Оглавление
Группа авторов. Equine Reproductive Procedures
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Equine Reproductive Procedures
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Reproductive Evaluation
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Examination Technique. Identification
Reproductive History
Physical Examination
Perineal Conformation
Estrous Detection
Palpation Per Rectum
Ultrasonography Per Rectum
Vaginal Speculum Examination
Digital Examination of the Cervix
Uterine Culture
Endometrial Cytology
Endometrial Biopsy
Other Tests
Additional Comments
Further Reading
2 Teasing
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Individual Teasing
Group Teasing
Behavioral Responses
Box 2.1 Common Behavioral Characteristics of Mares in Estrus
Box 2.2 Common Behavioral Characteristics of Mares in Diestrus
Records
Silent Estrus
Additional Comments
Further Reading
3 Tail Wrap and Preparation/Washing of the Perineum
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Placement of a Tail Wrap
Washing Perineum Technique
Interpretation
4 Placement of a Tail Rope
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique for Tying a Tail Rope
Technique for Using an Elastic Cord to Tie the Mare’s Tail to the Stocks
Further Reading
5 Perineal Conformation Evaluation
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
6 Removal of a Persistent Hymen
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
7 Palpation of the Reproductive Tract
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Palpation Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
8 Ultrasound Evaluation
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation. Ovarian Ultrasound Features
Uterine Ultrasound Features
Further Reading
9 Prediction of Ovulation
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
10 Speculum Examination of the Vagina
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
11 Digital Examination of the Vagina/Cervix
Introduction
Stage of Cycle
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
12 Uterine Culture Collection: Swab/Brush
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
13 Antimicrobiotic Sensitivity Testing
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Further Reading
14 Microbiology: Microbial Culture
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Further Reading
15 Microbiology: Gram Stain
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
16 qPCR Assay for the Diagnosis of Infectious Endometritis
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Sample Collection Technique
qPCR and DNA Sequencing: The Basics
Interpretation of qPCR Data
Additional Comments
Further Reading
17 Uterine Cytology Collection: Swab/Brush
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Uterine Epithelial Cells
Debris
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Bacteria
Fungal Organisms
Further Reading
18 Uterine Culture/Cytology: Low Volume Lavage
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
19 Endometrial Biopsy
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Biopsy Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
20 Hysteroscopic Examination of the Uterus
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
21 Endometrial Cyst Removal
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Techniques. General Preparation
Snare Removal
Endoscope Preparation
Laser Removal
Electrocautery Cyst Removal
Cyst Removal Using a Uterine Biopsy Instrument
Needle Removal
Interpretation
Further Reading
22 Chromosomal Analysis
Introduction
Chromosomal Analysis Techniques. Sample collection and shipping
Peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures
Primary fibroblast cultures
Stem cell lines
Cell harvest
Chromosome preparations
Giemsa staining
G‐banding
C‐banding
Microscopy and image analysis
Other Procedures
Chromosome Analysis Time Line
Advanced Chromosome Analysis
International Horse Clinical Cytogenetic Laboratories
Additional Comments and Future Perspectives
References
Further Reading
23 Endocrinological Examination
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
24 Laparoscopic Examination of the Female Reproductive Track with Ovarian Biopsy
Introduction
Technique
Ovarian Biopsy Technique
Further Reading
25 Evaluation of the Mammary Gland
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Techinque
Further Reading
26 Antisperm Antibody Testing
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
27 Starch Granule Test for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
28 Fluorescent Microspheres Test for Evaluation of Oviductal Patency
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Transvaginal Ultrasound Technique
Laparoscope Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
29 Oviductal Flush Procedure for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency
Introduction
Retrograde Oviductal Flush (Laparotomy Approach) Technique
Comments
Equipment and Supplies
Retrograde oviductal flush, laparotomy approach
Normograde oviductal flush, laparotomy approach
Normograde oviductal flush, laparoscopic approach
Retrograde oviductal flush, hysteroscopic approach
Optional (vaginotomy)
Normograde Oviductal Flush (Laparotomy Approach) Technique
Comments
Normograde Oviductal Flush (Laparoscopic Approach) Technique
Comments
Additional Comments
References
Further Reading
30 Prostaglandin E2 Treatment for Blocked Oviducts
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
References
Further Reading
31 Prostaglandin E1 Treatment for Blocked Oviducts
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
32 Hysteroscopic Hydrotubation of the Oviducts
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Further Reading
33 Transvaginal Ovarian Biopsy
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
34 Uterine Lavage
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additives to the Lavage Solution
Interpretation
Further Reading
35 Uterine Infusion
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
36 Therapeutics for Infectious Endometritis
Introduction
Acute Bacterial Endometritis
Intrauterine Antibiotic Therapy
Systemic Antibiotic Therapy
Follow‐Up Examination
Additional Therapy
References
37 Bacterial Biofilm and Endometritis
Introduction
Equine Biofilms
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment Options for Biofilms
Further Reading
38 Latent Uterine Bacterial Infections
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation of Findings and Selection of Antibiotics
Disclosure
References
39 Acupuncture in Mare Reproduction
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Restraint and Tranquilization
Pre‐ and Post‐Breeding Uterine Fluid Technique. Acupuncture Points
Procedure
Treatment Regime
Urine Poolers
Acupuncture Points
Procedure
Pregnancy Maintenance
Potential Points for Treating Liver Blood Stasis
Potential Acupuncture Points for Treating Spleen Qi Deficiency
Potential Acupuncture Points for Treating Kidney Jing Deficiency
Potential Acupuncture Points for Use During Mare Pregnancy
Additional Comments
References
Further Reading
40 Restraint for Breeding
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
41 Natural Service: Pasture Breeding
Introduction
Pasture Breeding Programs
Further Reading
42 Natural Service: In‐hand Breeding
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies. Items for the mare
Items for the stallion
Items for breeding shed personnel
Items for semen analysis
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
43 Breeding Stitches
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Techniques. Technique 1
Technique 2
Additional Comments
Further Reading
44 Reinforcement Breeding
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Box 44.1 The Jockey Club, Registry, Section V, Rule 1D
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
45 Breeding with Fresh or Cooled Semen
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Pre‐Insemination Technique
Insemination Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
46 Insemination Through a Vaginal Speculum
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
47 Breeding with Frozen Semen
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Administration of an Ovulation Induction Agent
Management Strategy with One Dose of Semen Available per Cycle
Management Strategy with Two Doses of Semen Available per Cycle
Breeding Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
48 Deep Horn Insemination
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
49 Hysteroscopic (Low Dose) Insemination
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
50 Transvaginal Oocyte Pickup
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
51 Packaging and transport of oocytes
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
52 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
53 Caslick Operation or Vulvoplasty
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Initial Stage of Technique
Temporary Staple Technique
Comments
Permanent Suture Technique
Comments
Further Reading
54 Contagious Equine Metritis Testing
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Mare Diagnosis
Mare Treatment
Stallion Diagnosis
Stallion Treatment
Further Reading
55 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Artificial Photoperiod
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
56 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Hormone Therapy
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Ovulation‐Inducing Agents
Progesterone and Progestin
Prolactin
Dopamine Antagonists
Additional Comments
Further Reading
57 Hormone Therapy in Cycling Mares
Introduction
Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone and GnRH Agonists
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Progesterone and Progestins
Estrogens
Prostaglandins. Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
Oxytocin
Dopamine Antagonists (Domperidone and Sulpiride)
Further Reading
58 Estrus Suppression
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
59 Intrauterine Devices for Estrus Suppression
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
General Preparation
Technique for Intrauterine Ball Placement
Technique of IUB Removal
Technique for iUPODTM Placement
Technique for iUPODTM Retrieval
Interpretation
References
Further Reading
60 Immunocontraception
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
61 Harvesting and Shipping Ovaries for Oocyte Recovery
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Further Reading
62 Embryo Collection
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Flush Procedure
Embryo Search
“Extra Flush” Procedure
Washing the Embryo
Interpretation
Futher Reading
63 Embryo Evaluation
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Developmental Stages
Embryo Grading
Determination of Embryo Size
Further Reading
64 Embryo Biopsy
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Further Reading
65 Embryo Packaging for Cooled Transport
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique for Packaging Embryos for Cooled Transport
Technique for Receiving and Handling a Shipped Embryo
Additional Comments
Further Reading
66 Embryo Cryopreservation
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Initial Preparation Steps
Vitrification Technique
Warming (Thawing) and Transfer Technique
Additional Comments
Reference
Further Reading
67 Non‐Surgical Embryo Transfer
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies. Option 1 (small embryos)
Option 2 (large embryos)
All transfers
Transfer Technique. Preparation of the Recipient Mare
Transfer Procedure
Examination of the Transfer Instrument After Transfer
Management of the Recipient Mare After Transfer
Additional Comments
Further Reading
68 Autogenous Transfer of ICSI‐Derived Embryos
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
69 Palpation per Rectum of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Additional Comments
Further Reading
70 Ultrasound Examination of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
71 Speculum Examination of the Pregnant Mare
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Additional Comments: Potential Risks
Further Reading
72 Determination of Fetal Sex at 55–200 days
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique: 55–90 Days of Gestation
Technique: 90–150 Days of Gestation
Technique: After 150 Days of Gestation
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
73 Assessment of Late‐Term Fetal Well‐Being
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
74 Combined Thickness of the Uterus and Placenta
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Reference
Further Reading
75 Placentitis: Diagnosis and Treatment
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Diagnosis
Interpretation
Therapy for Placentitis
References
Further Reading
76 Doppler Ultrasonography
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique for Assessing a Pregnant Mare and Fetus
Technique for Assessing a Stallion
Technique for Assessing Ovaries
Further Reading
77 Prediction of Fetal Age
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Palpation Characteristics of the pregnant uterus
Embryo Characteristics
Aortic Root Diameter
Fetal Biparietal Diameter
Fetal Heart Rate
Fetal Eye Measurement
References
Further Reading
78 Twin Reduction: Manual Technique
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
79 Twin Reduction: Transvaginal Aspiration
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
80 Twin Reduction: Cranio‐Cervical Dislocation
Introduction
Technique. Transrectal Technique (Performed at 60–75 Days of Gestation)
Transabdominal Technique (Performed at 70–110 Days of Gestation)
Colpotomy Technique (Performed at 60–95 Days of Gestation)
Interpretation
Advantages of CCD
Disadvantages of CCD
Further Reading
81 Twin Reduction: Thoracic Compression
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
82 Twin Reduction: Transabdominal Fetal Cardiac Puncture
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
83 Elective Termination of Pregnancy
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Termination of an Early Pregnancy (Prior to Day 35)
Termination of Pregnancy Between Days 35 and 120
Termination of a Mid to Late Gestation Pregnancy. Pharmacological technique
Manual technique
Other Methods to Terminate an Equine Pregnancy
Interpretation
Further Reading
84 Abortion Diagnostic Evaluation: Sample Collection in the Field and Submission
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Submission Protocols
Samples for Submission. Mare
Foal
Placenta
Further Reading
85 Endocrine Evaluation of Pregnancy
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Hormonal Tests for Pregnancy
Progesterone
Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin
Estrogens
Relaxin
Testosterone
Additional Comments
Reference
Further Reading
86 Treatment of Vaginal Varicosities
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique for Endoscopic Examination
Technique for Laser Photocoagulation of Varicosities Using an Nd:YAG Laser
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
87 Manual Correction of Uterine Torsion
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique for Manual Rotation of the Uterus Through the Cervix
Technique for Rolling (“Plank in the Flank”)
Interpretation
Further Reading
88 Preparation for Foaling
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
89 Assessment of Mammary Gland Secretions to Predict Foaling
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Calcium Testing of Milk. Milk titration test kit
Interpretation of titration
Milk test strips (“Predict‐A‐Foal”)
Interpretation of test strips
Comments
Sodium/Potassium Testing of Milk
Further Reading
90 Assessment of pH of Mammary Gland Secretions to Predict Foaling
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
pH Indicator Strip Testing
pH Meter Testing
Additional Comments
Further Reading
91 Monitoring of Peri‐Parturient Mares Using Video and Web Cameras
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Wired Camera Systems
Wireless Camera Systems
Internet/Web‐Based Camera Systems
Interpretation
92 Foaling Alert: Vulvar Device
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
93 Positional Labor Alert Devices
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Halter Devices
Halter Device Technique
Girth Device Technique
Biometric Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
94 Induction of Parturition
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
95 Normal Foaling
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
96 Premature Separation of the Placenta
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
97 Dystocia Management
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
98 Dystocia Correction
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Elbow Lock
Head and Neck Flexion
Foot Nape
Carpal Flexion
Shoulder Flexion
Posterior Presentation
Hock Flexion
Hip Flexion
Transverse Presentation
Further Reading
99 Fetotomy
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Fetotomy Instruments
Technique
Specific Fetotomy Cuts
Additional Comments
Further Reading
100 Epidural
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
101 Induction of Lactation to Create a Nurse Mare
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
102 Screening to Prevent Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
103 Evaluation of Colostrum Specific Gravity
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Colostrometer Design 1
Colostrometer Design 2
Interpretation
Further Reading
104 Evaluation of Colostrum Quality: Brix Refractometry
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
105 Colostrum Banking
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
106 Obtaining Milk from the Mare
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Hand Milking Technique
Milk Pump Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
107 Placental Evaluation
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
108 Removal of Retained Placenta
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
109 Abdominocentesis
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Teat Cannula Technique
Needle Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
110 Uterine Prolapse Treatment
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Immediate Prolapse Treatment
Technique for Replacing a Uterine Prolapse
Interpretation
Further Reading
111 Buhner Needle Placement of a Perivulvar Suture
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
112 Breeding Soundness Evaluation
Introduction
Examination Technique. Identification
Reproductive History
Physical Examination
Examination of External Genitalia
Examination of Internal Genitalia
Evaluation for Venereal Disease
Libido and Mating Ability
Semen Evaluation
Gross evaluation of semen quality
pH
Volume
Concentration
Motility
Morphology
Other Tests
Daily Sperm Output
Interpretation and Additional Comments
113 Training the Stallion to Use a Phantom
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
114 Missouri Artificial Vagina
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
115 Colorado Model Artificial Vagina
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique for Assembly of the Colorado Model Artificial Vagina
Additional Comments
Further Reading
116 Roanoke Artificial Vagina
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
117 Hannover Artificial Vagina
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
References
118 Teaser Stallions
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
119 Standing Semen Collection
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
120 Collection of Semen Using an Open‐Ended Artificial Vagina
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
121 Chemical Ejaculation
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
122 Preparation of a Jump Mare or a Mare for Natural Cover
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
123 Washing the Penis
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
124 Evaluation of Sexual Behavior
Introduction
Evaluation of Sexual Behavior. Stimuli
Behavior Training
Further Reading
125 Enhancement of Sexual Interest and Response
Introduction
General Health and Fitness
Housing and Breeding Environment
Handling for Breeding
Stimulus Mare
Endocrine Strategies for Boosting Stallion Sexual Interest and Arousal
Psychotropics/Anxiolytics
Further Reading
126 Management of Ejaculation Difficulty
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Handling for Breeding
Techniques for Enhancing Ejaculation
Pharmacological Aids
Ground Semen Collection
Additional Comments
Further Reading
127 Calibrated Spectrophotometer Evaluation of Sperm Concentration
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique Using a Cuvette
Technique Using a Microcuvette
Technique Using a Chip
Interpretation
Further Reading
128 Hemocytometer Evaluation of Sperm Concentration
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
129 NucleoCounter® Evaluation of Sperm Concentration and Viability
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Box 129.1 Calculation of Percent Viability for a Semen Sample
Technique. Total Cell Count
Viability Count
Additional Comments
Further Reading
130 Visual Evaluation of Sperm Motility
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
131 Computer‐Assisted Sperm Analysis
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Motility Estimation Method 1
Motility Estimation Method 2 (SpermVision®)
Additional Comments
Further Reading
132 Eosin‐Nigrosin Staining in the Evaluation of Sperm
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Semen Staining Technique
Technique 1
Technique 2
Semen Smearing Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
133 Evaluation of Sperm Morphology
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Classification of Sperm Abnormalities
Abnormal Sperm Morphology
Head Defects
Midpiece Defects
Principal Piece Defects
Tail Defects
Other Cells
Interpretation
Additional Comments
Further Reading
134 Determination of Daily Sperm Output
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Reference
Further Reading
135 Measurement of Testicular Size and Estimation of Daily Sperm Output
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Box 135.1 Example of a Daily Sperm Output Calculation
Reference
Further Reading
136 Wet Mount Evaluation of Sperm
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Preparation of a Wet Mount
Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy
Phase‐Contrast Microscopy
Interpretation
Further Reading
137 Diff‐Quik® Evaluation of Round Cells and Sperm
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique. Assessment of Round Cells
Assessment of Spermatozoal Morphology
Rinsing of the Slides
Interpretation
Further Reading
138 Electron Microscopy of Constituents of Seminal Ejaculates
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
References
139 Bacterial Culture
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique. Culturing a Stallion’s External Genitalia
Culturing Fresh Cooled Semen
Culturing Frozen Semen
Interpretation
Further Reading
140 Evaluation of pH and Osmolarity of Semen
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique. pH Measurement
Osmolarity Measurement
Additional Comments
Further Reading
141 Alkaline Phosphatase: A Marker for Ejaculation
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
142 Diagnosis and Management of Urospermia
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Testing for Urospermia
Technique for the Management of Urospermia
Interpretation
Further Reading
143 Hemospermia
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
144 Semen Extenders and Sperm Media
Semen Extenders
Extender Components
Antimicrobial agents
Seminal plasma
Skim Milk Glucose Extender. Ingredients
Preparation
Sperm Media
Sperm TALP (Parrish et al . 1988) Ingredients
Preparation
Sperm Medium (SMED) (Wilhelm et al . 1996) Ingredients
Preparation
References
Further Reading
145 Preparation of Semen for Cooled Transport
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Total Spermatozoa Calculation
Progressively Motile Spermatozoa Calculation
Final Product
Interpretation
Semen Extension Worksheet
Box 145.1 Semen Extension Calculations. Rules
Quick calculations
Quick calculations
Further Reading
146 Packing Semen for Cooled Transport
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
147 Longevity Testing of Sperm
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Raw Semen Longevity
Interpretation
Cooled Extended Semen Longevity
Interpretation
Additional Comments
Further Reading
148 Calculation of g Force for Centrifuging Semen
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique. Centrifuge with no Rotation Speed Gauge
Centrifuge with Revolutions per Minute Gauge but no g Force Designation
Reference
149 Centrifugation of Semen: Standard Technique
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Option 1: Removal of Most of the Supernatant
Option 2: Removal of the Entire Supernatant (Seminal Plasma Plus Extender)
Alternative Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
150 Centrifugation of Semen: Cushion Technique
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Box 150.1 Predictors and time frames in propensity modeling
Further Reading
151 Centrifugation of Semen: Selection of Motile Sperm Using a Single Layer Colloid Technique
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
152 Use of a SpermFilter
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
153 Semen Freezing
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique for Loading Straws with Extended Semen
Technique for Freezing Straws of Extended Semen
Lactose‐EDTA Extender
Skim Milk/Egg Yolk Extender
Option 1: Cool the semen after loading into straws
Option 2: Cooling the entire aliquot of semen prior to loading into straws
Additional Comments
Further Reading
154 Refreezing Semen
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
155 Thawing Frozen Semen
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
156 Semen Processing for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Sperm Processing Techniques
Swim‐Up. Whole straw
Cut straw
Washing
Density Centrifugation. Single layer procedure
Density gradient procedure
Density Centrifugation Plus Swim‐Up
Final Sperm Preparation
Additional Comments
References
157 Preparing a Vapor Shipper
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Disinfection Technique
Filling Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
158 Loading a Vapor Shipper
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Preparing a Goblet or Cane for Loading When Only Sending a Partial Goblet
Interpretation
Further Reading
159 Maintaining a Long‐Term Frozen Semen Storage Tank
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
160 International Transport of Frozen Semen
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Qualification as an Approved Semen Collection Center
General Guidelines for Approval as an EU Equine Semen Collection Center
Health Testing Requirements for Horses at the Collection Center
Semen Processing Requirements
Export Documentation
EU Approved Semen Collection Centers vs Semen Storage Centers
Additional Comments
161 Harvesting and Shipping Testes
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
162 Epididymal Sperm Recovery
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Harvesting Epididymal Sperm: Option 1
Harvesting Epididymal Sperm: Option 2
Alternative Seminal Plasma Processing
Interpretation
Further Reading
163 Endoscopic Examination of the Urethra
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Additional Comments
Further Reading
164 Endoscopic‐Guided Cannulation of the Seminal Vesicles
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
165 Palpation and Ultrasonography of the Testis, Epididymis, and Spermatic Cord
Introduction
Safety and Restraint
Technique
Interpretation. Palpation
Ultrasonography
Additional Comments
Reference
Further Reading
166 Palpation and Ultrasonography of the Accessory Sex Glands
Introduction
Anatomy
Equipment and Supplies
Safety and Restraint
Technique
Interpretation
Pathology of the Accessory Sex Glands
Additional Comments
References
Further Reading
167 Radiographic Examination of the Penis
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique. Urethral Evaluation
Corpus Cavernosum Evaluation (Caverosography)
Additional Comments
Further Reading
168 Testicular Biopsy and Aspiration
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique for an Incisional (Wedge) Biopsy
Technique for a Split Needle Biopsy
Technique for Fine Needle Aspiration
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
169 Assessment of Sperm Plasma Membrane Integrity and Viability: Propidium Iodide/SYBR‐14
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Stock Solutions
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
170 Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
171 Hypo‐Osmotic Swelling Test
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
172 Assessment of Sperm Acrosomal Status: PE‐PNA
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Stock Solutions
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
173 Assessment of Sperm Mitochondrial Function: JC‐1 and Rhodamine 123
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Stock Solutions
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
174 Equine Viral Arteritis Testing
Introduction
Technique
Treatment
Outcome and Prognosis
Prevention
Client Education
References
Further Reading
175 Diagnostic Endocrinology: Baseline Hormone Levels
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
176 Diagnostic Endocrinology: GnRH Stimulation Tests
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
177 Diagnostic Endocrinology: hCG Stimulation Test
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
178 Diagnostic Endocrinology: Estrogen Conjugate Assay
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
179 Diagnostic Tests for Cryptorchidism
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
180 Probang Apparatus
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
181 Support Apparatus for Paraphimosis
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Bottle Technique
Mesh Technique
Preputial Purse‐String Suture
Interpretation
Further Reading
182 Equine Castration Techniques
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Additional Comments
Further Reading
183 Stallion Acupuncture
Introduction
Equipment and supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
184 Birth Resuscitation
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Birth Resuscitation Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
185 Handling and Restraint
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique. Standing Restraint
Leading the Foal
Lateral Recumbency
Madigan Squeeze Method
Imprint Training
Additional Comments
Further Reading
186 Madigan Foal Squeeze Technique
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
187 Evaluation of Passive Transfer
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Single Radial Immunodiffusion Test
Glutaraldehyde Coagulation Test
Zinc Sulfate Turbidity Test
Latex Agglutination Test
Enzyme Immunoassay
Turbidimetric Immunoassay
Further Reading
188 Colostral Administration via Naso‐Gastric Intubation
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
189 Sedation
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Restraint and Sedation
Additional Comments
Further Reading
190 Intravenous Catheter Placement
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique. Over‐the‐Needle Cathether. Preparation for catheter placement
Insertion of catheter
Over‐the‐Wire Catheter
Peel Away Catheter
Catheter Maintenance
Blood or Catheter Culture
Additional Comments
Further Reading
191 Plasma Therapy in the Foal
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
192 Acupuncture in the Neonate
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
193 Routine Care
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
“A‐B‐C Guidelines”
Rupture of the Umbilical Cord and Umbilical Care
Nursing and Ingestion of Colostrum
Passage of Meconium and Meconium Impaction
Box 193.1 Preparation of an Acetylcysteine Solution for a Foal Enema
“1–2–3 Rule”
Antibiotics
Plasma Therapy
Testing for Passive Transfer of Antibodies
Additional Comments
Further Reading
194 Foal Rejection
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
195 Fostering a Foal onto a Nurse Mare
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
196 Entropion
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Penicillin Bleb Technique
Suture Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
197 Umbilical Ultrasound
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Umbilical Vein
Umbilical Stump and Urachus
Umbilical Arteries
Interpretation
Further Reading
198 Management of Soft Tissue Laxity
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
199 Management of Angular Limb Deformities
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Management of Congenital ALDs
Management of Acquired ALDs
Surgical Management of ALDs
Additional Comments
Further Reading
200 Management of Congenital Flexural Limb Deformities
Introduction
Equipment and Supplies
Technique
Managing Flexural Deformities of the Carpus and Fetlock
Managing Flexural Deformities of the Coffin Joint
Physical Therapy
Additional Comments
Further Reading
Appendix A Society for Theriogenology Stallion Reproductive Evaluation Form
Appendix B Mare Breeding Soundness Evaluation Form
Appendix C Formulary for Equine Reproduction
Hormones
Intrauterine Therapy
Uterine Lavage and Infusion
Systemic Antibiotics
Systemic Antifungal Agents
Miscellaneous Medications
Appendix D Foaling Kit and Associated Equipment and Supplies
Index. a
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