Оглавление
Группа авторов. Attachment Theory and Research
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Attachment Theory and Research. A Reader
Introduction
Suggested Further Reading
References
1 Separation Anxiety1
Observations of Young Children
Principal Theories
Primary Anxiety, Fright, and Anxiety Dependent on Learning
Ingredients of Separation Anxiety
Origin of Separation Anxiety of Pathological Degree
Conclusion
Appendix: Appendix
References
Notes
2 Anxiety, Stress, and Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Homeorhesis
Health and Ill‐Health
Disturbances of Homeostasis. Stress and stressors
Threats of Disturbance of Homeostasis
A Distinction Between Fear (or Alarm) and Anxiety15
Inter‐relations of Fear (or Alarm) and Anxiety
Fear and Anxiety, Conscious and Unconscious
Notes
3 Attachment
Deprivation and Separation
Bowlby’s Theory of Infant–Mother Attachment. Behavioral system
Feelings and defensive processes
Infant–mother attachment
Development of attachment in the first year of life
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Criteria of attachment
The issue of monotropy
The Caregiving Behavioral System
The bonding of parent to infant
Patterns of Attachment of Infant to Parent
Principal attachment patterns
Pattern B: securely attached
Pattern C: anxiously attached and resistant (or ambivalent)
Pattern A: anxiously attached and avoidant
Patterns of attachment and infant behavior at home
Patterns of attachment and maternal behavior at home
Interpretation of congruence between infant and maternal behavior
Infant attachment to fathers
The Development of Child–Mother Attachment Beyond Infancy
Stability and Change of Patterns of Infant–Mother Attachment
Attachment Patterns and Later Development
Anxious Attachment and Some Disorders Associated With It
Anger
School phobia
Pattern A
Pattern B
Secure Attachment and the Growth of Self‐Reliance
Pathways for the Growth of Personality
Responses to Loss
Defensive processes in mourning
Disordered mourning
Related cognitive processes
Childhood Experiences and Cognitive Biases Relevant to Disordered Mourning
Pathology associated with loss
Conditions influencing responses to childhood loss
Loss through death
Loss through parental divorce
Temporary separation
Early cognitive development and responses to separation and loss
Affectional Bonds Throughout the Life Span
Attachment of child to parent figures
Affectional bonds of parent to child
Sexual bonds
Affectional bonds with age peers
References
Notes
Reference Note
4 Love as Attachment: The Integration of Three Behavioral Systems
Attachment Theory Summarized
Similarities Between Infant Care‐Giver Attachment and Adult Romantic Love
Three Kinds or Styles of Attachment
Two Studies of Love as Attachment
Limitations of Our Initial Studies
Three Behavioral Systems: Attachment, Care Giving, and Sexuality
Broken Attachments: Grieving for Lost Love
Conclusion
References
5 Relationships, Self, and Individual Adaptation
An Organizational Perspective
The Emergence of the Self. The dyadic system
The developmental process
Self as Inner Organization
Empirical Implications of the Organizational/Relationship Perspective
Responsive care and the emergence of self
The emerging self as organizer of later experience
The self and later relationships
Conclusion
References
6 Disorganized/Disoriented Infant Behavior in the Strange Situation, Lapses in the Monitoring of Reasoning and Discourse during the Parent’s Adult Attachment Interview, and Dissociative States
Attachment Theory and Infant Response to Separations from the Parent in a Strange Environment
From “Unclassifiable” to “Disorganized/disoriented” Infant Attachment Status: The Recognition of a New Infant Attachment Category and its Probable Relation to Frightening and/or Frightened Parental Behavior
From “unclassifiable” to “disorganized/disoriented” infant attachment status
Linking disorganized/disoriented attachment status to increased vulnerability to dissociative disorders: Liotti’s hypothesis
Disorganized/disoriented behavior in infants and unresolved/disorganized mental states in adults: new interpretations following Liotti’s hypothesis
Conclusion
Parallel Distributed Processing and Working Memory
Working memory, PDP, and lapses in narrative surrounding trauma
Working memory, parallel processing and infant response to frightening, paradoxical situations involving attachment figures
Traumatic abuse involving attachment figures: “D/A‐C” attachment status and the development of severe dissociative disorders
Summary
References
Notes
7 The Prototype Hypothesis and the Origins of Attachment Working Models: Adult Relationships with: Parents and Romantic Partners
Method. Subjects
Measures. Adult attachment interview
Current relationship interview
Self‐report measures
Procedure
Results
Difference between the percentage of subjects scored as secure on the AAI and on the CRI
Similarities between individuals’ perspectives on their relationships with parents (AAI) and a romantic partner (CRI)
Correspondence between AAI security classifications of the two partners in the romantic relationship
Correspondence between CRI security of male and female partners
Correspondence between one partner’s AAI and the other’s CRI
Discussion
One model or many?
Behavioral correlates of attachment working models
Concluding Comments
References
Notes
8 Dynamics of Romantic Love: Comments, Questions, and Future Directions
A Reference Case: The Feynmans’ Attachment Relationship
The case
Keeping personal experience and everyday observations in mind
Romantic love engages multiple behavioral systems
Still, What About the Feeling of “Love”? What Does it Mean to Say “I Love You”?
What about exploration and affiliation?
Appraisal and bestowal
Putting the Three Behavioral Systems Together
Further Questions. What is adult attachment?
Relations between attachment theory and other theories and perspectives
Are attachment and sexual attraction incompatible?
References
9 Integrating Temperament and Attachment: The Differential Susceptibility Paradigm
The Nature and Nurture of Attachment and Temperament. Attachment
Temperament
Is attachment temperament?
Three Traditional Views on Temperament and Attachment: Orthogonal, Oblique, and Reciprocal
Temperament and attachment as orthogonal constructs
Temperament and attachment related in an oblique way
Reciprocal: moderating models
Reconciliation and Integration: Diathesis–Stress and Differential Susceptibility. Diathesis–stress
Differential susceptibility: For better and for worse
Defining steps in the test for differential susceptibility
The Moderating Role of Temperament
Temperament as vulnerability factor
Temperament as susceptibility factor: The bright side
Temperament as a factor in bidirectional differential susceptibility
Adult differential susceptibility
Meta‐analytic evidence for differential susceptibility: Dopamine‐related genes as susceptibility factors
Directions for Future Research
Further Reading
References
10 Annual Research Review: Attachment Disorders in Early Childhood: Clinical Presentation, Causes, Correlates, and Treatment
Introduction
Clinical Presentation: Classification and Measurement
Historical background
Rationale for DSM‐5 criteria changes
Measurement issues
Beyond early childhood
Causes and Risk
Caregiving environments
Child vulnerability factors
Correlates of RAD and DSED. Selective attachment and attachment disorders
Clinical correlates and co‐morbidity
Neurobiology
Course and Outcomes. Stability of signs of RAD
Functional impairment and RAD and DSED
Effects of Intervention
Intervention for RAD
Intervention for DSED
Conclusions about interventions for RAD and DSED
Future Directions
Key Points
References
11 Attachment Disorders Versus More Common Problems in Looked After and Adopted Children: Comparing Community and Expert Assessments
Introduction
Method. Sample
Data coding
Attachment disorder diagnoses within the clinical assessment
Any axis‐I disorder
Data analysis
Results
Comparison of psychiatric diagnoses in referrals, clinic and ONS data
Attachment problems and more common disorders
Proportion of attachment problems according to referral source
Discussion
Key Practitioner Message
References
12 Attachment in the Early Life Course: Meta‐AnalyticEvidence for Its Role in Socioemotional Development
The Developmental Significance of Early Attachment Security. Sequelae and origins of early attachment security
The legacy of attachment security across childhood
Moderators of meta‐analytic associations with attachment security
The Developmental Significance of Early Avoidant, Resistant, and Disorganized Attachments
Looking Ahead and Conclusion
References
13 Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch‐up: Addressing the Needs of Infants and Toddlers Exposed to Inadequate or Problematic Caregiving
Introduction
The Importance of Caregiving in Infancy
Effects of Inadequate Caregiving
Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch‐up
Efficacy of ABC
Unique Needs of Toddlers Exposed to Adversity
ABC for Toddlers
Success in Disseminating ABC
Summary
References
14 Children’s Multiple Attachment Relationships and: Representations in Different Family Contexts
Attachment Representations
The Multiplicity of Attachment Relationships and Their Organization
Preference for the mother over the father?
Correspondence between attachment quality to mother and father?
The influence of attachment to mother and father on child development
Integrated discussion
The Effects of Parental Separation and Custody Arrangements on Children’s Attachment Relationships and Representations
Placement Trajectories, Attachment Representations and Behavior Problems of Children in Foster Care
Conclusions
References
15 New Correlates of Disorganization from a West‐African Dataset, and: Shared Rhythmic Touch as a Hidden Pathway to Infant Attachment Security
Background
Theoretical and Empirical Background. The attachment system and the organized patterns of attachment
Disorganized/disoriented attachment
Pathways to disorganized attachment
Fr/Fr behavior as a pathway to infant disorganization
Dysfluent communication as a pathway to disorganized attachment
Disorganization and micro‐analysis of communication patterns
Bodily versus face‐to‐face communication
Dogon infant care practices
Two hypotheses linking the lack of avoidant classifications among the Dogon to disorganization
The relational hypothesis
The overstress hypothesis
SSP distributions in non‐Western countries
Protective behaviors in Dogon infant care practices
Aims of the present study
Methods. Participants
Measures. The strange situation procedure
The infant weigh‐in
Infant distress in the weigh‐in and strange situation procedure
Maternal aversion to contact
Maternal frightening/frightened behavior
Non‐Western SSP distribution
Results. Descriptive statistics
Tests of research hypotheses. Comparison of SSP distributions
The relational hypothesis
The overstress hypothesis
Case by case analyses
The relational hypothesis
The overstress hypothesis
Overlap between dysfluent communication and Fr/Fr behaviors
Discussion
The relational hypothesis
The overstress hypothesis
Non‐Western and Dogon SSP distributions
Ramifications of overstress in the SSP
The pioneers’ view of the strange situation
A return to unstructured observational methodologies
Pathways to secure attachment relationships: insights from the Dogon
Interventions informed by non‐Western infant care practices
Conclusions
References
Note
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
