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Группа авторов. Carbon Nanofibers
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Carbon Nanofibers. Fundamentals and Applications
Foreword
Preface
1. An Introduction to Carbon Nanofiber
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 History of Carbon Fiber
1.1.2 What Is a Carbon Fiber?
Classification of carbon fibers based on precursor used to make them:
Classification of carbon fibers based on heat treatment temperature:
1.1.3 Structures of Carbon Fibers
1.1.4 Synthesis of Carbon Fibers
1.1.4.1 Carbon Fibers from PAN
1.1.5 Properties of Carbon Fibers
1.2 Properties of Carbon Nanofiber and How It Differs from Carbon Nanotube
1.2.1 History of CNF
1.2.2 Role of Surface States in Controlling the Properties of CNFs
1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanofiber (CNF)
1.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method
1.3.2 Precursors for CNF
1.3.3 Use of Catalyst in the Synthesis of CNF
1.3.4 Selection of Variable Parameters for Growth of CNF
1.3.5 Epitaxial Growth of Aligned CNF
1.3.6 Mechanism of CNF Synthesis
1.4 Properties of CNF and Its Composites
1.5 Applications of CNF
1.6 Health Hazards of CNF
1.7 Summary
References
2. Biogenic Carbon Nanofibers
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Plants as Source of Precursor for CNF Synthesis
2.2.1 Plant Parts
2.2.1.1 Fibrous Plant Material Used for Synthesizing CNF
2.2.1.2 Characterization of CNF Obtained by Pyrolysis of Plant Seeds
2.2.2 Plant Metabolites
2.2.2.1 Characterization of CNF Obtained by Pyrolysis of Plant Metabolites
2.3 CNF Derived from Parts of Different Plants and Their Applications
2.3.1 Hydrogen Storage in CNF
2.3.2 Removal of Heavy Metals by CNF
2.3.3 Microwave Absorption Capacity of CNF
2.3.4 CNF as Electrocatalysts for Microbial Energy Harvesting
2.3.5 CNF as Regenerative Medicine
2.3.6 CNF as Deodorizer
2.3.7 CNF Composites for Strong and Lightweight Material
2.3.8 Biogenic CNF as Supercapacitor
2.3.9 Plant-Derived CNM for Use in Coatings
2.4 Comparative Structure of Chemically and Biogenically Synthesized CNF. 2.4.1 CNF Synthesized from Chemical Precursors
2.4.2 CNF Synthesized from Plant Parts or Plant Metabolites as Precursors
2.5 Concluding Remarks
References
3. Role of Nanocatalysts in Synthesis of Carbon Nanofiber
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanocatalysts
3.2.1 Concept of Nanocatalysis
3.2.2 Metallic Nanoparticles (NP) as Catalyst
3.2.3 Types of Nanometals as Catalyst
3.2.3.1 Nanometal Colloids as Catalysts
3.2.3.2 Nanoclusters as Catalysts
3.2.3.3 Nanoparticles as Catalysts
3.2.3.4 Nanopowder as Catalysts
3.3 Methods for the Preparation of Nanoparticles
3.3.1 Hydrothermal Method of Metal Nanoparticles
3.3.2 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
3.3.3 Dendrimer-Assisted Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
3.3.4 Reverse Micelle Method of Metal Nanoparticles
3.3.5 Co-Precipitation Method of Metal Nanoparticles
3.3.6 Biogenic Synthesis (Green Synthesis) Method of Metal Nanoparticles
3.4 Role of Nanocatalyst in the Production of CNF
3.5 Different Types of CNF
3.6 Synthesis of Carbon Nanofiber (CNF) Using Nanocatalysts
3.6.1 Laser Ablation Method
3.6.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
3.6.3 Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS) or Combustion Synthesis (CS)
3.6.4 Floating Catalyst Method
3.6.5 Electrospinning Method
3.6.5.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
3.6.5.2 Pitch
3.6.5.3 Cellulose
3.7 Summary
References
4. Carbon Nanofiber and Polymer Conjugate
4.1 Introduction
4.2 What Is a Composite?
4.3 Polymers Used for Conjugating CNF
4.3.1 Starch
4.3.2 Cellulose
4.3.3 Collagen
4.3.4 Chitosan
4.3.5 Gelatin
4.3.6 Fibrin
4.3.7 Alginate
4.3.8 Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA)
4.3.9 Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG)
4.3.10 Poly Caprolactone (PCL)
4.3.11 Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)
4.3.12 Poly Glycerol Sebacate (PGS)
4.4 Approaches Involved in Synthesizing Polymer/ CNF Nanocomposites
4.5 Various CNF Composites
4.5.1 CNF/Epoxy Composites
4.5.2 CNF/Phenolic Resin Composites
4.5.3 CNF/Polyaniline (PANI) Composites
4.5.4 CNF/Poly (Ether Ether Ketone) Nanocomposite
4.5.5 CNF/Biopolymers Nanocomposites
4.5.6 CNT/CNF-Epoxy Nanocomposites
4.6 Possible Futuristic Applications of CNF/Polymer Composites
4.6.1 Sensors
4.6.2 Batteries
4.6.3 Food Packaging
4.7 Summary
References
5. Characterization of Carbon Nanofiber
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microscopic Characterization Techniques
5.2.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
5.2.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
5.2.3 Electron Microscopy for Morphology and Surface Characterization. 5.2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
5.2.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)
5.3 Spectroscopic Characterization
5.3.1 Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Carbon Nanofibers
5.4 Spectroscopic Analysis of CNF by XRD
5.5 Measurement of Mechanical Properties of CNF
5.5.1 Tensile Strength Testing/Tension Testing
5.5.2 Young’s Modulus
5.6 Optical Property Analysis of CNF
5.6.1 Ellipsometric Method for CNF and MCNF
5.6.2 UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometric Method for ACNF Analysis
5.6.3 Measuring Optical Band Gap
5.7 Thermal Properties and Thermal Effect Analysis. 5.7.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
5.7.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
5.7.3 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
5.7.4 Thermal Conductivity
5.8 Specific Surface Area (SSA) Determination of CNF
5.8.1 Methylene Blue (MB) Test
5.8.2 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) Specific Surface Areas
5.9 Characterization of Electrical Properties
5.9.1 Two-Probe and Four-Probe Methods for Resistivity Measurement
5.9.2 Four-Probe Methods for Resistivity Measurement
5.9.3 Tunneling Atomic Force Microscopy (TUNA) Analysis
5.9.4 Hall Effect Measurement
References
6. Carbon Nanofiber – A Potential Superconductor
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Superconductors
6.2.1 Theory of Superconductors
6.2.2 Measurement Technique of Superconductivity
6.2.3 Types of Superconductors
6.3 History of Existing Superconductors
6.4 Superconductivity in Organic Materials
6.5 Can Carbon Nanofiber Also Be a Possible Superconductor?
6.6 Summary
References
7. Carbon Nanofiber for Hydrogen Storage
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Hydrogen – Its Advantages and Disadvantages as Source of Energy
7.2.1 Advantages
7.2.2 Disadvantages
7.3 Methods of Hydrogen Storage
7.3.1 Storage of Liquid Hydrogen
7.3.2 Storage of Gaseous Hydrogen
7.3.2.1 In Metal Hydride Storage Tanks
7.3.2.2 Storage of Compressed Hydrogen in High-Pressure Tank
7.3.2.3 Hydrogen Storage in Glass Microspheres
7.3.2.4 Storage in Array of Glass Micro Tubules/Capillaries
7.3.2.5 Storage of Hydrogen in Chemicals
7.3.2.6 Storage of Hydrogen in Metal Amidoboranes
7.3.2.7 Storage of Hydrogen in Metal Organic Framework System
7.4 Different Forms of Carbon and Nanocarbon for Storage of Hydrogen
7.4.1 Activated Carbon
7.4.2 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs)
7.4.3 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)
7.4.4 Metal-Doped Carbon Nanotubes
7.4.5 Graphene and the Like
7.5 Carbon Fibers for Storage of Hydrogen
7.6 Pyrolyzed Natural Fibers from Plant/Animals to Store Hydrogen
7.6.1 Carbonization/Pyrolysis
7.7 Summary
References
8. Carbon Nanofiber for Microwave Absorption
8.1 The Need to Develop a Microwave Absorber
8.2 Types of Microwave Absorbers
8.2.1 Resonant Absorber
8.2.2 Broadband Absorbers
8.2.3 Magnetic Absorbers
8.2.4 Dielectric Absorber
8.2.5 Metal Absorber
8.3 Considerations for Nano Absorbers
8.3.1 Nanoferrite Absorber
8.3.1.1 Limitations of Ferrites
8.4 The Radars. 8.4.1 Detection and Ranging
8.4.2 Multi-Band 3D Radar
8.4.3 Quantum Radar
8.4.4 LIDAR (Light Imaging Detection & Ranging)
8.5 Role of CNF in Microwave Absorption
8.6 Need for Fabricating a CNF and Polymer Composite
8.7 Summary
References
9. Carbon Nanofiber for Removal of Dye from Aqueous Medium
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Morphology of Biogenic and Chemically Synthesized CNFs from Different Precursors
9.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method (CVD)
9.2.2 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD)
9.2.3 Electrospinning of Polymer Fibers
9.3 Novel Dye Removal Properties of CNF
9.4 Absorption of Different Dyes
9.5 Summary
References
10. Carbon Nanofiber to Remove Heavy Metals from Aqueous Medium
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 What Are Heavy Metals?
10.1.2 List of Heavy Metals
10.1.3 Sources of Heavy Metals
10.2 Are Heavy Metals Essential for Living Beings?
10.2.1 Damaging Effect of Heavy Metals on Biosystem
10.2.1.1 Arsenic
10.2.1.1.1 Hazards of Human Exposure to Arsenic
10.2.1.2 Cadmium
10.2.1.2.1 Hazards of Human Exposure to Cadmium
10.2.1.3 Chromium
10.2.1.3.1 Hazards of Human Exposure to Chromium
10.2.1.4 Lead
10.2.1.4.1 Hazards of Human Exposure to Lead
10.2.1.5 Mercury
10.2.1.5.1 Hazards of Human Exposure to Mercury
10.2.2 Heavy Metal and Soil Toxicity
10.2.3 Heavy Metal and Plant Toxicity
10.2.4 Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Environment
10.3 Methods Used for Removal of Heavy Metals
10.3.1 Adsorption
10.3.1.1 Adsorption on New Adsorbents
10.3.1.2 Adsorption on Modified Natural Materials
10.3.1.3 Adsorption on Industrial By-Products
10.3.1.4 Adsorption on Modified Agricultural and Biological Wastes (Biosorption)
10.3.1.5 Adsorption on Modified Biopolymers and Hydrogels
10.3.2 Membrane Separation/Filtration
10.3.3 Electrodialysis and Photocatalysis
10.3.4 Chemical Oxidation and Advanced Oxidation
10.3.5 Chemical Precipitation
10.3.6 Chemical Coagulation
10.3.7 Chemical Stabilization
10.3.8 Ion Exchange
10.3.9 Waste LCD Panel Glass
10.3.10 Electrolytic Recovery or Electrowinning
10.3.11 Electrodialysis
10.3.12 Photocatalysis
10.4 Evaluation of Heavy Metals Removal Processes
10.5 Role of CNF in Removing Heavy Metals
10.5.1 Suitability of Chemically Synthesized CNF for Heavy Metal Removal
10.5.2 Suitability of Biogenic CNF
10.6 CNF to Remove Heavy Metals
10.7 Summary
References
11. Carbon Nanofiber as Electrode in Li-Ion Battery
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Why Lithium?
11.2 Types of Lithium-Ion Batteries
11.2.1 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Battery
11.2.2 Lithium Cobalt Oxide Battery
11.2.3 Lithium Manganese Oxide Battery
11.2.4 Lithium-Titanate Battery
11.2.5 Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery
11.3 Theory of Generation of Power in Lithium Battery
11.3.1 Positive Electrode or Cathode
11.3.2 Negative Electrode Anode
11.3.3 Electrolyte
11.4 Role of Carbon, Lithium and Cobalt in Li-Battery
11.4.1 Advantages of LIB
11.4.2 Disadvantages of LIB
11.5 Role of CNF in Lithium Battery and Possibility of Increasing Its Efficiency
11.6 Recent Advances in Lithium Battery Utilizing Carbon Nanomaterial and CNF
11.6.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
11.6.2 Walnut Shell
11.6.3 FeOx-CNT/CNF Composite
11.6.4 Carbon Nanobeads (CNB) from Camphor
11.6.5 Tea Leaves
11.6.6 Various Carbon Materials
11.7 Summary
References
12. Carbon Nanofiber and Photovoltaic Solar Cell
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Formation of a Semiconducting Material
12.2.1 Introduction to P-N Junction
12.3 Semiconductors for Solar Cell
12.4 Attempts Made in Making Carbon-Based Solar Cell
12.5 Is CNF a Suitable Material for Solar Cell?
12.6 Summary
References
13. Application of Carbon Nanofiber in Antenna
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Radiation Types and Characteristics of Antenna
13.2.1 Radiation Density
13.2.2 Radiation Pattern
13.2.3 Directivity
13.2.4 Gain
13.2.5 Effective Area
13.2.6 Input Impedance
13.2.7 Impedance Matching
13.2.8 Return Loss and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
13.3 Carbon Nanomaterial
13.4 Application of Carbon Nanofibers in Antenna
13.5 Summary
References
14. Carbon Nanofiber in Cosmetics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 What Is a Nanocosmetic
14.3 Cosmetics with Nanoparticles in Today’s Market
14.4 Nanoparticles Used in Cosmetics
14.4.1 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
14.4.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
14.4.3 Gold Nanoparticles
14.4.4 Silver Nanoparticles
14.4.5 Selenium Nanoparticles
14.5 Nano-Compositions Used for Loading and Delivery of Nanoparticle
14.5.1 Nanoliposomes
14.5.2 Solid Liquid Nanoparticles (SLN)
14.5.3 Cubosomes
14.5.4 Dendrimers
14.5.5 Nanocrystals
14.6 Cosmetics Containing Carbon Nanomaterials
14.6.1 Nanoforms of Carbon for Cosmetics Used in Ancient India that Still Prevail Today: Herbal Kajal/Kohl
14.6.2 Carbon-Based Cosmetics
14.6.3 Contemporary Cosmetics Using Carbon
14.7 Can Activated Carbon, Carbon Black and Carbon Nanotubes Be Replaced with CNF for Use in Cosmetics?
14.8 Summary
References
15. Carbon Nanofiber in Regenerative Medicine
15.1 Introduction. 15.1.1 Tissue Engineering – Concept in a Nutshell
15.1.2 Why Carbon Nanotubes Are Versatile Scaffolds
15.2 Cell Tracking and Labeling
15.2.1 Optical Labeling
15.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Contrast Agent
15.2.3 Radio Labeling
15.3 Sensing Cellular Behavior
15.4 Augmenting Cellular Behavior
15.5 Carbon Nanotubes as Structural Support for Tissue Engineering
15.6 Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanofiber (CNF)
15.7 Biocompatibility of Carbon Nanofibers
15.7.1 CNTs with Neuronal Cells
15.7.2 CNTs with Osteoblast Cell
15.7.3 CNTs with Antibody Interactions
15.7.4 Ion Channel Interactions with CNTs
15.8 Dispersion of Carbon Nanofibers
15.8.1 Sonication
15.8.2 Stabilization with Surfactant
15.8.3 Covalent Functionalization
15.9 Summary
References
16. Carbon Nanofibers and Agro-Technology
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 The Importance of Nanoscale
16.1.2 Carbon Nanomaterials
16.2 Carbon Nanofibers
16.3 Carbon Nanofiber and Agriculture
16.3.1 CNF for Plant Growth and Crop Yield
16.3.1.1 Seed Germination
16.3.1.2 CNF as Fertilizer
16.3.1.3 CNF as Plant Growth Stimulator
16.3.2 CNF for Plant Protection
16.3.2.1 CNF as Antimicrobial and Antifungal for Surface Coating
16.3.2.2 CNF as Support for Pesticides, Herbicides and Insecticides
16.3.3 CNF for Soil Improvement
16.3.4 CNF for Controlled Environment Agriculture
16.3.5 CNF for Precision Farming
16.3.5.1 CNF and Nanosensors for Diagnostics in Agriculture
16.4 Summary
References
Index
Also of Interest. Check out the other titles in the “Advances in Nanotechnology & Applications” series
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