An Illustrated Guide to Oral Histology

An Illustrated Guide to Oral Histology
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Learn more about the histological presentation of diseased and normal oral tissues with this high definition illustrated dental reference An Illustrated Guide to Oral Histology delivers a collection of high-definition histological and pathological images, presenting both diseased and normal oral tissues. The book provides over 200 high-magnification histomicrographs of oral tissues, as well as definitions and explanations of key identifying histological and pathological features of oral tissues. Readers will also benefit from explanations of the clinical significance of particular features, numerous images of ground sections, haemotoxylin- and eosin-stained sections, and electron images. It also includes core topics such as: An introduction to tooth development, including the bud, cap, early bell, and late bell stages A thorough exploration of enamel, dentin, cementum and dental pulp A discussion of the periodontal ligament, including alveolar crest fibers, horizontal, oblique, apical, and inter-radicular fibers, transseptal fibers, and gingival fibers A guide to alveolar bone, oral mucosa, and salivary glands Perfect for postgraduate dental students, An Illustrated Guide to Oral Histology will also be useful to undergraduate dental students, and those looking to improve their understanding of the microscopic structure of dental tissues and their pathologies.

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Группа авторов. An Illustrated Guide to Oral Histology

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

An Illustrated Guide to Oral Histology

Preface

Sample Preparation

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) Stained Sections

Micro‐computed Tomography (Micro‐CT)

Ground Sections

Scanning Electron Microscopy

About the Editors

List of Contributors

About the Companion Website

1 Tooth Development

1.1 Bud Stage

1.1.1 Description

1.1.2 Key Identifying Features

1.1.3 Clinical Significance

1.2 Cap Stage

1.2.1 Description

1.2.2 Key Identifying Features

1.2.3 Clinical Significance

1.3 Early Bell Stage

1.3.1 Description

1.3.2 Key Identifying Features

1.3.3 Clinical Significance

1.4 Late Bell Stage

1.4.1 Description

1.4.2 Key Identifying Features

1.4.3 Clinical Significance

1.5 Root Formation

1.5.1 Description

1.5.2 Key Identifying Features

1.5.3 Clinical Significance

1.6 Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI)

1.6.1 Description

1.6.2 Key Identifying Features

1.6.3 Clinical Considerations

1.7 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI)

1.7.1 Description

1.7.2 Key Identifying Features

1.7.3 Clinical Considerations

1.8 Dentin Dysplasia (DD)

1.8.1 Description

1.8.2 Key Identifying Features

1.8.3 Clinical Considerations

References

2 Dental Enamel

2.1 Surface Enamel and Ionic Substitution

2.1.1 Description

2.1.2 Key Identifying Features

2.1.3 Clinical Significance

2.2 Enamel Striae

2.2.1 Description

2.2.2 Key Identifying Features

2.2.3 Clinical Significance

2.3 Enamel Lamellae

2.3.1 Description

2.3.2 Key Identifying Features

2.3.3 Clinical Significance

2.4 Enamel Spindles

2.4.1 Description

2.4.2 Key Identifying Features

2.4.3 Clinical Significance

2.5 Enamel Tufts

2.5.1 Description

2.5.2 Key Identifying Features

2.5.3 Clinical Significance

2.6 Enamel Dentin Junction (EDJ)

2.6.1 Description

2.6.2 Key Identifying Features

2.6.3 Clinical Significance

2.7 Neonatal Line

2.7.1 Description

2.7.2 Key Identifying Features

2.7.3 Clinical Significance

2.8 Gnarled Enamel

2.8.1 Description

2.8.2 Key Identifying Features

2.8.3 Clinical Significance

2.9 Enamel Caries

2.9.1 Description

2.9.2 Key Identifying Features

2.9.3 Clinical Considerations

References

3 Dentin

3.1 Dentinal Tubules

3.1.1 Description

3.1.2 Key Identifying Features

3.1.3 Clinical Significance

3.2 Organic Matrix of Dentin

3.2.1 Description

3.2.2 Key Identifying Features

3.2.3 Clinical Significance

3.3 Primary and Secondary Curvatures of Tubules

3.3.1 Description

3.3.2 Key Identifying Features

3.3.3 Clinical Significance

3.4 Interglobular Dentin

3.4.1 Description

3.4.2 Key Identifying Features

3.4.3 Clinical Significance

3.5 Peritubular/Intratubular and Intertubular Dentin

3.5.1 Description

3.5.2 Key Identifying Features

3.5.3 Clinical Significance

3.6 Dead Tracts

3.6.1 Description

3.6.2 Key Identifying Features

3.6.3 Clinical Significance

3.7 Tertiary Dentin

3.7.1 Description

3.7.2 Key Identifying Features

3.7.3 Clinical Significance

3.8 Sclerotic Dentin

3.8.1 Description

3.8.2 Key Identifying Features

3.8.3 Clinical Significance

3.9 Tome's Granular Layer (TGL) 3.9.1 Description

3.9.2 Key Identifying Features

3.9.3 Clinical Significance

3.10 Dentin Caries

3.10.1 Description

3.10.2 Key Identifying Features

3.10.3 Clinical Considerations

References

4 Cementum

4.1 Acellular Cementum

4.1.1 Description

4.1.2 Key Identifying Features

4.1.3 Clinical Significance

4.2 Cellular Cementum. 4.2.1 Description

4.2.2 Key Identifying Features

4.2.3 Clinical Significance

4.3 Cementocytes and Lacunae

4.3.1 Description

4.3.2 Key Identifying Features

4.3.3 Clinical Significance

4.4 Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ)

4.4.1 Description

4.4.2 Key Identifying Features

4.4.3 Clinical Significance

4.5 Hypercementosis

4.5.1 Description

4.5.2 Key Identifying Features

4.5.3 Clinical Considerations

4.6 Cementoblastoma. 4.6.1 Description

4.6.2 Key Identifying Features

4.6.3 Clinical Considerations

4.7 Root Resorption

4.7.1 Description

4.7.2 Key Identifying Features

4.7.3 Clinical Considerations

References

5 Dental Pulp

5.1 Odontogenic Zone

5.1.1 Description

5.1.2 Key Identifying Features

5.1.3 Clinical Significance

5.2 Cell‐Free Zone of Weil

5.2.1 Description

5.2.2 Key Identifying Features

5.2.3 Clinical Significance

5.3 Cell‐Rich Zone

5.3.1 Description

5.3.2 Key Identifying Features

5.3.3 Clinical Significance

5.4 Pulp Core

5.4.1 Description

5.4.2 Key Identifying Features

5.4.3 Clinical Significance

5.5 Pulpal Fibrosis

5.5.1 Description

5.5.2 Key Identifying Features

5.5.3 Clinical Considerations

5.6 Pulp Stones

5.6.1 Description

5.6.2 Key Identifying Features

5.6.3 Clinical Considerations

5.7 Periapical Granuloma

5.7.1 Description

5.7.2 Key Identifying Features

5.7.3 Clinical Considerations

References

6 Periodontal Ligament

6.1 Gingival Fibers

6.1.1 Description

6.1.2 Key Identifying Features

6.1.3 Clinical Significance

6.2 Transseptal Fibers

6.2.1 Description

6.2.2 Key Identifying Features

6.2.3 Clinical Significance

6.3 Alveolar Crest Fibers

6.3.1 Description

6.3.2 Key Identifying Features

6.3.3 Clinical Significance

6.4 Horizontal Fibers

6.4.1 Description

6.4.2 Key Identifying Features

6.4.3 Clinical Significance

6.5 Oblique Fibers

6.5.1 Description

6.5.2 Key Identifying Features

6.5.3 Clinical Significance

6.6 Apical Fibers

6.6.1 Description

6.6.2 Key Identifying Features

6.6.3 Clinical Significance

6.7 Interradicular Fibers

6.7.1 Description

6.7.2 Key Identifying Features

6.7.3 Clinical Significance

6.8 Gingivitis. 6.8.1 Description

6.8.2 Key Identifying Features

6.8.3 Clinical Considerations

6.9 Periodontitis

6.9.1 Description

6.9.2 Key Identifying Features

6.9.3 Clinical Considerations

References

7 Alveolar Bone

7.1 Compact Bone

7.1.1 Description

7.1.2 Key Identifying Features

7.1.3 Clinical Significance

7.2 Circumferential Lamellae

7.2.1 Description

7.2.2 Key Identifying Features

7.2.3 Clinical Significance

7.3 Concentric Lamellae

7.3.1 Description

7.3.2 Key Identifying Features

7.3.3 Clinical Significance

7.4 Interstitial Lamellae. 7.4.1 Description

7.4.2 Key Identifying Features

7.4.3 Clinical Significance

7.5 Osteocytes and Lacunae

7.5.1 Description

7.5.2 Key Identifying Features

7.5.3 Clinical Significance

7.6 Haversian Canals

7.6.1 Description

7.6.2 Key Identifying Features

7.6.3 Clinical Significance

7.7 Volkmann's Canals

7.7.1 Description

7.7.2 Key Identifying Features

7.7.3 Clinical Significance

7.8 Osteons

7.8.1 Description

7.8.2 Key Identifying Features

7.8.3 Clinical Significance

7.9 Spongy Bone

7.9.1 Description

7.9.2 Key Identifying Features

7.9.3 Clinical Significance

7.10 Marrow Spaces

7.10.1 Description

7.10.2 Key Identifying Features

7.10.3 Clinical Significance

7.11 Osteoporosis. 7.11.1 Description

7.11.2 Key Identifying Features

7.11.3 Clinical Considerations

7.12 Osteomyelitis

7.12.1 Description

7.12.2 Key Identifying Features

7.12.3 Clinical Considerations

7.13 Osteoma. 7.13.1 Description

7.13.2 Key Identifying Features

7.13.3 Clinical Considerations

7.14 Osteitis Deformans (Paget's Disease)

7.14.1 Description

7.14.2 Key Identifying Features

7.14.3 Clinical Considerations

7.15 Osteosarcoma

7.15.1 Description

7.15.2 Key Identifying Features

7.15.3 Clinical Considerations

References

8 Oral Mucosa

8.1 Fungiform Papillae

8.1.1 Description

8.1.2 Key Identifying Features

8.1.3 Clinical Significance

8.2 Filiform Papillae

8.2.1 Description

8.2.2 Key Identifying Features

8.2.3 Clinical Significance

8.3 Circumvallate Papilla

8.3.1 Description

8.3.2 Key Identifying Features

8.3.3 Clinical Significance

8.4 Taste Buds

8.4.1 Description

8.4.2 Key Identifying Features

8.4.3 Clinical Significance

8.5 Keratinized Oral Epithelium

8.5.1 Description

8.5.2 Key Identifying Features

8.5.3 Clinical Significance

8.6 Parakeratinized Oral Epithelium. 8.6.1 Description

8.6.2 Key Identifying Features

8.6.3 Clinical Significance

8.7 Non‐Keratinized Oral Epithelium

8.7.1 Description

8.7.2 Key Identifying Features

8.7.3 Clinical Significance

8.8 Non‐Specific Ulcer

8.8.1 Description

8.8.2 Key Identifying Features

8.8.3 Clinical Considerations

8.9 Oral Lichen Planus

8.9.1 Description

8.9.2 Key Identifying Features

8.9.3 Clinical Considerations

8.10 Pemphigoid

8.10.1 Description

8.10.2 Key Identifying Features

8.10.3 Clinical Considerations

8.11 Lipoma

8.11.1 Description

8.11.2 Key Identifying Features

8.11.3 Clinical Considerations

8.12 Oral Epithelial Dysplasia. 8.12.1 Description

8.12.2 Key Identifying Features

8.12.3 Clinical Considerations

8.13 Oral Melanoma

8.13.1 Description

8.13.2 Key Identifying Features

8.13.3 Clinical Considerations

References

9 Salivary Glands

9.1 Serous Salivary Gland

9.1.1 Description

9.1.2 Key Identifying Features

9.1.3 Clinical Significance and Considerations

9.2 Mucous Salivary Gland

9.2.1 Description

9.2.2 Key Identifying Features

9.2.3 Clinical Significance and Considerations

9.3 Seromucous (Mixed) Salivary Gland

9.3.1 Description

9.3.2 Key Identifying Features

9.3.3 Clinical Significance and Considerations

9.4 Intercalated Ducts

9.4.1 Description

9.4.2 Key Identifying Features

9.4.3 Clinical Significance and Considerations

9.5 Striated Ducts. 9.5.1 Description

9.5.2 Key Identifying Features

9.5.3 Clinical Significance and Considerations

9.6 Excretory Ducts

9.6.1 Description

9.6.2 Key Identifying Features

9.6.3 Clinical Significance and Considerations

9.7 Sialadenitis

9.7.1 Description

9.7.2 Key Identifying Features

9.7.3 Clinical Considerations

9.8 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia

9.8.1 Description

9.8.2 Key Identifying Features

9.8.3 Clinical Considerations

9.9 Pleomorphic Adenoma

9.9.1 Description

9.9.2 Key Identifying Features

9.9.3 Clinical Considerations

9.10 Warthin Tumor

9.10.1 Description

9.10.2 Key Identifying Features

9.10.3 Clinical Considerations

References

Index

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Figure 1.9 H and E stained decalcified section showing the late bell stage of tooth development (white arrow, enamel; black arrow, dentin).

In the late bell stage, the tooth germ increases in size, and the hard tissues of the teeth start forming. The process of dentin formation is called dentinogenesis and it always precedes the process of enamel formation, i.e. amelogenesis. It is beyond the scope of this book to go into details of these processes but briefly, under the influence of inner enamel epithelium (which changes into pre‐ameloblasts), the adjacent peripheral cells of dental papilla become odontoblasts. These odontoblasts start secreting of pre‐dentin followed by dentin; this secretion stimulates pre‐ameloblasts to change into ameloblasts which start secreting the enamel matrix (which mineralizes and becomes dental enamel later). While secreting, odontoblasts move away from the secretion area, leaving behind their odontoblastic processes. Similarly, ameloblasts migrate away from dentin while secreting enamel matrix. It should be noted that the formation of these two tissues begins in the area of future cusps/incisal edges and then slopes downward. This is the stage where the commencement of root formation begins as well.

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