Оглавление
Группа авторов. Global Issues 2021 Edition
Global Issues
Global Issues
Contents
Annotated Contents. Conflict, Security, and Terrorism. U.S. – Iran Relations
Measles Resurgence
The New Arms Race
Cyberwarfare
Zoonotic Diseases
International Political Economy. European Union at a Crossroads
US Foreign Policy in Transition
China’s Belt and Road Initiative
Hidden Money
Supply Chains at Risk
Religious and Human Rights. Global Migration
Global Protest Movements
Christians in the Middle East
Environmental Issues. Extreme Weather
Climate Change and Health
Fuel Efficiency Standards
Preface
CQ Researcher
Chapter Format
Acknowledgments
Contributors
1 U.S.-Iran Relations: Is a Military Conflict Inevitable?
The Issues
Can Iran’s economy survive under Trump’s sanctions?
Has the expansion of Iranian influence shifted the balance of power in the Middle East?
Is war inevitable between the United States and Iran?
Background. Repeated Invasions
Modern Meddling
Roots of Revolution
Chronology
Hostage Crisis
Iranian Women Defy Mandatory Hijab Laws
Iranians Say Sanctions Block Critical Medicines
Shifting Policy
Current Situation. Escalating Standoff
At Issue
De-Escalating Tension
Outlook. Continued Standoff?
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. Iranian Proxies
Rising Tensions
Sanctions
Women’s Rights
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
2 Measles Resurgence: Can Experts Reduce Skepticism about Vaccines?
The Issues
Background. Foundations Laid Early
Chronology
“Herd Immunity” Acts As Shield
Current Situation. State Exemptions
At Issue
Outlook. Reducing Vaccine Avoidance
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
Documentary
The Next Step. Anti-Vaccine Movement
Recent Outbreaks
Responding to Vaccine Hesitancy
Vaccine Legislation
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
3 The New Arms Race: Are New Treaties Needed to Control Modern Nuclear Weapons?
The Issues
Should the United States allow New START to expire?
Is a limited nuclear war a viable option?
Is a denuclearization agreement with North Korea possible?
Background. Nuclear Age Dawns
Chronology
Experts Say Nuclear Terrorism Threat Is Overstated
Arms Control Treaties
The Erosion of Arms Control Will Extend to Outer Space
Cracks Appear
Current Situation. Korean Diplomacy Fizzles
At Issue
Pressure for New START
Outlook. Grim Future
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports
The Next Step. China’s Weapons
New START
Space
Tactical Weapons
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
4 Cyberwarfare: Can the U.S. and Other Democracies Develop an Effective Defense?
The Issues
Are cyberattacks a serious threat to U.S. security?
Is the United States falling behind its adversaries in cyberwar capability?
Can democracies prevent cyber disinformation campaigns while protecting free speech?
Background. Cyberwar Predecessors
Internet’s Birth
Cyberwar Threat
Chronology
Estonia Works to Fend Off the Russian Bear
After 2016 Hacks, Illinois Moves to Improve Its Voting Security
The 2016 Election
Current Situation. 2020 Election
Election Security
At Issue
Developing a Cyber Strategy
Outlook. New Threats
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. Election Security
Foreign Cyberattacks
Private Companies’ Cybersecurity
U.S. Cybersecurity
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
5 Zoonotic Diseases: Can future pandemics be prevented?
The Issues
Is loss of biodiversity increasing the spread of diseases from animals to humans?
Should selling wildlife for human consumption be banned?
Is it possible to predict the next pandemic?
Chronology
Background. Rodents and Plagues
Bats Can Harbor and Transmit Many Viruses
As Deer Population Explodes, Lyme Disease Spreads
Influenza Outbreaks
Ebola, Nipah and AIDS
21st-Century Outbreaks
COVID-19’s Emergence
Current Situation. International Developments
At Issue:
U.S. Efforts
Outlook. Growing Pressures
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. Biodiversity
Coronavirus and the Environment
Regulations
Wildlife Consumption
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
6 European Union at a Crossroads: Will political divisions tear the EU apart?
Is the EU in danger of unraveling?
Can the crucial Franco–German alliance survive?
Is a European army a realistic prospect?
Background. A United States of Europe
EU’s Debut
Limited Membership
Chronology
EU Seeks to Restrict Flow of African Migrants
Europe Defies U.S. on Iran Nuclear Deal
2009 Debt Crisis
Current Situation. Brexit Chaos
Merkel Speaks Out
At Issue
Security Threats
Outlook. Populism’s Impact
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. Brexit
Migration
Populist Threat
Tariffs
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
7 U.S. Foreign Policy in Transition: Is the United States relinquishing its global supremacy?
Is the United States relinquishing its global supremacy?
Is President Trump playing into Vladimir Putin’s hands?
Are post-World War II alliances and structures suited for today’s foreign policy challenges?
Background. Isolationism
Containment
Chronology
Realpolitik
Populist Governments Are Up Fivefold
Economic Sanctions Can Be Double-Edged
War on Terror
“America First”
Current Situation. North Korea and China
At Issue
Trans-Atlantic Relations
Terrorism and Iran
Venezuela
Outlook. End of ‘Unipower’
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. North Korea
Russia
Sanctions
Trade War
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
8 China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Does it pose a threat to the West?
The Issues
Is the BRI a good deal for participating countries?
Is the BRI fulfilling China’s economic and strategic goals?
Does the BRI increase the chances for military conflict between the United States and China?
Background. The Silk Road
Chronology
To Counter China, Trump Reverses Course on Foreign Aid
Communist Control
U.S. Firms Profit from Chinese Infrastructure Program
Birth of the BRI
Current Situation. Debt Risks and Backlash
At Issue
Australia’s Fears
Outlook. Slowdown Predicted
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. Africa
Debt
Environmental Concerns
Military Presence
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
9 Hidden Money: Can governments rein in tax evaders?
The Issues
Does the international community need to do more to control hidden or illicit money?
Should Congress pass legislation to reveal the beneficial owners of shell companies?
Should authorities try to restrict the use of cryptocurrency?
Background. Recessionary Pressures
Chronology
Bank Bailouts
‘Accidental Americans’ Find Themselves in IRS’ Crosshairs
Tax Expert: U.S. Companies ‘the Global Grandmasters of Tax Avoidance’
Panama Papers
Current Situation. Money Laundering Crackdown
Digital Tax Truce
Campaign Debates
At Issue
Outlook. Enforcement Challenges
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. Cryptocurrency
Legislation
Shell Companies
Tax Havens
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
10 Supply Chains at Risk: Are tariffs and technology disrupting global trade routes?
The Issues
Are U.S. companies shifting supply chains out of China?
Can companies adjust their global supply chains to Trump’s tariffs and still grow?
Will restrictions on Chinese technology giants protect U.S intellectual property?
Background. Shifting Trade Routes
Chronology
Tariffs on Cars Are Complicated for Suppliers
Rising Supply Chain Costs Likely to Hit Consumers
New Trade Rule’s
Technological Advances
Protectionist Backlash
Current Situation. Economic Uncertainty
At Issue
Preparing for Recession
Outlook. Rethinking Approaches
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
Podcasts
The Next Step. China and Intellectual Property
Potential Recession
Tariffs
Trade Deals
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
11 Global Migration: Can Governments Head Off Another Crisis?
The Issues
Is there really a crisis at the U.S.-Mexico border?
Are Europe’s efforts to reduce migration a model for the U.S. and other countries?
Are developed countries doing enough to address the causes of increased migration?
Background. European Emigration
1930s, World War II and the Aftermath
Postwar Immigration Trends
Chronology
Rising Anti-Immigrant Sentiment
Working-Class Alienation Sparks Anti-Immigrant Mood
Venezuelan Exodus Could Become World’s Largest
Current Situation. New European Crisis
U.S. Developments
At Issue
Outlook. Demographic Changes
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. Foreign Aid
Internally Displaced People
U.S.-Mexico Border
U.S. Refugee Policy
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
12 Global Protest Movements: Can They Lead to Lasting Change?
The Issues
Is the current protest wave a sign that democracy is failing?
Is social media responsible for the recent wave of protests?
Can protests bring about lasting change?
Background. Peasants and Protestants
Birth of Nonviolent Resistance
Chronology
Hong Kong Protesters Confront Beijing’s Power
Parkland Protesters Meld Power of Youth, Social Media
A Democratic Moment
Arab Spring and Grassroots Protests
Current Situation. Coronavirus Impact
At Issue
Global Climate Campaign
Foreign Protests and U.S. Policy
Outlook. Democracy in Peril?
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
Websites
The Next Step. Coronavirus-Related Protests
International Protests
Social Media
U.S. Protests
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
13 Christians in the Mideast: Is The Decline Reversible?
The Issues
Background. Christianity’s Origins
Chronology
Influx of Asian Christians Boosts the Faith in Middle East
Secular Regimes
Current Situation. Hurdles to Overcome
At Issue
Converts Threatened
Outlook. Waning Hope
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. Christians in Syria
Refugees
U.S. Action
Violence
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
14 Extreme Weather: Will global warming produce more disasters?
Will extreme weather events become more frequent?
Will extreme weather events become more destructive?
Should government subsidize rebuilding in vulnerable areas?
Background. Ancient Disasters
Links to Pollution
New Research
Chronology
Farmers Face Difficult Odds as Extreme Weather Grows
Insurers React as Extreme Weather Boosts Claims
Disaster Costs Grow
Current Situation. Flood Insurance Future
Administration Actions
At Issue:
Campaign Issue
Mental Health
Outlook. Worsening Trends
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. Climate Change
Climate Modeling
Disaster-Proof Homes
National Flood Insurance Program
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
15 Climate Change and Health: Is the threat to humans growing?
The Issues
Will climate change set off a global health catastrophe?
Should doctors take responsibility for educating the public about the health effects of climate change?
Is climate change causing or worsening mental health problems?
Background. Warming in the Dark
Chronology
Health Connection Emerges
On a Warming Planet, Heat Waves Are Becoming More Dangerous
Climate Change Exacts High Physical, Emotional Toll in Puerto Rico
Calls for Action
Current Situation. United Nations and WHO
At Issue
Trump Administration
Extreme Weather
Outlook. Threats to Multiply?
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. Doctors
Extreme Weather
Health Trends
Mental Health
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
16 Fuel Efficiency Standards: Will Trump’s rollbacks increase greenhouse gas emissions?
The Issues
Were Obama’s fuel efficiency standards an effective approach to reducing emissions?
Did Obama’s stricter standards impose an undue financial burden on automakers?
Will Trump’s rollback on standards spur a move to newer, cleaner cars?
Background “Auto Mania”
Reckoning in California
Shift to Fuel Efficiency
Chronology
Removing Lead
U.S. Lags in Fuel Economy
Electric Vehicle Boosters Eye Greater Growth
Current Situation. Final Rule
Court Action
California’s Separate Deal
Legislative and Administrative Policy
At Issue:
Outlook. An Inevitable Change?
Notes
Bibliography. Books
Articles
Reports and Studies
The Next Step. Electric Vehicles
Emissions During the Pandemic
Environmental Protection Agency
New Rules
For More Information
Descriptions of Images and Figures
