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Группа авторов. Understanding Mental Health and Counselling
Understanding Mental Health and Counselling
Contents
Introduction
Contents
Introduction to understanding mental health and counselling
Core aims of this book
A word on terminology
Book themes
Book structure
Part 1 Understanding mental health: the emergence of the talking cure
Part 2 Presenting problems
Part 3 Models of working
Part 4 Counselling in practice
Part 5 Contemporary issues: mental health and society
Activities, reflections, readings and images
References
Chapter 1 The birth of psychiatry: questions of power, control and care
Contents
Introduction
1 ‘Madness’ before psychiatry
2 The birth of psychiatry as the medical specialism of the mind
2.1 The asylum movement and moral treatment. Activity 1.1: Experiences of asylums
2.2 Moral insanity and criminological expertise
3 The fall of asylums and the move to community care
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 2 The service-user movement
Contents
Introduction
1 The development of the service-user movement
1.1 Improving services or assimilating threat?
2 The service-user movement today
Activity 2.1: Who is a service user?
2.1 The service-user movement in the digital age
3 Nothing about us without us: research practice and the service-user movement
3.1 Coproduction and patient participation and involvement
3.2 Service user-led research: a voice of our own?
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 3 The history of the talking cure
Contents
Introduction
1 Psychoanalysis and the birth of the psychodynamic traditions
2 Cognitive and behavioural therapies
2.1 The emergence of behaviour therapies
2.2 The rise of cognitive behavioural therapy
3 Person-centred and humanistic approaches
Activity 3.1: Psychotherapeutic approaches and historical context
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 4 Diagnosis, classification and the expansion of the therapeutic realm
Contents
Introduction
1 The first two editions of the DSM
2 Challenges to psychiatry’s legitimacy: the road to DSM-III
2.1 Empirical challenges: the validity and reliability of diagnosis
2.2 Campaigning and diagnosis: the fall of one category and the rise of another
The DSM and homosexuality
Vietnam veterans, trauma and the DSM
3 DSM-III and DSM-III-R: Spitzer’s revolution
4 DSM-IV to DSM-5: the end of an era?
4.1 DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR
4.2 DSM-5: the end of Spitzer’s revolution?
5 Debates about DSM-5 and psychiatric diagnosis
5.1 Reliability and validity redux: the appropriateness of a medical lens and the role of social norms
5.2 Medicalisation and the expansion of the therapeutic realm
Activity 4.1: The pros and cons of medicalising mental health
5.3 The continuing impact of the DSM
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 5 Understanding sadness and worry
Contents
Introduction
1 What are depression and anxiety?
Activity 5.1: When do sadness and worry become pathological?
1.1 Depression and anxiety diagnoses
Major depressive disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
1.2 Can depression and anxiety be adaptive?
2 How common are depression and anxiety?
Activity 5.2: Completing the GAD-7
2.1 The prevalence of depression and anxiety
2.2 Are depression and anxiety global or cultural phenomena?
3 Theoretical perspectives on depression and anxiety
3.1 Biological factors
3.2 Individual factors
Individual characteristics associated with depression and anxiety
Psychological theories of depression and anxiety
Learnt responses to environmental triggers
Negative thinking styles
Reactions to stressful experiences (adjustment)
Conflict resulting from unprocessed or preverbal emotions
Maladaptive rigid behaviours
Integrative, including pluralistic, approaches
3.3 Social factors
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 6 Trauma and crisis
Contents
Introduction
1 Understanding trauma and crisis
Activity 6.1: Traumatic events in the media
1.1 Types of traumatic events
1.2 Diagnostic definitions of traumatic events
1.3 Trauma versus trauma diagnoses
2 Risk factors for trauma-related disorders
2.1 Trauma risk factors
2.2 Impacts of trauma
Activity 6.2: Alfie’s experience
3 Trauma, self-injury and the risk of suicide
3.1 Unpacking ‘suicide’ and ‘self-injury’
3.2 Trauma, suicide risk factors and assessing risk in practice
4 Working with risk in counselling
4.1 Keep safe plans
4.2 Impacts on the practitioner of working with risk
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 7 Relationships and intimacy
Contents
Introduction
1 What are relationship difficulties?
1.1 Defining relationship difficulties
1.2 Difficulties with sexual relationships
2 What are the impacts of relationship difficulties?
2.1 Loneliness and its consequences
Risk factors for loneliness
The impact of loneliness
2.2 The impact of relationship conflict and breakdown
Activity 7.1: Experience of relationship arguments
2.3 Abusive relationships and childhood maltreatment
2.4 Bereavement
3 Theories of relationship difficulties
3.1 Attachment theory
Activity 7.2: Considering your own attachment type
3.2 Theories of grief
Can grief be diagnosed?
Why do some people get ‘stuck’ in their grief?
What does healthy grieving look like?
Should the focus be on letting go of or continuing bonds?
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 8 Understanding psychological formulation
Contents
Introduction
1 Core principles of formulation and formulation-based practice
2 Using formulation in practice
Initial formulation report
2.1 General best practice principles of formulation
2.2 Trauma-informed practice
2.3 Social factors in formulation
Activity 8.1: Lisa’s social circumstances
2.4 Formulation in therapy and mental health settings
3 Controversies and debates about formulation
3.1 Formulation and psychiatric diagnosis
3.2 Formulation and research
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 9 The psychodynamic approach
Contents
Introduction
1 Core psychodynamic principles and their development
2 The psychodynamic understanding of mental health
2.1 The psychodynamic understanding of anxiety
Activity 9.1: The psychodynamic understanding of mental health
3 Therapeutic process and technique in the psychodynamic approach
Activity 9.2: The technique of psychodynamic therapy
4 The efficacy and scope of the psychodynamic approach
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 10 Cognitive behavioural therapy
Contents
Introduction
1 Core CBT principles and their development
Activity 10.1: Thoughts, emotions, physical sensations and behaviours
1.1 The development of the CBT approach
Behaviourism
Cognitive therapy
From ‘second-wave’ to ‘third-wave’ approaches
2 The cognitive behavioural understanding of mental health
Activity 10.2: Safety behaviours
3 Therapeutic process and technique in CBT
4 The efficacy and scope of the CBT approach
Conclusion
Further reading
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 11 The humanistic approach
Contents
Introduction
1 Core humanistic principles and their development
1.1 Humanistic therapies
Gestalt therapy
Existential therapy
Process-experiential and emotion-focused therapy
Activity 11.1: Therapeutic factors
Person-centred therapy
2 The person-centred understanding of mental health
2.1 The person-centred understanding of anxiety
2.2 Person-centred formulation
3 Therapeutic process and technique in the person-centred approach
Case illustration: Sarah’s person-centred therapy session
Activity 11.2: The core conditions
4 The efficacy and scope of the person-centred approach
Diversity: Client groups in person-centred therapy
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 12 The pluralistic approach
Contents
Introduction
1 Core pluralistic principles and their development
2 The pluralistic understanding of mental health: the case of anxiety
Activity 12.1: Understanding Nancy’s problems from a pluralistic perspective
3 Therapeutic process and technique in pluralistic practice
Activity 12.2: Using cultural resources
4 The efficacy and scope of the pluralistic approach
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 13 The therapeutic relationship
Contents
Introduction
1 Characterising the therapeutic relationship
Benjamin
Olivia
Isabella
Mohammed
Activity 13.1: Comparing the therapeutic relationship to other types of relationship
2 Key factors contributing to the therapeutic relationship
Qualitative research
Process–outcome research
Meta-analysis
2.1 The therapeutic alliance
2.2 The importance of empathy
2.3 Other factors contributing to productive therapeutic relationships
2.4 Client perspectives on the therapeutic relationship
Activity 13.2: Nonverbal communication
3 Ways of understanding the therapeutic relationship
3.1 Psychodynamic perspectives
3.2 Cognitive behavioural perspectives
3.3 Humanistic perspectives
3.4 Commonalities and differences across the theoretical perspectives
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 14 Beyond the individual
Contents
Introduction
1 Systemic approaches
Activity 14.1: Recursive interaction patterns
1.1 The development of systemic therapy
From normative to neutral perspectives on family functioning
From first- to second-order cybernetics
1.2 Basic principles and techniques in systemic practice
2 Group therapy
2.1 Key processes and factors in therapeutic group work
2.2 Psychoanalytic group therapy
2.3 Other developments and applications of group therapy
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 15 Beyond face to face: technology-based counselling
Contents
Introduction
1 Different forms of technology-based counselling
1.1 Videoconference counselling
1.2 Text-based online counselling
Activity 15.1: Writing an email to yourself
1.3 Computerised therapy programmes
1.4 Mental health apps
2 The properties and potential of technology-based counselling
2.1 Research evidence for technology-based counselling
3 Challenges and limitations of technology-based counselling
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 16 Context of practice: boundaries and ethics
Contents
Introduction
1 Boundaries in counselling
1.1 The importance of boundaries
1.2 The counselling contract
2 Contextual issues
2.1 The counselling
Activity 16.1: Harveer’s experience
2.2 The client
Activity 16.2: Paulette’s case
2.3 The counsellor
3 Boundaries, dilemmas and ethics in practice
3.1 Flexibility and firmness
3.2 Boundary violations
Activity 16.3: Sarah’s case
3.3 Ethical decision making
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 17 The politics of research and evidence
Contents
Introduction
1 The development of evidence-based mental health interventions
1.1 The NICE guidelines
1.2 Criticisms of EBP
2 The contested role of evidence in the case of antidepressants
3 Methodological issues in counselling and psychotherapy research
Activity 17.1: Evaluating therapy
4 Evidence-based service development: the case of IAPT
4.1 CBT as modality of choice
5 Alternative models to EBP
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 18 Mental health, criminal justice and the law
Contents
Introduction
1 The insanity defence and diminished responsibility
Activity 18.1: Perspectives on mental health and infanticide
2 The legal framework and the Mental Health Act
2.1 Powers of detention
2.2 Controversies over the 2007 amendments to the Mental Health Act
3 Mental disorder and the criminal justice system
4 Criminal justice and personality disorder
5 The contemporary professional context
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 19 Individual or social problems?
Contents
Introduction
1 Social origins of mental distress
1.1 Micro origins: life events and relationships
Activity 19.1: Event evaluation in Nympha’s experience
1.2 Macro origins: poverty and inequality
2 Social interventions for mental distress
2.1 Micro interventions: therapeutic approaches
2.2 Macro interventions: bridging the therapeutic with the political
Activity 19.2: Austerity ailments and their causes
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Chapter 20 Living in a therapeutic culture
Contents
Introduction
1 Defining therapeutic culture
2 The emergence and evolution of therapeutic culture
3 Critiques of therapeutic culture
Activity 20.1: Evaluating therapeutic culture
4 The three elements of therapeutic culture
4.1 Therapeutic culture or emotionalised culture?
4.2 Therapeutic culture or rationalised culture?
4.3 Therapeutic culture or narcissistic culture?
Activity 20.2: Vicki and Johnny – therapeutic or narcissistic?
Conclusion
Further reading
References
Conclusion
Contents
Conclusion to understanding mental health and counselling
The importance of endings
Aims and themes of the book
Sources of support and advice
References
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Index
