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Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner
Страница 8
Страница 9
Страница 10
Acknowledgments
Honey Bee Medicine: A One Health Challenge
One Health Issue: Planetary Health (Biodiversity and Climate Change)
One Health Issue: Food Security
One Health Issue: The Global Epidemic of Antimicrobial Resistance
Our Challenge
Страница 17
1 Looking to Nature to Solve the Health Crisis of Honey Bees
Prologue
A Tenet of Medicine: Learn the Normal
Good Genes Versus Good Lifestyle: The Varroa Story
Good Genes
Good Lifestyle
Part 1: The Environment of a Wild Colony Cavity Size
Wall Thickness and Thermoregulation
Propolis Envelope
Bee Microbiome
Part 2: Epidemiology for Bee Health: How Lifestyle Impacts Disease Spread
Ecological Drivers of Disease
A Critical Distinction: Vertical vs. Horizontal Disease Transmission
Vertical Transmission: Swarming
Horizontal Transmission: Bee Drift, Robbing, Forager Contact, and Contamination
Honey Bee Demographic Turnover
Lessons from the Wild Bees
Promoting Good Genes
Goal 1: Select Locally Adapted, Survivor Stock
Goal 2: Promote Drone Comb Building and Drone Mating in Congregation Areas
Goal 3: Cull Failing Colonies Before Collapse
Goal 4: Select Quality Queens and Let the Bees Requeen!
Promoting Good Lifestyle
Goal 1: Boost Rather than Disrupt Social Immunity of the Superorganism
Goal 2: Quarantine from Pests and Pathogens
Goal 3: Design Apiary as Close to Nature as Feasible
References
2 The Superorganism and Herd Health for the Honey Bee
Introduction
Part 1: The Superorganism and Swarm Intelligence
Part 2: Social Immunity: Bees as Their Own Doctors!
Task Allocation and Compartmentalization
Antimicrobial Compounds Produced by Bees
Resin Collection, Propolis, and Immune Modulation
Self‐medication in Honey Bees
Social Fever
Part 3: Herd Health for the Honey Bee
References
3 Honey Bee Anatomy
Introduction
Head Eyes
Mouthparts
Thorax Wings
Legs
Abdomen
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Nervous System
Digestive and Excretory System
Glands
Reproductive System
References
4 Physiology of the Honey Bee – Principles for the Beekeeper and Veterinarian
Part 1: Comparing Vertebrates and Bees Physiology of the Honey Bee Compared with Vertebrates
Digestive System and Metabolism
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Nervous System
Sense Organs
Immune System
Age Polyethism
Overwintering Biology
Temperature Regulation
Part 2: Communication in Honey Bees
Physical Communication Waggle Dance
Tremble Dance
Shaking Dance
Chemical Communication
Queen Pheromones
Worker Pheromones
Drone Pheromones
Brood Pheromones
Acoustic Communication
Conclusion
References
5 The Honey Bee Queen
The Queen's Function in the Hive
Queen Development and Performance Queen Larval Development
Queen Diet
Queen Mating
Queen Performance
Queen Performance vs. Colony Performance
Queen Longevity
Queen Succession
Supersedure
“Balling” of the Queen
Queen “Failure”
Swarming
Management to Minimize Swarming
Usurpation Swarms
Emergency Queen Rearing
“Laying Worker” and “Hopelessly Queenless” Colonies
Queen Status Assessment
Signs of Queenrightness, Failing Queens, and Queenlessness
Scattered Drone Cells
Queenlessness Colonies
Signs of Being in the Process of Self Requeening
Signs of Being Hopelessly Queenless
How to Tell a Drone‐Layer from a Laying Worker Colony
Odd Problems
“Spotty Brood”
Queen Replacement and Introduction
Identifying and Locating the Queen
Handling the Queen
Introduction of Queens
Introduction via Queen Cell
Wrap Up
References
Notes
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