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Группа авторов. The Handbook of Peer Production
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Handbooks in Communication and Media
Forthcoming
The Handbook of Peer Production
List of Figures
List of Tables
Notes on Contributors
Preface
Chapter Summaries. Part I Introduction. 1 The Duality of Peer Production: Infrastructure for the Digital Commons, Free Labor for Free‐Riding Firms
Part II Concepts: Explaining Peer Production. 2 Grammar of Peer Production
3 Political Economy of Peer Production
4 Social Norms and Rules in Peer Production
5 Cultures of Peer Production
6 Commons‐Based Peer Production and Virtue (reprint)
Part III Conditions: Enabling Peer Production. 7 Prophets and Advocates of Peer Production
8 Virtue, Efficiency, and the Sharing Economy
9 Open Licensing Peer Production
10 User Motivations in Peer Production
11 Governing for Growth in Scope: Cultivating a Comparative Understanding of How Peer‐Production Collectives Evolve
Part IV Cases: Realizing Peer Production. 12 Free and Open Source Software
13 Wikipedia and Wikis
14 Participatory Cartography: Drones, Countermapping, and Technological Power
15 P2P Learning
16 Biohacking
17 Makers
18 Blockchain, or, Peer Production Without Guarantees
19 Community Wireless Networks
20 Commoning the Urban
Part V Conflicts: Peer Production and the World. 21 Peer Production and Social Change
22 Peer Production and Collective Action
23 Feminist Peer Production
24 Postcolonial Peer Production
25 Gaps in Peer Design
26 Makerspaces and Peer Production: Spaces of Possibility, Tension, Post‐Automation, or Liberation?
27 Peer Production and State Theory: Envisioning a Cooperative Partner State
Part VI Conversions: Advancing Peer Production. 28 Making a Case for Peer Production: Interviews with Peter Bloom, Mariam Mecky, Ory Okolloh, Abraham Taherivand, & Stefano Zacchiroli
29 What’s Next? Peer Production Studies?
30 Be Your Own Peer! Principles and Proposals for the Commons
1 The Duality of Peer Production: Infrastructure for the Digital Commons, Free Labor for Free‐Riding Firms
1 Introduction
2 Peer‐to‐Peer Infrastructure
3 The Exclusive Attraction of Commons‐Based Peer Production
4 The Digital Commons and Capitalist Production. 4.1 Post‐Capitalist Imaginaries
4.2 The Organizational Structure of Peer Projects
4.3 How Capitalism Co‐opts Peer Production: The Case of Free and Open Source Software
5 The Handbook of Peer Production Aims to be Inclusive and Political
References
Notes
2 Grammar of Peer Production
1 Introduction
2 Peer‐to‐Peer
3 Principles and Characteristics of Peer Production
3.1 Distributed Networks
3.2 Commons
3.3 Equipotentiality
3.4 Holoptism
3.5 Stigmergic Cooperation
3.6 Modularity, Granularity, and Low‐Cost of Integration
3.7 Heterarchy
3.8 Cosmolocalism
4 Entities of a New Commons‐Based Ecosystem
5 The Transcendent Aspects of Peer Production
6 Instead of Conclusions: Towards a P2P Theory
Acknowledgments
References
Note
3 Political Economy of Peer Production
1 Introduction
2 Transformation of Capitalism in the 20th Century
3 Response to the Crisis of the 1970s
4 The Transformation of the Internet and Web‐Based Business Models
5 The Commons as Alternatives
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Note
4 Social Norms and Rules in Peer Production
1 Introduction
2 Why Rules and Norms? Institutional Conditions for Peer Production
3 What Rules and Norms? Policies, Guidelines, and Basic Understandings in Peer Production
4 How to Create Rules and Norms? Institutional Work in Peer Production
5 Whither Rules and Norms? Governance, Hierarchies, and Bureaucracy in Peer Production
6 Conclusion
References
5 Cultures of Peer Production
1 Introduction: Peer Production as Cultural Production
2 Overview and Limitations
3 Autonomy
4 Meritocracy
4.1 Liberalism
4.2 Humor and Merit
4.3 Critiques of Meritocracy in Geek Cultures
5 Openness
5.1 Humility and Openness in Open Source Cultures
5.2 Gender, Identity, and Failures of Openness
6 Inspiration
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 Commons‐Based Peer Production and Virtue (reprint)
I Commons‐Based Peer Production – Examples
II Commons‐Based Peer Production – Principles
III Commons‐Based Peer Production and Virtue
A Cluster I: Autonomy, Independence, Liberation
B Cluster II: Creativity, Productivity, Industry
C Cluster III: Benevolence, Charity, Generosity, Altruism
D Cluster IV: Sociability, Camaraderie, Friendship, Cooperation, Civic Virtue
IV From Structure to Virtue
V Public Policy
VI Conclusion
Notes
7 Prophets and Advocates of Peer Production
1 Introduction: A New Specter is Haunting the World
2 Before 2000: A Period of Gestation
3 2000s: Emergence of Peer Production Theory
4 Post‐2010: Peer Production Theory Moves into the Mainstream
5 Conclusion: What is the Impact of Peer Production Theory Today?
6 Acknowledgments
References
Notes
8 Virtue, Efficiency, and the Sharing Economy
1 Introduction
2 Commons‐Based Peer Production and Adjacent Practices
3 Participation, Collaboration and the Rhetorical Dimensions of Network Culture
4 Utopian Thinking and Copyright Conflicts
5 Conclusion
References
Note
9 Open Licensing Peer Production
1 Introduction
2 Free, Libre, and Open Source Software Licenses
2.1 Copyleft
2.2 Open Source
3 Open Licenses for Cultural Works. 3.1 First Developments
3.2 Creative Commons
3.3 The Access to Knowledge (A2K), Free Culture, and Public Domain Advocacy Movements Supporting Digital Commons
4 Open Licenses for Functional Works
4.1 Open Access, Open Science, and Open Education
4.2 Open Data
4.3 Public Sector Information and Open Government
4.4 Cultural Heritage
4.5 Open Hardware and Open Infrastructure
5 Developments in Open Licensing
5.1 Copyfarleft, Copyfair, and Commons Reciprocity Options
5.2 Data Commons
6 Conclusion
References
Notes
10 User Motivations in Peer Production
1 Introduction
2 Individual Motivation
2.1 Intrinsic Motivation. 2.1.1 Fun
2.1.2 Ideology
2.1.3 Kinship
2.1.4 Altruism
2.2 Internalized Extrinsic Motivation. 2.2.1 Own‐use value
2.2.2 Learning
2.2.3 Reciprocity
2.2.4 Reputation
2.3 Extrinsic Motivation
2.3.1 Pay
2.3.2 Career
2.4 Crowding Out
2.4.1 Crowding effects caused by extrinsic motives
2.4.2 Crowding effects caused by internalized extrinsic motives
2.5 Summary of Self‐Determination Theory
3 Choosing a Task to Work On
3.1 “Sexy” Tasks
3.2 Mundane Tasks
3.3 Summary of Findings
4 Peer Production as a Social Practice
4.1 Social Exposure
4.2 Institutional Frameworks
4.2.1 Governance structures
4.2.2 Sponsorship
4.2.3 Licensing
4.3 Summary of Social Practice View
5 Conclusion
References
11 Governing for Growth in Scope: Cultivating a Comparative Understanding of How Peer Production Collectives Evolve
1 Introduction
2 Case Analysis
3 Scope of the Innovation LifeCycle
3.1 Expanding Horizontal Scope
3.2 Expanding Vertical Scope
3.3 Maintaining Scope
4 Governance Rights
4.1 Distribution of Governance Rights
4.2 Types of Governance Rights
5 Patterns of Growth
5.1 Collaborators
5.2 Co‐Creators
5.3 Aggregators
6 Advancing a Research Agenda
References
12 Free and Open Source Software
1 Introduction1
2 Genesis of a Movement. 2.1 The Hacker Ethic at the Origin of Free Software
2.2 The GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation
2.3 Disseminating to Companies: The Creation of “Open Source”
3 How it Works: The Economy and Sociology of Free and Open Source Software
3.1 Sharing Code: The Legal and Normative Model of Free and Open Source Software
3.2 The Bazaar: The Sociology of Free and Open Source Software
4 Beyond Experimentation: Mainstream Adoption and Social Significance
4.1 Free and Open Source as the “Glue” of the Internet
4.2 Public Policies and Governmental Adoption
4.3 Social Movements, “Tech Activists,” and Free and Open Source Software
4.4 Studying Free and Open Source Software: The Proliferation of Academic Work
5 Challenges
5.1 Capitalist Appropriation vs. Community Sustainability
5.2 Low Participation of Women and Lack of Diversity
6 Conclusion
References
Notes
13 Wikipedia and Wikis
1 Introduction
2 The Wiki Platform
3 Wikipedia: Background and History
4 Wikipedia and its Contributors
5 Wikipedia and Its Content
6 The Wikipedia Community
7 Wikipedia and the Role of Experts
8 Wikipedia and the Media Ecology
9 Conclusion
References
14 Participatory Cartography: Drones, Countermapping, and Technological Power
1 Introduction: New Materialism and the Technologies of Hacker Cartography
2 Technological Power
3 OpenStreetMap
4 Global Positioning System
5 DIY Drones and 3D Robotics
6 Countermapping in Indonesia
7 Conclusion
References
Note
15 P2P Learning
1 Introduction
2 Curriculum Selection
3 Learning Process
3.1 Roles
3.2 Interactions
4 Knowledge Abstraction
5 Learning Infrastructures. 5.1 Digital Infrastructure
5.2 Physical Infrastructure
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
16 Biohacking
1 Introduction
2 History
3 Practices and Identities
4 Examples of DIY Medicine
Vignette 16.1 Exhibitions featuring DIY biology. Exhibiting DIY biology in museums
5 Openness and Democratization
6 A Sociology of the “yourself”
7 Ethics and Governance
8 Economics and Valuation
9 Conclusion
References
Notes
17 Makers
1 Introduction
2 A Short and Incomplete History of Making
2.1 The Year Zero of Making
2.2 Making in the 21st Century
3 Defining Making: Words Matter
4 Empowerment and Emancipation: Users Becoming Makers
5 Maker Communities and the “Movement”
6 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Notes
18 Blockchain, or, Peer Production Without Guarantees
1 Introduction
2 Coase’s Benkler
3 Coordination Issues
4 Peer Production After Bitcoin
5 Peer Production
6 Peer Development
7 Peer Governance
8 Peer Exchange
9 Conclusion
References
Notes
19 Community Wireless Networks
1 Introduction
2 Design and Social History of Community Broadband Projects. 2.1 Peer‐to‐Peer Technology
2.2 The Peer‐to‐Peer WiFi Movement
3 Motivations for Deploying Community WiFi Networks. 3.1 Commons‐Based Ideology
3.2 Resiliency as a Catalyst
Genuine need for a broadband network
An alternative to corporate Internet providers
Testbed for new hardware and applications
Democratizing the Internet and bridging the digital divide
4 Technological Innovation
5 Conclusion
References
20 Commoning the Urban
1 Introduction
2 Urban Commons: A Sociospatial Identity
3 Urban Commons: A Political and Cultural Identity
3.1 Urban Commons and Housing Practices
3.2 Community Gardens and Community Empowerment
3.3 Former Airports as Metropolitan Commons
4 Bottom‐Up vs. Top‐Down, Artists and Architects Initiatives
5 Commoning the Urban: Trends, Gaps, and Opportunities
6 Possible Futures
References
Notes
21 Peer Production and Social Change
1 Introduction
2 Self‐Governance Outside the Political System: Prefigurative Politics
2.1 Protest: The Endless Meeting Has Begun
2.2 Peer Projects
2.3 Hacktivism: The Perils of Anonymity
2.4 Autonomous and Self‐Managed Spaces
3 Self‐Governance and Engagement in Electoral Politics
3.1 The Pirate Parties
3.2 Radical Municipalism and Civic Tech
4 The Economics of the Commons and Labor
4.1 The Digital Commons Against Informational Capitalism
4.2 The Commons for Capital
4.3 Accounting for Unpaid Voluntary Labor
5 Conclusion: Towards a Sustainable Contribution Society?
References
Note
22 Peer Production and Collective Action
1 Introduction
2 Peer Production in Context: A Brief History
3 Enabling Infrastructure and its Social Affordances
4 The Consequences of Peer Production for Collective Action
4.1 Cultural Production and Norm Change
4.2 Collective Identity
4.3 Protest Replicability and Diffusion
5 Three Unresolved Tensions
5.1 Individual vs. Collective
5.2 Peer Networks vs. Social Movement Organizations
5.3 Self‐Organized vs. Commercial Infrastructure
6 Conclusions
References
23 Feminist Peer Production
1 Introduction
2 Feminist Peer Production as Situated Knowledge
2.1 What Are the Feminist Critiques?
2.2 The “Culture” Within Peer Production Projects
2.3 Who Takes Part in Feminist Peer Production Practices?
2.4 Invisibility of Feminist Peer Production Practices
2.5 Cycle of Technology Production
3 Three Case Studies
3.1 Feminist Peer Production and Space
3.2 Feminist Peer Production and the Fight against Sexual Harassment
3.3 Feminist Peer Production and Imaginaries
3.4 The Future of Feminist Peer Production
References
Notes
24 Postcolonial Peer Production
1 Introduction
2 A Brief History of PCPP: An Indian Perspective
3 Traditions of Popular Knowledge
4 Money and Creativity in PCPP
5 The Organizational Structure of PCPP
6 Conclusion
References
25 Gaps in Peer Design
1 Introduction
2 Faroo, or the Socio‐Economic Implications of a Peer Design Choice
2.1 “The Egg‐Index and the Chicken‐Users”: Which Comes First?
2.2 Downloading a P2P Client: A Barrier to Entry?
3 Wuala, or Ultimately Renouncing Peer Design
3.1 The Many Facets of Discontinuing a Peer‐Based Feature
4 Conclusions
References
Notes
26 Makerspaces and Peer Production: Spaces of Possibility, Tension, Post‐Automation, or Liberation?
1 Introduction
2 Spaces of Possibility
3 Spaces of Tension
4 Spaces for Post‐Automation?
5 Spaces of Liberation?
6 Conclusion
References
Notes
27 Peer Production and State Theory: Envisioning a Cooperative Partner State
1 Introduction
2 With or Without the State: Peer Production from the Economic Sphere to the Political, and Back Again
3 On the (Partner) State as Agency for Social Transformation
4 On Cooperatives as Vehicles of Economic and Political Agency
5 From Counter‐Power to Social Reform: The Partner State in Motion
6 Conclusion
References
Notes
28 Making a Case for Peer Production: Interviews with Peter Bloom, Mariam Mecky, Ory Okolloh, Abraham Taherivand, and Stefano Zacchiroli. Interview with Peter Bloom, Founder of Rhizomatica, Oaxaca, Mexico, 21 February 2019
Interview with Mariam Mecky, Communications Unit Head at HarassMap, Cairo, Egypt, March 13, 2019
Interview with Ory Okolloh, Co‐founder of Ushahidi, Director of Investments at Omidyar Network, Johannesburg, South Africa, 17 June 2019
Interview with Abraham Taherivand, Executive Director of Wikimedia Deutschland, Berlin, Germany, 18 March 2019
Interview with Stefano Zacchiroli, former Debian Project Leader, 17 June 2019
References
Note
29 What’s Next?: Peer Production Studies?
1 Introduction
2 Peer Production and Productivity
3 Peer Production and Social Justice
4 Do We Need Peer Production Studies?
References
Notes
30 Be Your Own Peer!: Principles and Policies for the Commons
Foreword
1 Introduction
2 Kicking It to the Next Level: Strategic Principles
2.1 Principle: Have a Concrete Plan
2.2 Principle: Use Clear Language
2.3 Principle: Challenge the Technological Fetish
2.4 Principle: Embrace all Levels of Political Engagement
2.5 Principle: Work for Cultural Change
3 Calling All Peers: Practical Proposals
3.1 Spreading New Values. Change the curriculum
Mapping common goods
3.2 Develop the Circular Economy and Microgrids
3.3 Promoting Re‐Use and Discrediting Misuse
3.4 Expanding the Recognition of Contributions to the Commons. Towards a society based on contribution
Universal basic income or free public services?
3.5 Distinguishing Communal and Commercial Uses of Commons and Charging Accordingly
3.6 Increase Free Access to Practical, Legal, Scientific, and Technical Know‐How
4 Conclusion
References
Notes
Index
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