Mesoamerican Archaeology

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Группа авторов. Mesoamerican Archaeology

BLACKWELL STUDIES IN GLOBAL ARCHAEOLOGY

Mesoamerican Archaeology: Theory and Practice. Second Edition

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Preface

List of Figures

Contributors

1 Mesoamerica From Culture Area to Networks of Communities of Practice

History, Chronology, and Time in Mesoamerican Archaeology

From Superposition to Relative Chronology

Measuring Intervals of Time

Mesoamerica as a Culture Area: From Traits to Practices

Mesoamerican Philosophies of Being and Becoming

The Economy

Social Identities and Differences

Mathematics, Calendars, and Writing

Mathematics

Calendars

Writing in the Mesoamerican Tradition

Mesoamerican Historical Consciousness

Alternative Models for Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica as a Linguistic Area

Mesoamerican Geography

Mesoamerica as a Lived Place

Mesoamerica as a Network of Communities of Practice

The Mesoamerican Subject

REFERENCES

2 Polity and Power in the Olmec Landscape

Theoretical and Interpretive Issues

Environment and Landscape

Environment and Landscape in Olman

The Physical Landscape

The Economic Landscape

The Social Landscape: Settlement and Polity

The Symbolic Landscape

Discussion: The Shifting Political Landscapes of Olman

EARLY FORMATIVE LANDSCAPES (1450–1000BCE)

MIDDLE FORMATIVE LANDSCAPES (1000–400BCE)

LATE FORMATIVE LANDSCAPES (400–1BCE)

Conclusions

NOTES

REFERENCES

3 Objects with Images Meaning-Making in Formative Mesoamerica

Beginning Definitions

Formats, Media, and Images

Making Personhood: Figurines and Embodiment

Consuming Ideas: Vessels and Meaning

Substantial Differences: Stone and Clay

Representing Distinction: Monumental Stone Sculpture

Conclusion

REFERENCES

4 Monumental Cityscape and Polity at Teotihuacan

Introduction

Challenges and Strategies

Dawn of the City

Monumental Cityscape

Monuments and Rulership

The Moon Pyramid

The Sun Pyramid

Citadel (Ciudadela) and Feathered Serpent Pyramid

Rulership at Teotihuacan

Collapse of the State

REFERENCES

5 Social and Ethnic Identity in the Classic Metropolis of Teotihuacan

Abstract

Introduction

Models of Stratification

Apartment Compounds: What They Share and What They Do Not Share

Subsistence and Resource Procurement

Specialized Activities

Ritual Activities

Funerary Practices

Hierarchy and Sector Differentiation

The Neighborhood Centers

Who Ruled Teotihuacan?

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

6 Household Archaeology and the Ancient Maya

Settlement Patterns Studies: Moving Beyond the Monumental

Household Archaeology

Households as Communities of Practice

Daily Life: Domestic Economy and Multicrafting

Households and Relational Identities

Hierarchy and Heterarchy Between Maya Households

Households and Ritual

Conclusion

REFERENCES

7 Inseparable Entities Classic Maya Landscapes and Settlements

Landscapes and Settlements: Inseparable Entities

Maya Ontologies and Cosmologies Landscapes

Centering Urban Landscapes in a Cosmology

Sustainable Communities

Conclusions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

8 Monte Albán and Early Urbanism in the Valley of Oaxaca Maize, Mountains, and Monuments

Maize and the Mesoamerican World

San José Mogote and the Confluence of Maize, Rain, and Earth

The Main Plaza of Monte Albán as a Mountain of Creation and Sustenance

The Sacred Mountain and the City

Conclusions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

9. Conquests and Colonialisms in Post classic and Early Colonial Nejapa, Oaxaca

Introduction

Conquests and Colonialisms

The Changing Political Middle to Late Postclassic Political Landscape

Postclassic Nejapa and Transconquest History

Valley Floor Diversity and Economic Opportunism during the Zapotec Conquest of the Isthmus

Sacred Landscapes and Spiritual Sustenance During the Spanish Conquest

Mountain Adaptations and Variability

Conclusion

REFERENCES

10 Writing History in the Postclassic Mixteca

A Short Introduction on Mixtec Pictography

Sacred Histories

Contested Interpretation

Making a Codex, Cross-craft Interaction and Long-distance Trade

Codex Yoho Yuchi, The Palimpsest of the Codex Añute

Conclusions

REFERENCES

11 Resiliency and Cultural Reconstitution of the Postclassic Mayapan Confederacy and Its Aftermath

Collapse and the “Post” Classic

A Brief Sketch of Longer-Term Collapse and Recovery in Northwest Yucatan

Household Versus Monumental Perspectives

Resiliency

Reconstitution

Governance

Art and Gods

The Monumental Center

The Residential Zone

After Mayapan

Political Power Wielded After 1450ce

Economic Institutions After 1450 CE

Religious Practice After 1450

Differences in Regional Maya Experiences Before, During, and After Spanish Arrival

Conclusion

REFERENCES

12 Home Is Where the Ithualli Is

Aztec Households

The Site of Xaltocan

Generational Histories: A Methodology

The Structure 122 Generational History

Lived Moment 1: Burial 3

Lived Moment 2: Burial 12

Lived Moment 3: Burial 15

Discussion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

13 Mexica Monumental Stone Sculpture

Introduction

Situating Tenochtitlan in the Political Landscape

From New Spain to Globalization

The Major Forms, Meaning, and Function of Sculptured Images

New Approaches and the Aztec Stone Sculpture from the Basin of Mexico Project (AZSSBMP)

Master Sequence, Change over Time, and the Constellation Methodological Approach

Pre-Imperial Stage: The Sculpture Under the Reigns of Acamapichtli, Huitzilhuitl, and Chimalpopoca (1375–1427 CE)

Early Imperial Stage: The Sculpture Under the Reigns of Itzcoatl, Motecuhzoma I, and Axayacatl (1428–1481 CE)

RELIEFS IN THE ROOMS OF THE GREAT TEMPLE

THE MAIN PLAZA RELIEFS

TLÁLOC JARS FROM OFFERING 48

THE FIRE GOD, XIUHTECUHTLI, CONSTELLATION

Late Imperial Stage: The Sculpture Under the Reigns of Tizoc, Ahuitzotl, and Motecuhzoma II (1481–1519 CE)

THE STONE OF TIZOC

TEPETLACALLI CONSTELLATION

PEDESTALS–ALTARS

MONUMENTAL ZOOMORPHIC VESSELS

TLALTECUHTLI CONSTELLATION

Final Comments

NOTE

REFERENCES

14 Bioarchaeological Research on Daily Life in the Emerging Colonial Society of Mexico City

Introduction

Diversity Among Urban Inhabitants

Bioarchaeological Indicators of Activity

Bodies of Work

Right Side

Left Side

Comparison of Right and Left Upper Limb Muscle Usage

Labor and Daily Life

Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

NOTES

REFERENCES

Index

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Series Editors: Lynn Meskell and Rosemary A. Joyce

Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology is a series of contemporary texts, each carefully designed to meet the needs of archaeology instructors and students seeking volumes that treat key regional and thematic areas of archaeological study. Each volume in the series, compiled by its own editor, includes 12–15 newly commissioned articles by top scholars within the volume’s thematic, regional, or temporal area of focus.

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While the 260-day cycle is the oldest for which we have direct evidence from inscriptions, it is highly likely that counting segments of the Mesoamerican solar year was equally ancient. The 365-day solar calendar was also based on complete units of 20 days, further subdivided into groups of 5 days. To approximate the solar year, 18 complete cycles of 20 days and one incomplete cycle of 5 days were required. This cycle of 18 “months” of 20 days, with a period of 5 extra transitional days, was the basic civil calendar of the Postclassic Maya states and Tenochtitlan. Community-wide ceremonies were scheduled in it, many with clear associations with an annual agricultural cycle.

By combining the 365-day calendar and the 260-day ritual cycle, Central Mexican peoples in the sixteenth century could record unique dates within periods of 52 years. Because the beginning points of the two cycles did not coincide until 52 solar years had passed, every single day within a 52-year cycle could be uniquely distinguished by naming its position in the 365- and 260-day cycles. This system is employed in Postclassic codices from Central Mexico and Oaxaca (Chapter 10). Because the entire cycle repeated every 52 years, a date in this system was fixed only relative to other days in the same 52-year cycle. By adding a third cycle, recording changes in the visibility of the planet Venus every 584 days, it was possible to create a continuous calendar of 104 years, with each date uniquely specified by its position in the 260-day, 365-day, and 584-day cycle. But the main way that individual cycles of 52 years were placed in order in Postclassic Mexican historical codices was actually through their relationship to the genealogical connections of major historical characters over successive generations. Dates with the same names, based on their position in the 365-day and 260-day cycles, could be distinguished because they were associated with the lives of different public actors.

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