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Lessons in Environmental Justice
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Editor
About the Contributors
Introduction
1 From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter
Legacy of the Modern Civil Rights Movement: 1950s and 1960s
Houston Waste Study Historical Backdrop: 1970s
Birth of the Environmental Justice Movement: Warren County, North Carolina: 1980s
Environmental Justice Movement Building: 1990s
New Technology, Research to Action, Policy, and Organizing Tools: 2000s
A New Generation Fighting to Make Black Lives Matter
Deepening Our Understanding
References
2 The Environmental Justice Frame
Carver Terrace
Carver Terraceon Contaminated Land
Personal Intersections and Sociological Research
Documenting Thecarver Terrace Case
Environmental Justice and Environmental Racism
Framing Theory, Social Movements, and Environmental Justice
Environmental Justice for the 21st Century
Weaving Together Past, Present, and Future
Conclusion
Deepening Our Understanding
References
3 Environmental Justice, Indigenous Peoples, and Consent
Consent, Indigenous Justice, and the Dakota Access Pipeline
Violations of Consent: All Too Common
Traditions of Consent
Colonialism and Consent
Conclusion: Restoring Consent for the Future
Deepening Our Understanding
References
4 Measuring Environmental Injustice
Race and Concern for the Environment: Dispelling Old Myths
The 1990 Michigan Conference
Examining the Evidence
Reassessing Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Environmental Justice research: Questions about Methodology
The Race Versus Class Debate
Current and Future Research
Deepening Our Understanding
References
5 Science, Expertise, and Environmental Justice
Framework and Background
Community-Based Participatory Research
Transdisciplinary Social Science–Environmental Work
New Political Sociology of Science and Undone Science
Reflexive Research Ethics
Environmental Health Multisector Alliances and Sociological Research
Flame Retardant Chemicals
Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances
Conclusion
Deepening Our Understanding
References
6 How Community-Based Participatory Research Strengthens the Rigor, Relevance, and Reach of Science
Description and Rationaleof Case Studies
Case Study 1: Northern California Household Exposure Study
Case Study 2: San Joaquin Valley Drinking Water Study
Conclusions: The Impact of CBPR
Deepening Our Understanding
References
Notes
Acknowledgments
7 Emotions of Environmental Justice
Emotions and the Production of Environmental Justice
Experiencing Environmental Injustice: Emotions and the Meaning of Environmental Harms
Grief: “Just Like Tearing My Heart Out”
Anger: “I Get Pissed Off”
Shame: “That Puts You in This Little Down Feeling”
Powerlessness and Hopelessness: “The Natural Thing Is to Feel Hopeless”
Emotions and Environmental Justice Mobilization
Emotions and Indigenous Solidarity
Emotions and Indigenous Resistance toEnvironmental Injustice
Emotions, Environmental Privilege, and Nonmobilization
In Closing
Deepening Our Understanding
References
8 Regulatory Culture Racial Ideologies and the Fight for Environmental Justice within Government Agencies
Methods
Staff Members’ Racialized Resistance to Agency Environmental Justice Reform Efforts
Colorblindness and Bureaucratic Neutrality
Post-racial Ideology
Racial Prejudice
Conclusion
Deepening Our Understanding
References
9 Geographies of Environmental Racism Capitalism, Pollution, and Public Health in Southern California
Critical Perspectives on the Role of Public Health in the Fight for Environmental Justice
Mapping Geographies of Environmental Racism
Spaces of Contestation and Speaking Truth to Power
Conclusion
Deepening Our Understanding
References
10 Environmental Justice and the Law
The Case Study of Flint, Michigan
What Counts as Environmental Justice Law?
Generally Applicable Laws That AdvanceEnvironmental Justice. Toxic Torts
Civil Rights Law: Private Causes of Action
Settlements and Supplemental Environmental Projects
Environmental Justice Laws
Executive Order 12898 and Federal Agency Regulations
State Laws
Local Ordinances
The Federal Housing Act and Flint’s Water Crisis
Deepening Our Understanding
References
Notes
11 Fair Housing and Health A Social Ecology Framework
Housing, Health, and Race
The Fair Housing Act and Residential Segregation
Zanesville and Modesto
The Social Ecology Model of Fair Housing
Equity-Oriented, Community-Based Collaborative Research
Conclusion
Deepening Our Understanding
References
12 For Tribal Peoples, Food Justice Requires Environmental Justice
Food Justice
First Foods: How Contaminated Fish and Breast Milk are a Threat to Environmental Reproductive Justice
Shifting the Standard: Heirloom Consumption Rates and Protecting Traditional Foods Consumers
Fighting Destructive Infrastructure in Order to Protect Traditional Foods
Conclusion: You Can’t have Food Justice, or Food Sovereignty, without Environmental Justice
Deepening Our Understanding
Suggested Film Resources
References
Note
13 Poverty, Prisons, Pollution, and Valley Fever
1st Letter
2nd Letter
The Environmental and Social Implications of Valley Fever
Situated Knowledge: An Environmental Justiceperspective on Valley Fever
A Former Prisoner’s Perspective of Valley Fever
Lessons Fromenvironmental Justice
Deepening Our Understanding
References
Note
14 Becoming Storms Indigenous Water Protectors Fight for the Future
Water
Mni Wiconi (Water is Life): Indigenous Relations with Water
Water and Settler Colonialism
Resistance: Strategic Protection of Water
Beneficial Uses
Asserting Jurisdiction
Next Steps / A Call to Action
Deepening Our Understanding
References
Note
15 Narratives of Struggle and Resistance in the Fight against Environmental Racism in African Nova Scotian Communities
The Case of Africville
Environmental Racism in African Nova Scotian Communities
African Nova Scotian Communities and Settler Colonialism
Shelburne
Lincolnville
The Geographic Patterning of Disease: Understanding the Role of Place in the Health of African Nova Scotians
A Structural-Determinants-of-Health Framework
Mobilizing and Activism in African Nova Scotian Communities
South End Environmental Injustice Society: The Morvan Road Landfill
Lincolnville Reserve Land Voice Council: The Second-Generation Landfill
Conclusion
Deepening Our Understanding
References
16 Fantastic Pragmatic The Enduring Effects of the 1993 Encounter between Black Panthers and Black Brazilian Activists
Conceptualizing Antiblack Genocide
The Diasporic Encounter (The Fantastic)
Confronting Antiblack Genocide (The Pragmatic)
Crafting Autonomy
The Popular Movement of Favelas and Operation Ghetto Storm
The Popular Movement of the Favelas
Operation Ghetto Storm
Conclusion: Challenges of The Fantastic Pragmatic
Deepening Our Understanding
References
Notes
17 From Dumping to Displacement New Frontiers for Just Sustainabilities
Frontiers of Environmental Injustice: Green Gentrification and Greenlining
Shifting Activisms
Urban Development in the Private Interest: Three Vignettes
Differing Forms of Urban Transformation and Differing Forms of Resistance
Bicycles as Transportation and Transit:Can Retrofitting Streets Retrofit Justice?
Gardens for Food in Food Deserts:Are Equity and Justice Intentions Enough?
Against Green Gentrification:Strategies for Just Sustainabilities
Deepening Our Understanding
References
18 Black Lives Matter as an Environmental Justice Challenge
My Personal Perspective on Race and Environmental Concerns
Environmental Justice Studiesand Black Lives Matter
Critical Environmental Justice and the Black Lives Matter Movement
First Pillar: Expandingthe Range of Social Categories
Second Pillar: Attending to the Value and Power of Scale
Third Pillar: Addressing Entrenched Inequalities and Institutional Power
Fourth Pillar: Indispensibility Over Expendability
Summary and Conclusion
Deepening Our Understanding
References
Conclusion
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matterand Idle No More
For me this book project marks a turning point for thinking more deeply about environmental justice and environmental racism. Its consequence is, in part, the outcome of my frustration with academia to theorize environmental injustice and environmental racism in a more meaningful way. The book is directed at undergraduate students. Many of them, like me, have experienced multiple forms of environmental injustice and environmental racism but struggle to make sense of what they are experiencing. This book is an effort to help them understand that they are not alone. This book is also directed at those who come from privileged environs, to help them understand that racism is so much more than intentional and hostile acts. As this book articulates, it is also rooted in white supremacy, white privilege, and institutional racism. I am deeply indebted to the authors who contributed to this pedagogical intervention. Their response to my poorly written outline was encouraging. And I am thrilled to write that the book is so much more than I imagined. I am sure you will agree.
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Bullard, R. D. (2000). Dumping in Dixie: Race, class and environmental quality (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Bullard, R. D. (2005). The quest for environmental justice: Human rights and the politics of pollution. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
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