Origin and Evolution of the Universe

Origin and Evolution of the Universe
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The book provides a broad overview of what we currently know about the Origin and Evolution of the Universe. The goal is to be scientifically comprehensive but concise. We trace the origins from the Big Bang and cosmic expansion, to the formation of galaxies, heavy elements, stars and planets as abodes for life. This field has made stunning progress since the first edition of this book. At that time, there were no known planets outside of our own Solar System (compared with the many thousands currently being studied). The origin of massive black holes was pure speculation (compared with the very recent detection of the first gravitational waves from space, produced by the cataclysmic merger of two surprisingly large black holes). And the most important energy in the Universe, now known as the Dark Energy which is accelerating the expansion, had not been discovered. We aim to bring lay readers with an interest in science 'up to speed' on all of these key discoveries that are part of the panorama of cosmic evolution, which has ultimately lead to our existence on Earth.<b>Contents:</b> <ul><li>The Origin of the Universe <i>(Edward L Wright)</i></li><li>The Origin and Evolution of Galaxies <i>(Alan Dressler)</i></li><li>The Origin and Evolution of the Chemical Elements <i>(Virginia Trimble)</i></li><li>Stellar Explosions, Netutron Stars, and Black Holes <i>(Alexei V Filippenko)</i></li><li>The Origin of Stars and Planets <i>(Fred C Adams)</i></li><li>The Origin and Evolution of Life in the Universe <i>(Christopher P McKay)</i></li></ul><br><b>Readership:</b> Science students, professionals and general public interested in astronomy.Astronomy;Big Bang;Cosmology;Galaxies;Stars;Supernovae;Planets;Extraterrestrial Life0<b>Key Features:</b><ul><li>Up-to-date coverage of many crucial scientific advances in the last few years</li><li>Written by leading researchers who have contributed in their specialties to our understanding of cosmic evolution</li><li>Compact treatments of key concepts of cosmic origins and evolution, accessible to a wide range of interested readers who do not necessarily hold college degrees in physical sciences</li></ul>

Оглавление

Группа авторов. Origin and Evolution of the Universe

Contents

Preface

Editors

Authors

Chapter 1. The Origin of the Universe

Introduction

Expansion of the Universe

Cosmic Background

Light Element Abundances

Horizons

Acoustic Scale

Current Research. Dark Matter

Dark Energy

Standard Model of Cosmology

Future of the Universe

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2. The Origin and Evolution of Galaxies

Introduction

What is a Galaxy?

The Shapes of Galaxies

The Ages of Stars in Galaxies

Witnessing the Origin of Different Galaxy Types

Galaxies and Giant Black Holes

How Did Galaxies Form? — The Basics

The Star Formation Histories of Galaxies

The Frontier of Galaxy Evolution

Further Reading

Chapter 3. The Origin and Evolution of the Chemical Elements. Virginia Trimble. Introduction

Historical Overview

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

Element Synthesis in Stars

The Major Burning Phases — Hydrogen

The Major Burning Phases — Helium

The Major Burning Phases — Heavy Elements

On Beyond Iron

A Few Loose Ends

Galactic Chemical Evolution

Simple Models and the G-Dwarf Problem

Habitable Planets and the Future

References

Chapter 4. Stellar Explosions, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes. Alexei V. Filippenko. Introduction

Stellar Explosions — Celestial Fireworks

How to Find a Supernova

Supernova Classification

Explosion Mechanism — Type Ia Supernovae

Explosion Mechanism — Type II, Type Ib, and Type Ic Supernovae

Supernova 1987A — A Gift from the Heavens

Testing the Theories

Neutrinos from Hell

Gamma-Ray Bursts

Mapping the Universe’s Expansion History

Neutron Stars

Observational Evidence

Millisecond and Binary Pulsars

Black Holes

Fun Facts about Black Holes

Detecting Black Holes

Myths about Black Holes

Conclusion

Further Reading. General Overview of Astronomy

Stellar Evolution and White Dwarfs

Supernovae

Neutron Stars and Pulsars

Black Holes

Interesting Web Sites on the Internet

Chapter 5. The Origin of Stars and Planets

Introduction

Star Formation in Molecular Clouds

Molecular Clouds — The Birthplace of Stars

The Formation of Molecular Cloud Cores

Molecular Cloud Cores — Initial Conditions for Collapse

Protostellar Collapse

Protostellar Radiation

The Protostellar to Stellar Transition

The Stellar Initial Mass Function

Summary of the Star-Formation Paradigm

Circumstellar Disks and Pre-Main-Sequence Stars

Radiation from Circumstellar Disks

Gravitational Instabilities

Realistic Simulations of Star/Disk Systems

Viscous Evolution of Circumstellar Disks

Summary of Disk Processes

Planet Formation

Formation of Planets by Accumulation

Formation of Planets by Gravitational Instability

Summary and Discussion

References

Chapter 6. The Origin and Evolution of Life in the Universe

Introduction

Life on Earth

The Search for Life Beyond the Earth

Exoplanets

Complex life and Technology in the Universe

Its life, Jim, but not as we know it

References

Glossary

Index

Отрывок из книги

Second Edition

Origin and Evolution of the Universe

.....

Consider now an observer 400,000 years after the Big Bang. The distance to the horizon is 3 ct, or about 1.2 million light years. This observer (really just a cloud of gas) will try to get in thermal equilibrium with the region it can see, which extends to a 1.2-million-light year radius. If thermal equilibrium can be achieved, a patch of constant temperature 1.2 million light years in radius can be created. This patch will grow to 1 billion light-years in radius as the Universe expands from 400,000 years after the Big Bang until now. But our horizon now is 40 billion light years in radius. Thus, the constant temperature patch subtends an angle of only 1/40 radian, which is only three times the diameter of the full moon. But we see an almost constant temperature over the entire sky. For a universe to be as isotropic (identical appearance in all directions) as the one we live in requires either very special initial conditions or a mechanism to force the temperature to be constant over the entire observable Universe.

The Big Bang model described above is in good agreement with the observed Universe, but it required very special initial conditions such as the following to explain two different facts:

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