2.1 Phase Determination using XRD
8.3.2.2 Optical Properties
8.3.2.3 Dielectric Analysis of Samples
8.3.3 Characterization of Sr2-xLaxSnO4. 8.3.3.1 Structural Analysis using XRD
8.3.3.2 UV-Vis. Spectroscopy
8.3.3.3 Electrical Analysis
8.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
9. A Universal Approach to Solar Photovoltaic Panel Modeling
9.1 Introduction
9.2 PV Panel Modeling: A Brief Overview
9.3 Proposed Model
9.4 Current Model
9.5 Voltage Model
9.6 Simulation Results
9.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
10. Stepped DC Link Converters for Solar Power Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Photovoltaic Cell
10.1.2 Photovoltaic Module
10.1.3 Photovoltaic Array
10.1.4 Working of Solar Cell
10.1.5 Modeling of Solar Cell
10.1.6 Effect of Irradiance
10.1.7 Effect of Temperature
10.1.8 Maximum Efficiency
10.1.9 Fill Factor
10.1.10 Modeling of Solar Panel
10.1.11 Simulation Model of PV Interfaced Boost Chopper Unit
10.2 Power Converters for Solar Power Applications. 10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 DC-DC Converters
10.2.2.1 Boost Converter
10.2.2.2 Buck-Boost Converter
10.2.3 DC-AC Converters
10.2.3.1 Structure of Boost Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
10.2.3.2 Analysis of DC Sources in BCMLI System
10.2.4 Structure of Single-Phase Seven-Level BCDCLHBI
10.2.4.1 Operation of Boost Cascaded DC Link Configuration
10.2.4.2 Operation of H-Bridge Inverter Configuration
10.2.4.3 Calculation of Losses in BCDCLHBI
10.2.5 Realization of Boost Cascaded Dc Link H-Bridge Inverter
10.2.5.1 Peripheral Interface Controller
10.2.5.2 Features of PIC16F877A Microcontroller
10.2.5.3 Equivalent Circuit of Boost Cascaded DC Link H-Bridge Inverter
10.2.5.4 Design of Boost Chopper Parameters
10.2.6 Conclusion
References
11. A Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO)–Based Parameter Assessment for Modified Two-Diode Model of Solar Cells
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Problem Formulation
11.3 Proposed Methodology of Work
11.3.1 Exploration Phase
11.3.2 Switching from Exploration to Exploitation
11.3.3 Exploitation Phase
11.4 Simulation Results
11.5 Conclusions
References
12. A Large-Gain Continuous Input-Current DC-DC Converter Applicable for Solar Energy Systems
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Proposed Configuration
12.3 Steady-State Analysis
12.4 Component Design
12.5 Real Gain Relation
12.6 Comparative Analysis
12.7 Simulation Outcomes
12.8 Conclusions
References
13. Stability Issues in Microgrids: A Review
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Stability Issues
13.2.1 Control System Stability
13.2.2 Power Supply and Balance Stability
13.3 Analysis Techniques
13.3.1 Large-Perturbation Stability
13.3.2 Small-Perturbation Stability
13.4 Microgrid Control System
13.4.1 Control Methods for AC Microgrids
13.4.1.1 Primary Control
13.4.1.2 Secondary Control
13.4.1.3 Tertiary Control
13.4.2 Control Methods for DC Microgrid
13.4.2.1 Primary Control
13.4.2.2 Secondary Control
13.4.2.3 Tertiary Control
13.5 Conclusion
References
14. Theoretical Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction in the SPMSM Drives Using PWM Control-Based Variable Switching Frequency
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Prediction of Current and Torque Ripples. 14.2.1 Current Ripple Prediction
14.2.2 Torque Ripple Prediction
14.3 Variable Switching Frequency PWM (VSFPWM) Method for Torque Ripple Control
14.4 Conclusion
References
Appendix: Simulation Model Circuits. Main Model
Speed & Current Loop Controllers
VSFPWM for Torque Ripple Control
15. Energy-Efficient System for Smart Cities
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Factors Promoting Energy-Efficient System. 15.2.1 Smart and Clean Energy
15.2.2 Smart Grid
15.2.3 Smart Infrastructure
15.2.4 Smart Home
15.2.4.1 Home Automation
15.2.4.1.1 Light Weight Protocol
15.2.4.1.2 Scheduled Optimization
15.2.4.1.3 Predictive Model for Energy Consumption
15.2.4.1.4 Cloud-Based Approach
15.2.4.1.5 Low-Powered Transceivers
15.2.4.1.6 Cognitive Management Framework
15.2.5 Smart Surveillance
15.2.6 Smart Roads and Traffic Management
15.2.7 Smart Agriculture and Water Distribution
References
16. Assessment of Economic and Environmental Impacts of Energy Conservation Strategies in a University Campus
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials and Methods
16.2.1 Study Location
16.2.2 Instrumentation
16.2.2.1 Building Energy Simulation Tool – eQUEST Software
16.2.3 Procedure for Data Collection and Analysis
16.2.4 Analysis of Electrical Energy Consumption
16.2.5 Economic Analysis
16.2.6 Environmental Impacts Analysis
16.3 Electricity Consumption Pattern in Covenant University
16.3.1 Result of Electricity Demand in Covenant University for Various End Uses. 16.3.1.1 Results of Energy Audit in Cafeterias 1 & 2
16.3.1.2 Results of Energy Audit in Academic Buildings (Mechanical Engineering Building)
16.3.1.3 Results of Energy Audit in University Library
16.3.1.4 Results of Energy Audit in Health Center
16.3.1.5 Results of Energy Audit in the Student Halls of Residence (Daniel Hall)
16.3.2 Comparison of Energy Use Among the University Buildings
16.3.3 Results of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
16.3.4 Qualitative Recommendation Analysis
16.3.4.1 Replacement of Lighting Fixtures with LED Bulbs
16.3.4.2 Installation of Solar Panels on the Roofs of Selected Buildings
16.4 Conclusion
References
17. A Solar Energy–Based Multi-Level Inverter Structure with Enhanced Output-Voltage Quality and Increased Levels per Components
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Proposed Basic Topology. 17.2.1 Topology of Basic Unit
17.2.2 Operation of Basic Configuration
17.2.3 Switching of Basic Unit for Different Magnitudes of Input Sources
17.2.3.1 Symmetric Value of Input DC Supplies (P1)
17.2.3.2 DC Sources with Binary Order Magnitudes (P2)
17.2.3.3 DC Sources with Trinary Manner Magnitudes (P3)
17.3 Proposed Extended Structure. 17.3.1 Structure
17.3.2 Determination of Values of DC Supplies
17.3.3 Blocking Voltage (BV) on Switches
17.4 Efficiency and Losses Analysis in Suggested Structure
17.4.1 Conduction Power Loss
17.4.2 Switching Power Loss
17.5 Comparison Results
17.6 Nearest Level Technique
17.7 Simulation Results
17.8 Conclusions
References
18. Operations of Doubly Fed Induction Generators Applied in Green Energy Systems
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) Systems Operated by Wind Turbines
18.3 Control Scheme of Direct Current Controller
18.4 Simulation Studies of Direct Current Control of DFIG System
18.5 Characteristics of DFIG at Transient and After Transient Situation
18.6 Pulsation of DFIG Parameters with DCC Control Technique
18.7 Effects of 5th and 7th Harmonics of IS and VGRID
18.8 Load Contribution of DFIG in Grid with DCC Control Technique
18.9 Speed Control Scheme of Generators
18.10 DFIG Control Scheme
18.11 General Description About PI Controller Design
18.12 GSC Controller
18.13 Characteristics of DFIG with Wind Speed Variations
18.14 Conclusion
References
19. A Developed Large Boosting Factor DC-DC Converter Feasible for Photovoltaic Applications
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Suggested Topology. 19.2.1 Configuration
19.2.2 Operating Modes during CCM
19.2.3 Operating Modes during DCM
19.3 Steady State Analyses. 19.3.1 Gain Calculation
19.3.2 Average Currents and Current Ripple of Inductors
19.3.3 Stress on Semiconductors
19.3.4 Efficiency
19.4 Design Consideration. 19.4.1 Design Consideration of Capacitors
19.4.2 Design Consideration of Inductors
19.5 Comparison
19.6 Simulation
19.7 Conclusion
References
20. Photovoltaic-Based Switched-Capacitor Multi-Level Inverters with Self-Voltage Balancing and Step-Up Capabilities
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Suggested First (13-Level) Basic Configuration
20.3 Suggested Second Basic Configuration
20.4 Modulation Method
20.5 Design Consideration of Capacitors
20.6 Efficiency and Losses Analysis
20.7 Simulation Results. 20.7.1 First Structure
20.7.2 Second Structure
20.8 Comparative Analysis
20.9 Conclusions
References
Index
Also of Interest
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
