Оглавление
Группа авторов. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Stem Cell Research
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Stem Cell Research
Contents
List of Articles. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Reader’s Guide
Animal Models to Study Stem Cells
Cancer Stem Cells
Clinical Trials in the United States
Clinical Trials Worldwide
Cloning
Countries
Ethics
In Vitro Organ Regeneration
Industry
Institutions
Large-Scale Stem Cell Production for Clinical Application
Legal Issues
Methods to Study Stem Cells
Non-Pluripotent, Non-Adult Stem Cells
Organizations
People
Pluripotent Stem Cells
Politics
Religion
Stem Cell Applications
Stem Cell Biology
U.S. States
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Introduction
How Far Are We From the First Therapeutic Applications of Stem Cell Research?
Chronology
Aastrom Biosciences, Inc
Proprietary Cell-Processing Technology
Ixmyelocel-T Therapy
Ixmyelocel-T Clinical Trials
Cell Therapy Portfolio Expansion
Further Readings
Adipose: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Function of Adipocytes
Brown adipocytes
Function of Stromal Vascular Fraction. Preadipocytes
Mesenchymal stem cells
Endothelial progenitor cells
Immune cells
Other cells
Further Readings
Adipose: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Evidence for Adipocyte Precursor Cells
Origin of ASCs
Cell Isolation From Adipose Tissue
Purification and Identification
Multipotency of ASCs
Clinical Trials With Therapeutic ASCs
Further Readings
Adipose: Development and Regeneration Potential
Adipose Tissue: A Source of Multipotent Stem Cells
Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Isolation
Regeneration, Repair, and Tissue Engineering
Cardiac Disease and ASC Cardioplasty
The Future of ASCs
Further Readings
Adipose: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Shift From BMSCs to the ASCs
Potential of ASCs
Clinical Applications and Published Clinical Trials
Spinal Cord Injury
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Breast Reconstruction and Augmentation and Facial Lipoatrophy
Autoimmune Diseases
Hematologic and Immunologic Disorders
Fistulas
Bone Tissue Repair
Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancer
Musculoskeletal Regeneration (Clinical Study on Animal Models)
Conclusion
Further Readings
Adipose: Major Pathologies
Lipodystrophy
Obesity
Type 2 Diabetes
Adipose Tissue in Vascular Disease
Metabolic Syndrome
Conclusion
Further Readings
Adipose: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Multi-Lineage Potential
Harvesting Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Future Development
Further Readings
Adipose: Tissue Function
Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
White Adipose Tissue (WAT)
Further Readings
Adult Stem Cells: Overview
Further Readings
Advanced Cell Technology
Further Readings
Advocacy
Forms of Advocacy
Advocacy Practice
Advocacy Today
Further Readings
Alabama
Biotechnology in Alabama
The T. J. Atchison Initiative and the Alabama Institute of Medicine
Further Readings
Alaska
Moderation and Independence
Focusing on Biomedical Research
Further Readings
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Further Readings
Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo
Neurogenesis
Alvarez-Buylla Research
Further Readings
Alzheimer’s Disease
Types
Stages
Pathophysiology
Cholinergic Hypothesis
Amyloid Hypothesis
Tau Hypothesis
Alternative Hypotheses
Diagnosis
Management and Treatment
Proposed Disease-Modifying Therapies
Further Readings
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Background
Response to Bush Administration Policy on Stem Cell Research
Other Issues
Further Readings
Amniotic Fluid Cells
Presence of Stem Cells in Amniotic Fluid
Nature of Amniotic-Fluid Stem Cells
Legislature
BioCell Center
Amniotic-Fluid Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Animal Cloning
Main Fields of Impact of Animal Cloning Technology
Policy Issues and Farm Animal Cloning
Animal Cloning and Related Ethical Issues
Further Readings
Anversa, Piero
Further Readings
Arizona
The Center for Arizona Policy
Research Institutions
Further Readings
Arkansas
The Laws
Arkansas Biosciences Institute
Arkansas Research Alliance
Further Readings
Athersys
History and Collaborations
Random Activation of Gene Expression (RAGE)
MultiStem
Competing Companies
Further Readings
Australia
Background
Stem Cell Australia
Stem Cell Researchers
Current Status
Further Readings
Autism
Causes of Autism
Treatment Strategies for Autism and Role of Stem Cells
Further Readings
Autonomous University of Barcelona
The UAB
Institute of Neuroscience
Neuroregeneration and repair
Neurodegeneration and aging
Neurobiology of the normal and impaired mind
Bioinformatics
Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB)
The Guttmann Institute
Further Readings
Autonomous University of Madrid
Department of Virology and Microbiology
Department of Development and Differentiation
Department of Molecular Neurobiology
Department of Genome Dynamics and Function
Services
Further Readings
Baylor University
Further Readings
Beike Biotechnology
Research and International Cooperation
Safety and Efficacy of Adult Stem Cell Treatments
Further Readings
Belgium
Breakthroughs
Significant Researchers
Mayo Clinic Collaboration
Further Readings
Bioreactors
Further Readings
Bladder: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Urinary Bladder
Bladder Anatomy
Various Bladder Tissue Types
Bladder Dysfunctions and Cancers
Types of Bladder Cancers
Other Bladder Dysfunctions
Stem Cells and Their Inherent Potential
Adult Stem/Progenitor Cells in the Bladder
Bladder Tissue Regeneration and Treatment of Bladder Dysfunctions and Cancers
Ability to restore the underactive bladder
Treatment of overactive bladder (OAB)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for partial bladder regeneration study
Stem Cell Therapy Research and Challenges
Further Readings
Bladder: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Research on Stem Cells From Urine
Research on Stem Cells From Bone Marrow
Research on Production and Regeneration of Epithelial Stem Cells in the Bladder
Research Using Marrow-Derived Cells in Smooth Muscle Cells
Bladder Cells Derived From Umbilical Cord Blood and Skin Cells Stem Cells
Further Readings
Bladder: Development and Regeneration Potential
The Differentiation Potential of Stem Cells
Bladder Tissue’s Prospective for Regenerative Therapy
The Development of Stem Cells Into Bladder Tissue
Beyond the Boundaries of Urothelial Stem Cell Differentiation
Stem Cells Showing Promise in Regenerative Therapy of the Bladder
Further Readings
Bladder: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Regenerative Medicine Strategies for Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder
Regenerative Medicine Strategies Involving Biomaterials
Regenerative Medicine Strategies Involving Cells
Regenerative Medicine Strategies Using Progenitor and Stem Cells
Regenerative Medicine Techniques Using Cells Derived From Cloning Techniques
Further Readings
Bladder: Major Pathologies
Stress Urinary Incontinence
Neurogenic Bladder
Bladder Outlet Obstruction
Interstitial Cystitis
Other Bladder Pathologies
Further Readings
Bladder: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Pluripotent Stem Cells for Bladder Regeneration
Stem Cells in the Bladder
Further Readings
Blood Adult Stem Cell: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Characteristics of Adult Stem Cells
Isolation and Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Bone Marrow
Isolation of Marrow Stromal Cells From Murine Bone Marrow
Adult Stem Cells in Vascular Regeneration
Application of Adult Stem Cell Therapy
Further Readings
Blood Adult Stem Cell: Development and Regeneration Potential
Development of Blood Stem Cells
Plasticity of Blood Stem Cells
Transplantation of Blood Stem Cells
Further Readings
Blood Adult Stem Cell: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Adult Stem Cells
Existing Therapies in Regenerative Medicine
Potential Therapies in Regenerative Medicine
Further Readings
Blood Adult Stem Cell: Major Pathologies
Types and Markers
Functions. Regenerative potential
Differentiation
Apoptosis
Sources. Bone marrow
Peripheral blood
Umbilical cord/placental blood
Applications of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Leukemia
Inherited Anemias
Lymphomas
Autoimmune Disorders
Vascular Conditions
Others
Conclusion
Further Readings
Blood Adult Stem Cell: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Multi-Potential Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Progenitor Cells
Target Cells and Inducible Fates
Future Research and Therapeutic Application
Further Readings
Bone: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Bone Marrow
Further Readings
Bone: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Bone Grafting
Bone Marrow Aspiration
Liposuction
Embryonic Stem Cells
Dental Pulp
Further Readings
Bone: Development and Regeneration Potential
Structure
Cells
Types
Development
Regeneration
Further Readings
Bone: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Percutaneous Injection
Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR)
Scaffolds and Bone Substitutes
Clinical Trials
Further Readings
Bone: Major Pathologies
Osteoporosis
Paget’s Disease
Infection: Osteomyelitis
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Bone-Forming Tumors
Acromegaly
Bone Fracture
Further Readings
Bone: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Osteoprogenitors
Adult Progenitor Cells
Current Technology
Further Readings
Bone Marrow Transplants
Allogeneic Transplantation
Autologous Transplantation
Donor Register
Prognosis
Further Readings
Boston Children’s Hospital
Background
Spinal Cord Research
Further Readings
Brain Cancer
Mechanism of Development
Causes and Risk Factors
Types of Brain Cancer
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Computed axial tomography (CT):
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS):
Electroencephalogram (EEG):
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI):
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan:
Biopsy:
Lumbar puncture:
Blood tests and chest X-rays:
Treatment
Research in Treatment and New Techniques
Further Readings
Brazil
Science in Brazil
Stem Cell Research
Stem Cell Legislation
Clinical Trials
Stem Cell Industry
Further Readings
Breast: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Anatomy of Breast Tissue
Introduction to Stem Cells
Cell Types in Breast Tissue
Luminal cells:
Basal cells:
Myoepithelial cells:
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ASCs)
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
Further Readings
Breast: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Role of Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Breast Cancer Stem Cells: A Potential Treatment Target
Use of Stem Cells in Breast Cancer Treatment
Conclusion
Further Readings
Breast: Development and Regeneration Potential
Clinical Use of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ASCs) and Tissue Engineering in Breast Reconstruction
Clinical Trials
Future of Regenerative Medicine
Further Readings
Breast: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Breast Reconstruction With Fat Graft and Plasma
Regenerative Medicine Strategies to Treat Breasts of Burn Victims
Adipose Tissue-Derived Cells Regenerative Medicine Strategies for the Breast
Existing Breast Reconstruction Strategies
Further Readings
Breast: Major Pathologies
Breast and Nipple Anatomy
Stem Cells in the Breast
Mutations of Stem Cells
Cancers of the Breast
Other Major Pathologies of the Breast
Diagnosis and Treatment
Further Readings
Breast: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Methods of Identifying Mammary Stem Cells
Transplantation Assays
Lineage Tracing
Mammary Stem Cells and the Epithelial Differentiation Hierarchy
Identification of Adult Mammary Stem Cells (MaSCs) and Luminal Progenitor Cells
Potential Role of MaSCs in Breast Cancer
Further Readings
Breast Cancer
Breast Development and Anatomy
Types of Breast Cancer
Milk ducts
Milk-producing lobules
Connective tissues
Pathological Types of Breast Cancer. Cancer cells with unique appearances
The degree of difference between the cancer cells and normal cells
Breast Cancer and Stem Cells
Failure of immune surveillance, the removal of malignant cells throughout one’s life by the immune system
Sporadic (nonfamilial) triple-negative breast cancer
Statistics and Prognosis of Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer and Novel Treatment Options. Epithelial growth factor receptor inhibitors
Angiogenesis inhibitors
PARP inhibitors
Src inhibitors
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors
Screening for Breast Cancer
Treatment. Oncoplastic surgery
New chemotherapy drugs
Targeted therapies
Drugs that target HER2
Anti-angiogenesis drugs
Other targeted drugs
Further Readings
Buddhism
Further Readings
C. elegans Models to Study Stem Cells
General Features of C. elegans as a Stem Cell Model
Factors That Control the Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells in C. elegans
Reprogramming Cell Fate in C. elegans
C. elegans as a Model for Cancer Stem Cells
Further Readings
California
Background
California Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Private Funding
Examples of Research
Further Readings
California Institute for Regenerative Medicine
CIRM Initial Funding
CIRM Present Initiatives
Future of CIRM
Further Readings
California Stem Cell, Inc
The Experts
The Research
Further Readings
Canada: Stem Cell Network
Partnerships and Initiatives
Education, Funding, and Public Recognition
Further Readings
Cancer Stem Cells: Overview
Cancer Cells Arise From Stem Cells
What Are Cancer Stem Cells?
Research Related to Cancer Stem Cells
Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells
CD133 (prominin 1)
EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule, ESA, TROP1)
CD90 (THY1)
CD44 (PGP1)
CD24 (HSA)
ALDH
Cancer Stem Cells and the Novel Treatments
Bmi-1:
Notch:
Sonic Hedgehog and Wnt:
Further Readings
Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Tendons and Ligaments
Further Readings
Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Injury or Damage
Important Molecular Factors in the Formation of Tendons
Sources of Stem Cells for the Treatment of Ligament, Tendon, or Cartilage Damage
Isolation of human tendon stem cells
Growth and culture of human tendon stem cells
Preparation of Human Tendon Stem Cells for In Vivo Implantation
Allograft or Autograft
The Use of Stem Cells to Treat Cartilage, Tendon, and Ligament Injury in Animals
Genetically Modified Stem Cells for Tissue Injury
Further Readings
Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Development and Regeneration Potential
Further Readings
Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Cartilage Regeneration
Tendon Regeneration
Ligament Regeneration
Clinical Trials
Further Readings
Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Major Pathologies
Cartilage
Osteoarthritis
Genetic Abnormalities
Relapsing Polychondritis
Tumors
Tendons
Tendinitis
Tendinosis
Tendon bioengineering
Ligaments
Inflammation
Infection
Other diseases
Injury or rupture
Further Readings
Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Cell Type Selection: Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Stem Cell Delivery
Cartilage Repair With Stem Cells
Tendons and Ligaments
Current Research Challenges
Further Readings
Case Western Reserve University/Cleveland Clinic
Further Readings
Catholicism
The Concept of Complicity
Ethical Reasons Against the Use of Stem Cells
Points of Contention in Relation to the Position of the Catholic Church
Reassessing the Connections Between Steps in Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Cellerant Therapeutics
Further Readings
Charo, Alta
Contributions to Academia
Contributions to U.S. Policy and Law
Further Readings
Chimera Formation, Ethics of
Conclusion
Further Readings
China
Further Readings
Christianity
The Debate
The Orthodox View
Further Readings
Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, The
Putting a Face on Spinal Cord Injury
The Making of the Foundation
The Stem Cell Legacy
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, Ethics of
The Nuremberg Code
The Helsinki Report
Calls for the Edinburgh (2000) revision of the Helsinki Report
Major changes in the 2000 revision
The Belmont Report
Conclusion
Further Readings
Clinical Trials (Adult Cells), Ethics of
Origins of Stem Cells
Ethical Concerns in Clinical Trials
Efficacy of iASC Therapies
Safety in iASC Therapies
Tumorigenesis
Genetic Mutation
Infertility
Financial Considerations
Human Integrity
Conclusion
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: AIDS-Related Conditions
Standard HIV/AIDS Treatments
HIV/AIDS Stem Cell Clinical Trials in the United States
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
U.S. Clinical Trials Studies
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Batten Disease
Pathology of Batten Disease
Current Clinical Trials in the United States
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Blood Deficiencies
Improving Mobilization of Hematopoietic Stem Cells for HSCT
Reducing Graft-Versus-Host Disease Using Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Enhancing the Recovery of the Immune System After HSCT
The Promise of HSCT in Hematologic Malignancies
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Crohn’s Disease
Stem Cell Therapy
Clinical Trials in the United States
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Diabetes
How Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Are Different
Current Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes
Government Steps in the Implementation of Clinical Trials: Perspective
NIDDK: A New Model for Clinical Trial Collaboration
TrialNet: A Network Strategy for Type 1 Diabetes Trials
New Treatment Pushed Forward by the Pharmaceutical Industry
Leaps Forward on the Research Horizon
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Eye Conditions
Eye Diseases Involve Loss of Pericytes and Vascular Tissues
Clinical Trials Involving the Use of Stem Cells in Eye Disorders
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Graft Failure, Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Clinical Trials: MSCs to Treat GVHD
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Heart Disease
Clinical Trials of Skeletal Myoblast–SC Treatments for Heart Disease
Bone Marrow–SC Treatments for Heart Failure
Mesenchymal SC Treatments for Heart Disease
Embryonic Stem Cell Treatments for Heart Disease
Induced Pluripotent SC Treatments for Heart Disease
Cardiac SC and Cardiosphere-Derived Treatments for Heart Disease
Future Directions
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Hematological Cancers
Sources of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Clinical Application of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Problems Affecting the Improvement of Old and Development of New Treatments Using Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Stages of Clinical Trials
Current Therapies for Hematological Cancer in Clinical Trials. The use of CD4 lymphocyte infusion to improve outcome after stem cell transplantation in treatment of hematological cancer
The use of unrelated donor umbilical cord blood in treatment of patients with hematological cancer
Preparative administration of rabbit antithymocyte globulin following transplantation of matched peripheral blood stem cells to optimize donor T-cell engraftment
The use of intrabone cord blood transplantation in treating hematological malignancies
Application of irradiation to total marrow and lymph node combined with fludarabine and melphalan chemotherapy, and subsequent use of donor stem cells to treat patients with advanced hematological cancer
Haploidentical stem cell transplantation in patients with hematological
The use of escalating doses of selective inhibitor of nuclear export (KPT-330) in patients with advanced hematological cancers
The use of sirolimus, tacrolimus, and thymoglobulin as graft-versus-host prophylaxis in hematological cancer patients undergoing unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Immunologic/Histiocytic Disorders
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Kidney Disease
The Application of Stem Cells in Kidney Diseases
Current Clinical Trials Using Stem Cells in Kidney Diseases
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Multiple Sclerosis
Phase I Clinical Trials
Phase II Clinical Trials
Phase III Clinical Trials
Phase IV Clinical Trials
Conclusion
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease Treatment
Current Clinical Trials: Parkinson’s Disease
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Peripheral Vascular Disease
Clinical Stem Cell Therapy Trials and PAD
Future Direction
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Skin Transplants
Stem Cell Grafting
Skin Sprays
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Wound Healing
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Solid Tumors
The Nature of Solid Tumors
Why Do Solid Tumors Appear?
Treatment
Can Stem Cells Win the Fight Against Solid Tumors?
Autologous and Allogeneic HSCTs
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants and New Demand
Latest News: NCI Implements the National Clinical Trials Network
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Spinal Cord Injury
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S.: Stroke
Mechanism of Tissue Repair
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
University of California
University of Pittsburgh and Stanford University
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Thomas Jefferson University
University of Minnesota
University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Conclusion
Further Readings
Clinical Trials, U.S: Traumatic Brain Injury
Three Theories Defining How Stem Cells Work in TBI
Further Readings
Clinical Trials Outside the United States
Diabetes
Cardiovascular Disease
The Nervous System
Arthritis
Conclusion
Further Readings
Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Italy
Israel
Mexico
Spain
Iran
Korea and China
Further Readings
Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Cerebral Palsy
Further Readings
Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Spinal Cord Injury
Further Readings
Clinical Trials Outside the United States: Stroke
Types of Stem Cells
China
Australia
United Kingdom
India
Germany
Russia
Canada
Singapore
Conclusion
Further Readings
Cloning, Ethics of
Arguments Supporting Research Cloning
Arguments Against Research Cloning. Moral status of the embryo
Risk to egg donors
Slippery slope
Arguments Supporting Reproductive Cloning. Solving infertility
Fighting genetic disease
Arguments Against Reproductive Cloning. Risks of physical harm to the clone
Risks of psychological harm to the clone
Harms to society
Further Readings
Colon Cancer
Gastrointestinal Stem Cell Niche
Colon Cancer Stem Cells and Origin
Repair, Regeneration, and Tumorigenesis
Identification of CSCs
Hierarchy of Stem Cells in Colon Cancer
Colon CSC Biomarkers
Dysregulation of Colonic Crypt
Clinical Implications of CSCs in Colon Cancer
CSCs as a Therapeutic Target
Further Readings
Colorado
Legislative Battles
Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
The Regenexx Lawsuit
Further Readings
Columbia University
Background
Columbia Stem Cell Initiative
Further Readings
Congress: Votes and Amendments
The Dickey-Wicker Amendment
Rulings and Amendments After 2000
Sherley v. Sebelius
Human Cloning Legislation Today
Stem Cell Research Policy Challenges
Further Readings
Connecticut
Stem Cell Research Program
Bioscience Connecticut
Further Readings
Cord Blood Banking
Further Readings
Cord Blood Stem Cells
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells
Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Progenitor Cells in UCB: An Overview
UCB Banking and Transplantation
Ex Vivo Expansion of UCB
Recent Trends in Clinical Applicability of Cord Blood Stem Cells
Current Perspectives on Cord Blood Stem Cells Treatment. Hematological malignancies
Other diseases
Further Readings
Coriell Institute for Medical Research
Founding, Funding, and Focus
Stem Cell Research and Biobank
Capacity Expansion
Further Readings
Cosmetic Surgery
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Soft-Tissue Augmentation and Contouring
Skin Rejuvenation
Regulation
Safety
Conclusion
Further Readings
Cryo-Cell International
Umbilical Cord Blood Banking
Menstrual Stem Cell Banking
Criticisms
Further Readings
Cryo-Save
Further Readings
Cytori Therapeutics, Inc
Company History
Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Development
Potential Therapeutics Under Research
Clinical Cardiac Trials
Partnerships
Further Readings
Danish Stem Cell Center
Basic Stem Cell Biology
Translation Stem Cell Research and Therapy
The HumEn Project
Education
Further Readings
Delaware
Legislative Battles
Government, Academia, and Industry Partnership
Further Readings
Denmark
Stem Cell Research Groups
Private Industry Support
Association Collaborations and Standards
Further Readings
Dental: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells and Dental Regenerative Therapy
Adult Stem Cells of Dental Tissue
Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells
Tooth Regeneration Using iPS Cells
The Future of Regenerative Medicine in Dentistry
Further Readings
Dental: Development and Regeneration Potential
Dental Development and Stem Cells
Isolation of Dental Stem Cells
Self-Renewal Potential of Dental Cells
Mechanisms of Self-Renewal
Recent Research Trends in Tooth Engineering and Dental Regeneration
Further Readings
Dental: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Types of Stem Cells
Role of Stem Cells in Medicine
Conclusion
Further Readings
Dental: Major Pathologies
Dental Caries
Periodontal Disease
The Role of Stem Cells
Conclusion
Further Readings
Dental: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Dental Stem Cell Origins
Dental Stem Cells and Current Research
Dental Progenitor Cells
Future Research Implications
Further Readings
Direct Reprogramming of Adult Cells Into Other Cell Types
Method
Vascular embryonic cells
Muscle embryonic cells
Cardiac muscle cells
Pancreatic beta cells
Hepatocyte
Neuronal cells
Benefits
Limitations
Other Possibilities to Enhance Reprogramming
Further Readings
Do No Harm: The Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics
Further Readings
Drosophila Models to Study Stem Cells
Further Readings
Drug Testing and Drug Development in Cell Culture
Stem Cells in Drug Development
Stem Cells in Drug Target Identification
Stem Cells in Drug Screening and Disease Modeling
Use of Stem Cells in Toxicology Studies
Conclusion
Further Readings
Duke University
Program Aspects
Cord Blood Cells
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Other Stem Cell Therapies
Further Readings
Egg Donation, Ethics of
Further Readings
Embryonic Stem Cells, Methods to Produce
ESC Lines Derived From Human Blastocyst
IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
Nuclear Reprogramming
Further Readings
Endothelial Blood Vessels
Blood Vessel Formation During Development
Blood Vessel Formation: Angiogenesis
Further Readings
Endothelial Cell Isolation
Further Readings
ES Cell International
Further Readings
ESC and iPSC Banking
Embryonic Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cell Banking
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Banking
Challenges
Further Readings
EuroStemCell
Partnerships and Projects
Centralized Resource Hub
Further Readings
Eyes: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Further Readings
Eyes: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Further Readings
Eyes: Development and Regeneration Potential
Optic Cup
Development of Retina
Development of Iris and Ciliary Body
Regeneration
Further Readings
Eyes: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Tissue Engineering
Prospects for Regenerative Medicine in Treatment of Eye Diseases
Further Readings
Eyes: Major Pathologies
Anatomy of the Eye
Glaucoma
Cataract
Diabetic Retinopathy
Macular Degeneration
Further Readings
Eyes: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Stem Cells and Their Types
Regeneration
Regeneration of Retina
Treatment of Glaucoma
Lens Regeneration
Further Readings
Eyes: Tissue Function
Further Readings
Fate Therapeutics
Further Readings
Fertility Treatment Creation of Germ Cells From Adult Cells
Causes of Infertility in Both Men and Women
Infertility Treatment in Men and Women
Regenerative Medicine: A Complicated Affair
Further Readings
Fetal Stem Cells
Fetal Stem Cell Origins and Definitions
General Mechanisms of Differentiation
Types of Stem Cells in Fetuses
Practical Applications and Risks of Fetal Stem Cells
Ethics of Fetal Stem Cell Use
Conclusion
Further Readings
Florida
Major Research Universities
Other Research Centers
Biotechnology Industry
Further Readings
Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
Further Readings
Food From Stem Cells
Genetically Modified Foods
Food From Stem Cells
Tissue-Engineering Technology
Further Readings
France
Further Readings
Frenette, Paul
Research
Further Readings
Fuchs, Elaine
Further Readings
Gene Patents
History
Gene Patents Today
Further Readings
Gene Therapy: Hemoglobinopathies
Hemoglobin: A Complex Protein
What Is a Hemoglobinopathy?
Thalassemias
Abnormal Hemoglobins
HbS and Sickle-Cell Disease
Clinical Presentation
α-thalassemia
β-thalassemia
Abnormal Hemoglobins
Sickle cell disease
Hemoglobin C and HbC disease
Hemoglobin E and HbE disease
Diagnosis of Hemoglobinopathies
Treatment
Gene Therapy and Stem Cell Treatment for Hemoglobinopathies
Case Study
Conclusion
Further Readings
Genetics Policy Institute
History
World Stem Cell Summit
World Stem Cell Report
Stem Cell Action Coalition
Other Activities
Further Readings
Genome Sequencing
What Is a Genome?
The DNA Code
The Composition of Proteins
DNA and Protein
Variations and Changes Among Genomes
Genome Mutation and Disease
Inherited Mutations
Ongoing Research and a Brief History as to How It Came About
The Next Phase of Genomic Research
Further Readings
Genome Sequencing, Ethics of
Further Readings
Georgia
Political Climate
Research Entities
Significant Actions
Veterinary Research
Further Readings
Germ Cell Modifications (Gene Therapy), Ethics of
Germ Line Gene Transfer and Gene Therapy Challenges
Why Is Gene Therapy or Germ Line Therapy So Challenging?
Does Germ Line Therapy Hold a Future?
Further Readings
Germany
Stem Cell Policy and Research
Further Readings
Geron Corporation
Stem Cell Research
Telomerase and Cancer
Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Imetelstat
Clinical Development
FDA Hold on Imetelstat Trials
Further Readings
Goldman, Steven A
Advancements in Cell and Gene Therapy
Further Readings
Gonads, Female: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Organ Function
Cell Types
Primary or Pre-Antral Follicle
Theca Folliculi
Secondary or Antral Follicle
Graafian or Preovulatory Follicle
Corpus Luteum
Corpus Albicans
Further Readings
Gonads, Female: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Ovarian Transplantation
Ovarian Stem Cells
Producing Oocytes From Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Amniotic Fluid as a Source of Therapeutic Cells
Further Readings
Gonads, Female: Development and Regeneration Potential
Development of the Indifferent Gonad
Regenerative Potential of Germ Cells
Embryological Development of Ovaries
Germ cells
Somatic cells
Folliculogenesis
Regenerative Potential of Somatic Cells
Conclusion
Futher Readings
Gonads, Female: Major Pathologies
Endocrine Disorders of the Ovaries
Ovarian Cancer Treatment
Stem Cell Research: Potential Hope of Treatment of Ovarian Dysfunction, a Gonad-Related Pathology
Further Readings
Gonads, Female: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Ovarian Stem Cells in Other Species
Ovarian Stem Cells in Mammals
Somatic Progenitors in the Ovary
Further Readings
Gonads, Male: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Male Gonad Formation
Partitioning and Maturation of the Testis Cord
Peritubular Myoid Cells: Origins and Functions
Leydig Cell
Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells, Monocytes, and Mast Cells
Testis Vascularization
The Tunica Albuginea
Testis Innervation
Further Readings
Gonads, Male: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
The Surrounding Environment of Spermatogonial Stem Cells
Culturing and Freezing Spermatogonial Stem Cells
Further Readings:
Gonads, Male: Development and Regeneration Potential
The Process of Specialization in PGCs
The Process of Spermatogenesis and SSCs
Properties of SSCs
Further Readings
Gonads, Male: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Using Stem Cells to Generate Male Germ Cells
The Controversy of Using Embryonic Stem Cells and Its Consequences
Further Readings
Gonads, Male: Major Pathologies
Testicular Tumors
Epididymitis and Orchitis
Testicular Torsion
Cryptorchidism
Varicocele
Hydrocele Testes
Atrophy and Endocrine Disorders
Conclusion
Further Readings
Gonads, Male: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Further Readings
Graft Failure: Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Grafts
Mechanism, Details, and First Line Therapy of Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Treatment and Prevention of Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Further Readings
Gut: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Further Readings
Gut: Development and Regeneration Potential
Gastrointestinal Tract Cell Types
Stem Cell Development
Gut Regeneration by Ulcer-Associated Cell Lineage
Gut Regeneration by Crypt Fission
Further Readings
Gut: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Further Readings
Gut: Major Pathologies
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Malabsorption
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
Colon Cancer
Further Readings
Gut: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Large and Small Intestines
Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Stomach
Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Oral Cavity
Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Esophagus
Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Rectum and the Gallbladder
Scientific Importance of Gastrointestinal Stem Cells
Further Readings
Harvard University
Harvard Stem Cell Institute
Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology
Stem Cell Researchers
Significant Research
Further Readings
Hawai‘i
John A. Burns School of Medicine
Biotechnology
Further Readings
Head and Neck Cancer
Cancer Stem Cells
Causes of Head and Neck Cancers. Alcohol and tobacco
Betel nut
Diet
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Human papillomavirus
Epstein–Barr virus
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Types of Head and Neck Cancers
Oral cavity
Salivary glands
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Management
Excisional surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Photodynamic therapy
Targeted therapy
Prevention
Cancer Stem Cell Research Goals
Current Cancer Stem Cell Trials
Further Readings
Hearing Disease
Overview, Cause, and Progression of Hearing Loss
Current Clinical Success Involving Neural Stem Cells
Future Implications of Stem Cells
Further Readings
Heart: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Tissue Structure
Cardiomyocytes
Sliding Model
Smooth Muscle Cells
Pacemaker Cells
Purkinje Cells
Non-Excitable Cells
Endothelium
Extracellular Space
Endogenous Cardiac Stem Cells
Further Readings
Heart: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy
Risks and Limitations of Stem Cell Therapy
How Does Stem Cell Therapy Work?
Types of Stem Cells Investigated for Regenerative Therapy
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells)
Skeletal myoblasts
Human adult bone marrow derived cells
Mesenchymal cells (bone marrow stroma cells)
Resident cardiac stem cells
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)
Umbilical cord blood stem cells, fibroblasts and peripheral blood CD34+ cells
Further Readings
Heart: Development and Regeneration Potential
Cells Involved in Repair and Regeneration
Imaging Systems
Cellular Signaling Pathways
Role of Exosomes
Clinical Trials
Further Readings
Heart: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Human Embryonic Stem Cell Regeneration
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Regeneration of Cardiomyocytes
Direct Production of Cardiomyocytes
Other Research in Cardiac Regeneration
Conclusion
Further Readings
Heart: Major Pathologies
Electrical Abnormalities
Physical Abnormalities
Further Readings
Heart: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
The Human Heart
Cardiac Stem Cells
Cardiovascular Diseases
Stem Cells for the Heart
Endogenous Cardiac Stem Cell (eCSC) Therapy
Further Readings
Heart: Tissue Function
Cardiac Conduction System
Pressure Generation
Cardiac Valves
Cardiac Cycle
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Atrial systole and diastole
Ventricular systole
Ventricular diastole
Regeneration of Heart Muscle
Further Readings
Heart Disease
Common Heart Diseases
Diagnosis and Treatment
Heart Disease and Stem Cell Therapy
Prevention Today
Further Readings
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
At the Forefront of Gene Therapy
Nissim Benvenisty Laboratory
Meshorer Lab
Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy
Israeli Public Policy and Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Hematopoietic Transplantation: Cancer
What Are Hematopoietic Stem Cells?
Autologous Versus Allogeneic Hematopoietic Transplants
Finding Donors for Allogeneic HSCT
Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cancer
HSCT in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
HSCT in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
HSCT in Solid Tumors
Risks of HSCT in Cancer
Current Research and Future Directions
Further Readings
Hematopoietic Transplantation: Gene Therapy
Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Collection
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Allogeneic Transplants
Autologous Transplants
Shortcomings of HSC Transplantation
Gene Therapy
Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Gene Therapy
In Vivo and Ex Vivo Expansion
Considerations for Choosing a Vector
Current Research
Further Readings
Hochedlinger, Konrad
Further Readings
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Further Readings
Human ES Cell Isolation
Blastomere Culture
Embryonic Stem Cells From Blastocyst
Mosaicism and Derivation of ESCs
Methods of ESC Culture
Morphology and Markers of ESCs
Conclusion
Further Readings
Idaho
Further Readings
Illinois
Background
Initial Support
Research Initiatives in Illinois
Further Readings
Immune Disorders
Immune System
Classification
Immunodeficiency Disorders
An Overactive Immune System/Allergies
Autoimmune Disorders
Symptoms
History (Medical/Family/Drug)
Treatment
Prevention
Prognosis/Outlook
Further Readings
In Utero Treatment
In Utero Fetal Surgery
In Utero Stem Cell Therapy
In Utero Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (IUHCT)
Animal Models of IUHCT
Human IUHCT
In Utero Gene Therapy
Further Readings
In Vitro Fertilization
Technological and Technical Advances
Further Readings
In Vitro Production of Germ Cells, Ethics of
Hayashi and Saitou’s Research Methods and Findings
Adapting Methods from Mice to Humans
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
Legal Restrictions Challenge Stem Cell Research
Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs) Produced In Vitro Could Prove Unsafe
The Age-Old Battle
Conclusion
Further Readings
In Vitro Stem Cell Study Assays
Colony Assays
Embryoid Body Formation
Neurosphere
Liquid Culture
Further Readings
In Vivo Stem Cell Study Assays
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Osteocytes
Cardiomyocytes
Skin Cells
Beta Cells
Further Readings
India
Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Indiana
Research Centers
Discovery Park, Purdue University
Purdue Research Park of Southeast Indiana
Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University
BioCrossroads
Biotech Companies
Further Readings
Indiana University
Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine
Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine
Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center
Patents and Possibilities
Further Readings
International Society for Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
International Society for Stem Cell Research Guidelines
Further Readings
International Stem Cell Corporation
Technology
Subsidiaries
Further Readings
International Stem Cell Forum
Members
Principles and Initiatives
The Hwang Scandal
Further Readings
Iowa
Iowa State Regulations
Stem Cell Group at University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
Stem cell therapy for diabetes
Formation of multiple cell lineage from epidermal stem cells
Stem cell therapy for cystic fibrosis
Role of stem cells in cancer
Stem cell therapy for neural diseases and stroke
Stem cell therapy for the retina
Conclusion
Further Readings
iPS, Methods to Produce
Obstacles and Refinements
Prospects
Further Readings
iPS Tissue Sources
Why Is the Tissue Source of iPSCs Important?
iPS From Fibroblasts
iPS Cells From Blood
Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
iPS Cells From Other Tissue Sources
Further Readings
iPSC From Animal Cells
iPSCs From Laboratory Rodents
iPSCs From Nonhuman Primates
iPSCs From Companion Animals
iPSCs From Farm Animals
iPSCs From Wildlife Species
Current Animal iPSC Research Challenges
Further Readings
Iran
Research Institutes in Iran
Islam and Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Italy
Stem Cell Research Italy
Unapproved Therapy
Further Readings
Japan
Background
Kyoto University
RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology
Other Stem Cell Centers
Significant Research
Further Readings
Japan Human Cell Society
Foundations
Human Cell
Further Readings
Johns Hopkins University
Institute for Cell Engineering
Research Projects
Bioethics
Further Readings
Judaism
General Fundamental Issues
Jewish Fundamental Issues
Practical Implementations
Conclusion
Further Readings
Kansas
Bioscience Initiative
The Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center
Further Readings
Karolinska Institute
Further Readings
Kentucky
The University of Kentucky
The University of Louisville
The Biotechnology Industry
Further Readings
Kidney: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Kidney Cell Types
Stem Cells and Kidney Regeneration
Further Readings
Kidney: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
The Dogma: Mammalian Kidneys Do Not Regenerate
The Search for Kidney Stem Cells and Therapeutic Quest
Embryonic Kidney Stem Cells
The Search for Adult Kidney Stem Cells
Reprogramming Pluripotent Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells or Adult Cells
Conclusion
Further Readings
Kidney: Development and Regeneration Potential
Kidney Regenerative Medicine Strategies in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure
Molecules That Activate Renal Stem Cells and Their Role in Regeneration
Kidney Regenerative Medicine Strategies in Patients With Acute Renal Failure
Other Strategies Involving Kidney Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Further Readings
Kidney: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Adult Kidney and Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Rebuilding a Kidney
Ongoing Needs for Regenerated Kidneys
Organizations Focused on Kidney Stem Cell Opportunities
Kidney Regenerative Products and Clinical Trials
Further Reading:
Kidney: Major Pathologies
Congenital and Cystic Diseases
Glomerular Disorders
Diseases of Tubules and Interstitium
Neoplasias
Further Readings
Kidney: Stem and Progenitor Cell in Adults
Identification of Renal Stem/Progenitor Cells
Further Readings
Kidney Disease
Acute Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease
Further Readings
Korea
Further Readings
Kyoto University
Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences
Center for iPS Research and Application
Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences
Further Readings
Langer, Robert
Further Readings
Lasker Foundation
Start of the Lasker Foundation
Research Work at the Lasker Foundation
Awards for Efforts in Stem Cell Research
Future of the Lasker Foundation
Further Readings
Lentigen Corporation
Therapeutic Pipeline
Further Readings
Leukemia and Lymphoma Cancer Stem Cells
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Leukemia Cancer Cells
Lymphoma Cancer Cells
Cancer Stem Cells
History of Cancer Stem Cells
Leukemia Cancer Stem Cells
Lymphoma Cancer Stem Cells
Side Population Analysis
Role in Drug Resistance and Metastasis
Therapeutic Implications
Further Readings
Lineage Tracing
Prospective Lineage Analysis
Genetic Tracing
Mosaics: Simultaneous Labeling of Several Progenitors
Retrospective Lineage Analysis
Spatially Random Labeling
Spatially and Temporally Random Labeling
Further Readings
Liver: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Hepatocytes
Histology
Functions
Small Hepatocytes
Functions
Kupffer Cells
Histology
Functions
Fenestrated Endothelial Cells
Histology
Function
Hepatic Stellate Cells
Histology
Functions
Further Readings
Liver: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Further Readings
Liver: Development and Regeneration Potential
Formation of Endoderm
Formation of the Foregut
Hepatic Induction
Development of Liver Bud
Origin of Adult Liver Cells
Growth of the Liver Bud
Liver Regeneration Potential
Further Readings
Liver: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Diseases of the Liver
Treatment Options for Liver Diseases
Further Readings
Liver: Major Pathologies
Natural History of Liver Diseases
Hepatitis
Important Metabolic Liver Diseases
Biliary Tract Diseases
Circulatory Disorders
Primary Hepatic Tumors
Further Readings
Liver: Stem and Adult Progenitor Cells in Adults
What Are Stem Cells?
Regeneration Potential
Conclusion
Further Readings
Liver: Tissue Function
Functions of the Liver
Diseases of the Liver
Further Readings
Liver Cancer
Origin and Biology of HCC CSCs
CSCs as a Prognostic Marker in HCC
CSCs as Therapeutic Targets in HCC
Further Readings
Losordo, Douglas
Further Readings
Louisiana
Further Readings
Lung: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Respiratory Zones
Upper Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract
Composition of Lungs
Alveolar Histology
Lobes and Fissures of Lungs
Mediastinum
Lung Pleura
Respiratory Muscles
Further Readings
Lung: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Engraftment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells or Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Derivation of Lung Epithelial Cells From Embryonic Stem Cells or Induced Pluripotent Cells
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Immunomodulation of Lung Diseases
Whole Organ Regeneration
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Therapy for Lung Disease
Further Readings
Lung: Development and Regeneration Potential
Embryologic Development of Lungs
Anatomic Divisions of Respiratory System
Development of the Larynx
Epithelial Lining of the Trachea
Development of the Lung Bud
Vascular System
Lymphatic System
The Change in the Dynamics of Circulation
Regenerative Potential of the Lungs
Conclusion
Further Readings
Lung: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Progenitor Cells of Lungs
Growth Potential of Stem Cells
Epithelial Response to Injuries
Native Stem Cells of Lungs
Stem Cell Tumorigenicity
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Genetic Engineering
Conclusion
Further Readings
Lung: Major Pathologies
Tissue Healing by Stem Cells
Type of Stem Cells
An Alternative to Organ Transplantation
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Lung Cancer
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Emphysema
Conclusion
Further Readings
Lung: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Embryonic Stem Cells
Adult Stem Cells
Endogenous Stem Cells of Lungs
New Vessel Formation
Conclusion
Further Readings
Lung: Tissue Function
Upper Respiratory Tract
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Alveolar Function
Vascular Supply of Lungs
Pleural Membrane
Respiratory Muscles
Further Readings
Lung Cancer
Cancer Stem Cells in Small Cell Lung Cancer
Cancer Stem Cells in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Therapeutic Relevance of Cancer Stem Cells in Lung Cancer
Further Readings
Lung Disease
Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Lung Cancer
Further Readings
Maine
Further Readings
Martino, Gianvito
Further Readings
Maryland
Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Massachusetts
The Battle and the Bucks
Research Universities
Teaching Hospitals
Biotechnology
Further Readings
Massachusetts General Hospital
Further Readings
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Whitehead Institute
Cancer Centers at MIT
The Broad Institute
Biotechnology Process Engineering Center
Further Readings
Max Planck Society
Further Readings
Mayo Clinic
Center for Regenerative Medicine
Shared Services
Stem Cell Research Laboratory
Further Readings
McCulloch, Ernest
Further Readings
McMaster University
Researchers Discover Drug Destroys Human Cancer Stem Cells but Not Healthy Ones
Actium Research and McMaster University Collaborate
Further Reading:
Medical Research Council (UK)
The Development Initiative (First Initiative)
The Medical Research Council
The National Natural Science Foundation of China
Objectives
Funding
Compliance
The Future
Further Readings
Melanoma: Stem Cells
Epidermal Stem Cells
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma
Treatment
Further Readings
Mesenchymal: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Anatomy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Location of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Therapeutic Advantages of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Further Readings
Mesenchymal: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Isolation of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Neonatal Mesenchymal Stem Cell Isolation
Current Research: Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Therapeutic Purposes
Further Readings
Mesenchymal: Development and Regeneration Potential
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Cells
Potential in Regenerative Medicine
Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Clinical Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Further Readings
Mesenchymal: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Progenitor Cells
Cell Surface Markers
Production of Clinical Grade Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Limitations
Future Perspectives
Further Readings
Mesenchymal: Major Pathologies
Mesenchymal Cells in the Treatment of Major Pathologies
Mesenchymal Tumors/Cancer
Further Readings
Mesenchymal: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Healing
Treatment of Diabetic Polyneuropathy
Treatment of Autism
Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries
Further Readings
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Sources
Cell Surface Markers
Proliferation Ability
Differentiation Ability
Paracrine Activity
Immunomodulatory Ability
Migration
Further Readings
Michael J. Fox Foundation
Background
Setting Goals
Research
Current Status
Further Readings
Michigan
A Radical Change in Law
Centers of Research
The Bioscience Industry
Further Readings
Minnesota
Cloning Victories and Vetoes
Research Centers
The Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Abbott Northwestern Hospital
Bioscience and Biotechnology
Further Readings
Mississippi
Further Readings
Missouri
The Missouri Stem Cell Research and Cures Initiative
Research Institutions
Biotechnology
Further Readings
Montana
Further Readings
Moral Status of Embryos
Philosophical Perspectives
Religious Perspectives
Implications for Cloning and Chimeras
Further Readings
Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Associated Institutes and Facilities
Research
Further Readings
Mouse ES Cell Isolation
History of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Research
The Mouse as a Model Organism
Current Issues in Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Methods for Isolation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cell Technology: Gene Targeting
Current Trends: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Further Readings
Mouse Models to Study Stem Cells
The Mouse as a Disease Model
The Mouse as a Resource for Embryonic Stem Cells
Mouse Models for Nuclear Reprogramming
Further Readings
MRI Tracking
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Other Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents
Limitations of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tracking
Further Readings
Muscle: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Striated Muscles
Skeletal Muscles
Cardiac Muscle
Nonstriated Muscles
Further Readings
Muscle: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Cardiac Muscle Cells
Smooth Muscle Cells
Skeletal Muscle Cells
Further Readings
Muscle: Development and Regeneration Potential
Skeletal Muscle
Regional Development
Molecular Dynamics
Regeneration
Smooth Muscles
Cardiac Muscles
Further Readings
Muscle: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Regeneration and Formation of Muscle
Clinical Trials
Further Readings
Muscle: Major Pathologies
Muscle Classification
Inflammatory Muscle Disorders
Muscular Dystrophies
Metabolic Myopathies
Motor Neuron Disease
Further Readings
Muscle: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Skeletal Muscle Progenitors
Cardiac Stem Cells and Other Cardiac Progenitors
Smooth Muscle Stem Cells
Further Readings
Muslim
History
Research Policies and Actions
Further Readings
National Academy of Sciences
Further Readings
National Institutes of Health
Political Aspects
Stem Cell Research
In-House and Funded Research
Further Readings
National Right to Life Committee
Further Readings
National Science Foundation
Further Readings
National Stem Cell Bank
Further Readings
Nebraska
Legislation
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Creighton University School of Medicine
Nebraska Coalition for Lifesaving Cures
Further Readings
NeoStem, Inc
Therapeutic Pipeline
Progenitor Cell Therapy Services
Amorcyte
Stem Cell Banking
Vatican Collaboration
Further Readings
Netherlands
Research History and Support
Research Ethics
University Research Centers and Consortiums
Research Collaborations
Further Readings
Neural: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Neurons
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Further Readings
Neural: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Isolating Neural Stem Cells
Sources of Neural Stem Cells for Therapeutic Use
Culture and Proliferation of Neural Stem Cells
Neurosphere Culture Assay
Further Readings
Neural: Development and Regeneration Potential
Neural Structural Anatomy
Neural Precursors and Stem Cells
Regeneration of the Nervous System
Further Readings
Neural: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Alzheimer’s Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Multiple System Atrophy
Parkinson’s Disease
Clinical Treatments Utilizing Neural Regeneration
Further Readings
Neural: Major Pathologies
Alzheimer’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Spinal Cord Injury: Autonomic Dysreflexia
Further Readings
Neural: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
NSCs in Adult Brain
Complexity of Neural Stem Cell Niche
NSC Progenitors
NSCs in Aging and Diseases: A Tool for Neurotherapy?
Further Readings
Neuralstem, Inc
Neuralstem Cell Therapies and Spinal Cord Delivery Platform and Floating Cannula
Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials
Litigation
Further Readings
Nevada
Further Readings
New Biotech: Overview
Agricultural Biotechnology
Medical Biotechnology
Industrial Biotechnology
Biotechnology Policy and Regulation
Further Readings
New Hampshire
Further Readings
New Jersey
Background
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Other Stem Cell Researchers
Further Readings
New Mexico
Further Readings
New York
New York Stem Cell Foundation
New York State Stem Cell Science
Examples of NYSTEM-Funded Research
Further Readings
New York Stem Cell Foundation
Further Readings
Non-Human Primate Embryonic Stem Cells
Further Readings
North Carolina
Background
North Carolina State University
Other Researchers
Further Readings
North Dakota
Further Readings
Northwestern University
Background
NIH Center of Excellence
Significant Research
Further Readings
Norway
Science Policy
Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Nuclear Transfer, Altered
ANT for Cell Reprogramming
Benefits of ANT
Limitations of ANT
Further Readings
Nuclear Transfer, Somatic Cell
The Principle of the SCNT Technology
Factors Affecting Nuclear Reprogramming
The Role of Histone Deacetylase Inhibition in Nuclear Reprogramming
Additional Factors Influencing Clone Production
Further Readings
Ohio
Statewide Stem Cell Study Collaboration
New Companies Spring From CSCRM Partnership
Stem Cell Research Opinions at the Citizen Level
Impact of Stem Cells on Ohio’s Economy
Further Readings
Oklahoma
Further Readings
Oregon
Further Readings
Oregon Health & Science University
Oregon Stem Cell Center
Oregon National Primate Research Center
OHSU Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy
Further Readings
Orkin, Stuart
Further Readings
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
History of the Institute
Progressive Growth
Regenerative Medicine Approaches
Research Topics and Breakthroughs
Embryonic Research in Canada
Partnerships
Further Readings
Pancreas: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Pancreatic Tissue and Cell Types
Stem Cell Research and Pancreatic Cells
Further Readings
Pancreas: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Islet Transplantation for Diabetes
Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
Differentiation From Adult Stem and Progenitor Cell
Transdifferentiation and Inducing Replication of Existing Beta Cell
Further Readings
Pancreas: Development and Regeneration Potential
Pancreas Anatomy, Cell Types, and Functions
Pancreas Development
Gene Expression in Pancreatic Lineage Specification
Regenerative Potential
Further Readings
Pancreas: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Pancreatic Progenitor Cells
Pancreatic Graft Transplantation
iPS Cells for Inducing Pancreatic Regeneration
Clinical Trials Relating to Pancreatic Transplantation and Regeneration
Conclusion
Further Readings
Pancreas: Major Pathologies
Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatitis
Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Cystic Fibrosis
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Further Readings
Pancreas: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Lineage Tracing
Adult Beta Cells as Progenitors
Progenitor Cells in Pancreatic Ducts and Hepatobiliary Stem Cells
Side Population Cells
Acinar Cell Progenitors
Alpha Cells and Acinar Cells as Progenitors for Beta Cells
Further Readings
Pancreas: Tissue Function
Development of the Pancreas
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
Endocrine Pancreas
Exocrine Pancreas
Further Readings
Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Genetics of Pancreatic Cancer
Formation and Types of Pancreatic Cancers
Statistics, Screening, and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
Stem Cells and Pancreatic Cancer
Further Readings
Pancreatic Islet Transplant
Glucose Regulation
Stem Cells and Pancreatic Transplants
Further Readings
Parcell Laboratories
Company Background
Unique Research Into ELA Cells
Ongoing Research Applications
Partnerships and Recognition
Further Readings
Parkinson’s Disease
Clinical Trials
Parkinson’s Disease Therapies
Cell Replacement Therapies
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
Further Readings
Parkinson’s Disease Foundation
Background
Operations
Finances and Outlook
Further Readings
Parthenogenesis
Occurrence in Nature
Parthenogenesis and Cloning
Types of Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenetic Offspring
Mechanisms
Parthenogenesis in Humans and Its Application
Further Readings
Pasteur Institute
Further Readings
Pathfinder Cell Therapy
Pathfinder Cells—Pancreatic Derived Progenitor Cells
Pathfinder Cell Therapy in Mouse Models of Diabetes and Kidney Injury
Further Readings
Peking University
Peking University Stem Cell Research Center
Wu Stem Cell Medical Center
Further Readings
Pennsylvania
Background
University of Pennsylvania
Other Stem Cell Research
Important Research
Further Readings
Pera, Martin
Further Readings
Pluripotency Network
Differentiated and Undifferentiated States
Gene Transcription
Further Readings
Pluripotent Stem Cell Patents
Global Patenting Patterns
Landmark Patents
Current Issues
Latest Revolutionary Patents
Further Readings
Pluripotent Stem Cells, Embryonic
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells of Other Species and Pluripotency
Culture Conditions and Pluripotency
Further Readings
Pluripotent Stem Cells, Epi
Properties of Epiblast Stem Cells
Isolation and Culture
Characterization
In Vitro Differentiation
Further Readings
Pluripotent Stem Cells, Germ
Basic Embryology
Pluripotent Germ Cells
Embryonic Germ Cells
Embryonic Carcinoma Cells
Germline Stem Cells
Conclusion
Further Readings
Pluripotent Stem Cells, Teratoma
Origin of a Teratoma
Teratocarcinomas and Embryonal Carcinoma Cells
Primordial Germ Cells and Embryonic Germ Cells
Pluripotent Stem Cell–Based Therapy and Teratoma Formation
Further Readings
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
The Principle of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
Using Polar Bodies for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
Using Cleavage- and Blastocyst-Stage Embryos for Genetic Diagnosis
Development of Noninvasive Methods of Prenatal Genetic Screening
Further Readings
President’s Council on Bioethics
History of Bioethics Advisory Commissions in the United States
Membership of the President’s Council
Reports by the President’s Council
Further Readings
Princeton University
Background
Department of Molecular Biology
Other Stem Cell Efforts
Funding and Research Initiatives
Further Readings
Profiling Study Methods
Gene Expression Analysis of Stem Cells
Screening of Epigenetic Modifications in Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Using Microarrays in Characterizing Gene Expression Patterns of Stem Cells
Further Readings
Radiation Injury Treatment
Embryonic Stem Cells
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Adult Stem Cells
Current Limitations
Further Readings
Rafii, Shahin
Research
Further Readings
Rao, Mahendra
Education and Career
At NIH
Research
Further Readings
Rat Models to Study Stem Cells
Rat Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Stem Cell Transplantation
Rat Embryonic Stem Cells
Application of Rat Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells in Genetic Modification and Screening
Further Readings
Reeve-Irvine Research Center
Creation of the Reed-Irvine Research Center
Research Work at RIRC
Opposition Surrounding Stem Cell Research
Looking Ahead to the Future of Reeve-Irvine Research Center
Further Readings
Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
How Cloning Is Accomplished
Moral Status of a Human Clone
Ethics of Therapeutic and Reproductive Cloning
Further Readings
Retinal Stem Cells
Stem Cells and the Retina
Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Conclusion
Further Readings
Reynolds, Brent A., and Samuel Weiss
The Experiment
Their Careers
Further Readings
Rhode Island
Further Readings
Robarts Research Institute
Creation of the Robarts Research Institute
Research Work at Robarts Research Institute
Future of Robarts Research Institute
Further Readings
Rockefeller University
Medical Research Breakthroughs
In Sync: Stem Cells Work Together to Make Hair Grow, Give It Color
Adult Stem Cells Can Clone Mice
Sweat Glands Grown From Newly Identified Stem Cells
Further Readings
Rutgers University
W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience
Researchers
Stem Cell Research Center
Other Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
Background
Organization
Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Leadership
Neuroscience and Aging Research Center
Further Readings
Saudi Arabia
Islam and Stem Cell Research in Saudi Arabia
Building a Research Infrastructure
Defining a Culture of Research
Further Readings
Scadden, David
Research and Awards
Further Readings
Schizophrenia
Further Readings
Scripps Research Institute
Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease
Pluripotent Stem Cells
Transforming Bone Marrow Stem Cells Into Brain Cells
Nature’s Toolkit
Lab Dish in a Cell
A New Direction
Further Readings
Scotland: Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine
Life Sciences Scotland
Edinburgh BioQuarter
The Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre
Further Readings
Self-Renewal and Differentiation
Further Readings
Singapore
Further Readings
Skin: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Anatomy of the Epidermis
Cell Types in the Epidermis
Anatomy of the Dermis
Cell Types in the Dermis
Further Readings
Skin: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Stem Cell Types
Epithelial Differentiation of Stem Cells
Isolation and Culture of Epithelial Stem Cells
Isolation and Culture of Dermal Stem Cells
Conclusion
Further Readings
Skin: Development and Regeneration Potential
The Skin
Regenerative Process During Maintenance
Regenerative Process After Injury
Treatment Involving Stem Cells
Further Readings
Skin: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Skin Wound Healing
Epidermis
Dermis
Acute Full Thickness Wound
Chronic Full-Thickness Wound
Further Readings
Skin: Major Pathologies
Cancer Stem Cells
CSCs and Extracellular Signaling
Stem Cell Mutations
Stem Cells and Melanoma
Stem Cells and Other Skin Pathologies
Stem Cells and Treatment of Skin Pathologies
Further Readings
Skin: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Skin Stem Cells
Stem Cell Niche
Epidermal Stem Cells
Stem Cells in the Interfollicular Epidermis
Stem Cells in the Hair Follicle
Stem Cells in Sweat Glands
Melanocyte Stem Cells
Dermal Stem Cells
Further Readings
Skin: Tissue Function
Physical Protection
Immune Protection
Metabolism
Sensation
Thermoregulation
Further Readings
Skin Cancer
Cancer Stems Cells in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
Cancer Stems Cells in Melanoma
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Further Readings
Skin Graft
Skin Graft Usage
Stem Cell Sources
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Growth Factors
Acellular Dermal Matrix
Diabetic Complications
Conclusion
Further Readings
Sloan Kettering Institute
Further Readings
Snyder, Evan
Further Readings
South Carolina
Institutions and Research
Further Readings
South Dakota
Further Readings
Spain
Stem Cell Policy
Further Readings
Special Interest/Lobby Groups
Lobbying
Special Interest Groups
Further Readings
Spinal Cord Injury
Pathophysiology
Classification of Spinal Cord Injuries
Treatment
Research
Further Readings
Stanford University
Background
Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
Significant Stem Cell Researchers
Significant Research
Further Readings
Steindler, Dennis
Research
Further Readings
Stem Cell Aging
Asymmetric Division of Stem Cells
Mechanism of Stem Cell Mutation Accumulation
Further Readings
Stem Cell Banking
Origin, Sources, and Uses of Stem Cells
Stem Cell Banking Process
Companies That Store Stem Cells
Stem Cell Banking Controversy
Further Readings
Stem Cell Companies: Overview
Investment in Stem Cells
Clinical Trials
The SCSI Component Companies
Conclusion
Further Readings
Stem Cell Differentiation/Self-Organization
Mini Gut
Mini Liver (Liver Buds)
Mini Eyes (Mini Retina)
Conclusion
Further Readings
Stem Cell DNA Repair
The NER pathway
The BER pathway
The MMR pathway
Direct repair
DNA double strand breaks (DSB)
Further Readings
Stem Cell Epigenetic: Chromatin Modification
Histone Modification
Current Research Tools
Clinical Applications
Further Readings
Stem Cell Epigenetic: DNA Methylation
DNA Methylating Enzymes
Research Tools
Differential Gene Expression Due to Methylation
Clinical Applications
Further Readings
Stem Cell Epigenetic: DNA Replication
Epigenetic Regulation in Embryonic Stem Cells
Epigenetic Regulation in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Epigenetic Regulation of Adult Stem Cells
DNA Replication
Further Readings
Stem Cell Expression Profiling
Methods of Expression Profiling
Stem Cells: Characterization and Differentiation
Expression Profile of iPSCs
Cancer Stem Cells
Protein Expression Profiling
Further Readings
Stem Cell Genetic Modification Study Method
Introducing Mutations Into Stem Cells
Using Engineered Nucleases
Further Readings
Stem Cell Genome Anatomy Projects
Genome Organization of Embryonic Stem Cells
Epigenetic Changes in Pluripotent Stem Cells
Enhanced Heterochromatic Regions in Pluripotent Stem Cells
Lamin Proteins and Pluripotent Stem Cells
Regions of Methylation in Pluripotent Stem Cells
Further Readings
Stem Cell Ground State
Ground State ES Cells
Culturing Ground State ES Cells
Transcriptional and Epigenetic Characteristics of Ground State ES Cells
Further Readings
Stem Cell Histocompatibility
Histocompatibility and HLA Typing
Histocompatibility and Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Histocompatibility and Transplant Donor Options
Histocompatibility and Cord Blood
Current Stem Cell and Histocompatibility Research
Further Readings
Stem Cell Markers
CD 34
CD133
LGR5
Nestin
SSEA-3 and SSEA-4
TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81
Further Readings
Stem Cell Network North Rhine Westphalia
Funding
Biomedical Research
RWTH Aachen
The University of Bielefeld
The University of Ruhr-Bochum
Bonn University
The University of Cologne
Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf
University of Essen
University of Münster
University of Witten-Herdecke
Ethical, Legal, and Sociological Research
International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks
Further Readings
Stem Cell Niche
Stem Cell Niche
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche
Inflammatory Niche
Preclinical Experience With MSC Transplantation
Future Directions
Further Readings
Stem Cell Plasticity
Adult Stem Cells and Plasticity
Research on Stem Cell Plasticity
Mechanisms of Stem Cell Plasticity
Clinical Implications of Stem Cell Plasticity
Further Readings
Stem Cell Potency
Totipotency
Pluripotency
Multipotency
Oligopotency
Unipotency
Further Readings
Stem Cell Purification
Isopycnic Centrifugation Sorting
Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
Immunomagnetic Sorting
Dielectrophoresis Sorting
Aqueous Two-Phase System Sorting
Further Readings
Stem Cells: Bush Ruling
U.S. Politics of Abortion and Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Federally Funded ES Cell Research
President Clinton and ES Cell Research
President Bush ES Cell Research
Further Readings
Stemagen
Research Goals and Approaches
Ethical Standards
Competing Research
Further Readings
Stematix
The Commercialization of Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Stowers Institute for Medical Research
Research
BioMed Valley Discoveries
Education
Further Readings
Studer, Lorenz
Further Readings
Sweat Gland: Cell Types Composing the Tissue
Types of Sweat Glands
Eccrine Gland Cell Types
Apocrine Gland Cell Types
Stem Cells in Sweat Glands
Further Readings
Sweat Gland: Current Research on Isolation or Production of Therapeutic Cells
Sweat Glands
Significance of the Presence of Stem Cells in Sweat Glands
Further Readings
Sweat Gland: Development and Regeneration Potential
Types of Sweat Glands
Development of the Eccrine Gland
Development of the Apocrine Gland
Development of the Apoeccrine Gland
Regeneration Potential
Superficial Skin Injury and First-Degree Burns
Second-Degree Partial-Thickness Burns
Deep Wounds and Full-Thickness Burns
Sweat Gland Research
Further Readings
Sweat Gland: Existing or Potential Regenerative Medicine Strategies
Burns
Treatment Methods
Genetic Disease
Cosmetic Therapy
Versatility
Further Readings
Sweat Gland: Major Pathologies
Types of Sweat Glands
Sweat Gland Disorders
Neoplastic Disorders of Sweat Glands
Further Readings
Sweat Gland: Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adults
Accessibility
Wound Repair Mechanism
Homeostasis
Injury to the Epidermis
Injury to the Sweat Glands
Regeneration of the Sweat Gland
Disorders of the Sweat Gland
The Future of Sweat Gland Stem Cells
Further Readings
Sweden
Stem Cell Regulation and Research
Legislation and Opposition
Further Readings
Swiss Stem Cells Network
History
Activities
Research
Further Readings
Switzerland
Further Readings
Taiwan
Further Readings
Tennessee
Further Readings
Texas
CellTex
Research and Development
Further Readings
Thomson, James
Further Readings
TiGenix/Cellerix
Advances in Stem Cell Treatments
Further Readings
Till, James
Further Readings
Tissue Culture Study Methods
Storage of Cells
Cell Culture Media
Tissue Culture Equipment
Further Readings
Tissue Engineering (Scaffold)
Further Readings
Tissue Printing
Further Readings
Tissue Regeneration: Animals and Plants
Somatic Cell Proliferation
Adult Stem Cells
Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation
Transdifferentiation
Cell Signaling
Plant Regeneration and Growth Factors
Conclusion
Further Readings
Tissue Regeneration: Humans
Skin
Blood
Liver
Bone
Nerves
Muscle
Kidney
Future of Tissue Regeneration
Further Readings
Transfusion Product: NK Cells
Human ESCs and Hematopoietic Precursor Cells
Development of NK Cells From Human ESCs
Further Readings
Transfusion Product: Platelets
Recognition of Requirements for Transfusion
Platelets Extracted From Blood
Platelet Refractoriness
Bone Marrow Suppression
Adverse Reactions
Further Readings
Transfusion Product: Red Blood Cells
Blood Transfusion as an Essential Therapeutic Approach
Human Embryonic Stem Cells as Sources of Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cell Production Using Blood Progenitor Cells
Further Readings
Transit Amplifying Cells
Progenitor Cells
Function
Examples and Potential Uses
Induced Production and Ethics
Further Readings
UK National Stem Cell Network
Further Readings
Unapproved Therapy, Ethics of
Regulation
Federal Trade Commission
European Regulation
Further Readings
United Kingdom
Background
Funding
Centers of Study
Regulation
Further Readings
United States
Legislation
Federal Science Policy
Controversy
Funding
Further Readings
University of Bonn
The Faculty of Medicine
Ethics
Further Readings
University of British Columbia
Regenerative Medicine
Stem Cells and Gene Therapy
Other Stem Cell Researchers
Significant Research
Further Readings
University of California, Berkeley
Aging
Muscles
Parkinson’s Disease
Further Readings
University of California, Davis
Institute for Regenerative Cures
Bladder Repair
Cord Blood
Adult Stem Cells and the Future
Further Readings
University of California, Los Angeles
Broad Stem Cell Research Center
BSCRC People
BSCRC Education
Further Readings
University of California, San Diego
The Glycotechnology Core Resource
The UCSD Human Stem Cell Core Facility (hSCCF)
The Electron Microscopy Core Services
The Stem Cell Program
The Stem Cell Genomics Core
Compliance
The Sanford Consortium of Regenerative Medicine
Research of the Sanford Consortium
The Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center
Further Readings
University of California, San Francisco
Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research
Tumor Suppression
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
X Inactivation
Clinical Trial
Further Readings
University of Cambridge
Stem Cell Research
Cambridge Stem Cell Institute
Research
Further Readings
University of Connecticut
Research
Clinical Applications
Partnerships
Further Readings
University of Heidelberg
Infrastructure
Metabolomics Core Technology Platform at the University of Heidelberg
Educational Opportunities
Further Readings
University of Melbourne
Core Research Areas. Pluripotency and reprogramming
Cardiac regeneration and repair
Neural regeneration and repair
Hematopoiesis
Infrastructure. MBC Flow Cytometry Facility
SCA Stem Cell Core Facility
Stemformatics
StemCore
Research Performance in the Year 2013
News and Events Organized in the Year 2014
Publications in the Year 2013
Further Readings
University of Miami
The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute
The Cell Production Facility
University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital Adult Stem Cell Transplant Program
Conclusion
Further Readings
University of Michigan
Landmark Collaborative Study
Further Readings
University of Milan
Further Readings
University of Minnesota
Background
Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Research
Further Readings
University of Oxford
Collaboration
Further Readings
University of Pittsburgh
Further Readings
University of Southern California
Further Readings
University of Strasbourg
Further Readings
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
IMM-Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
Dr. Brian R. Davis
Dr. Qi Lin Cao
Dr. Nami McCarty
Dr. Naoki Nakayama
Dr. Laura A. Smith Callahan
Dr. Charles Cox, Jr
Dr. Radbod Darabi
Further Readings
University of Tokyo
Division of Stem Cell Therapy
The Division of Stem Cell Dynamics
Japanese Public Policy and Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
University of Toronto
Further Readings
University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Further Readings
University of Wisconsin–Madison
James Thomson
Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center
Support Services
Further Readings
University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris
Stem Cell Research and Fields of Study at the UPMC
Biologic Research Partnerships and Notable Honorees or Researchers
Stem Cell Programs and Collaborations
Further Readings
Utah
Utah Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program
Research
University of Utah Health Care
Cardiovascular Center
Bioscience PhD Programs
Genetic Science Learning Center
Further Readings
van der Kooy, Derek
Further Readings
Vanderbilt University
Further Readings
Vascular Stem Cell
Cell Types Within Vascular Tissue
Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Pericytes and Adventitial Progenitor Cells
Vasculogenesis
Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells
Stem Cell Sources for Vascular Tissue Engineering
Research in Vascular Stem Cells
Further Readings
Vermont
Researchers
Further Readings
Vescovi, Angelo
Further Readings
ViaCyte, Inc
PEC-01
Encaptra
VC-01
Clinical Trials
Further Readings
Viral Vectors: Adenovirus
Adenovirus Vector Mechanism of Action
Adenovirus and iPS Cells
Adenovirus and Embryonic Stem Cells
The Future of Adenovirus Vectors for Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Viral Vectors: lentivirus
How Are Lentiviral Vectors Made?
Safety and Lentiviral Vectors
Current Uses of Lentiviral Vectors in Research
Further Readings
Virginia
Further Readings
Wake Forest University
Preventing Rejection
Embryonic Stem Cells
Urine Stem Cells
Other Projects
Further Readings
Washington
Educational and Research Institutions and Stem Cells
Biotechnology Industry
Legislative History
State Initiatives
Leadership Opinions on Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Weill Cornell Medical College
Stem Cell Research at Weill Cornell
Further Readings
Weissman, Irving
Further Readings
Weizmann Institute of Science
Further Readings
West Virginia
Researchers
Further Readings
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Research
Public Programs and Education
Further Readings
WiCell
Further Readings
Wisconsin
Breakthroughs at Higher-Education Institutions
Biotechnology Industry
State Financing and Legislation
Leadership Opinions About Stem Cell Research
Further Readings
Wound Repair
Phasic Model of Wound Healing
Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Wound Healing
Role of Epithelial Stem Cells in Wound Healing
Current and Future Research and Applications
Further Readings
Wyoming
Researchers
School of Pharmacy
Further Readings
Xenopus Models to Study Stem Cells
Using Xenopus in Tissue Regeneration
Further Readings
Xenotransplantation
Xenotransplantation in Research
Islet Cell Transplantation
Huntington’s Disease
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Xenotransplantation
Further Readings
Yale University
Research Focus
Research Projects
Interdisciplinary Nature
Further Readings
Yamanaka, Shinya
Further Readings
Zebrafish Models to Study Stem Cells
Zebrafish as a Model Organism
Large-Scale Screening in Zebrafish
Development and Stem Cells
Regeneration in Zebrafish
Future of Stem Cell Models in Zebrafish
Further Readings
Glossary
Resource Guide. Books
Journals
Web Sites
Appendices
Appendix A. Executive Order 13435: Expanding Approved Stem Cell Lines in Ethically Responsible Ways
Appendix B. Executive Order 13505: Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells
Appendix C. S. HRG. 111-942: The Promise of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session
Index
