Оглавление
Группа авторов. Microgrid Technologies
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Table
Guide
Pages
Microgrid Technologies
Foreword
Critical Subjects Covered in This Volume
Acknowledgements
1. A Comprehensive Review on Energy Management in Micro-Grid System
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Generation and Storage System in MicroGrid. 1.2.1 Distributed Generation of Electrical Power
1.2.2 Incorporation of Electric Car in Micro-Grid as a Device for Backup
1.2.3 Power and Heat Integration in Management System
1.2.4 Combination of Heat and Electrical Power System
1.3 System of Energy Management
1.3.1 Classification of MSE
1.3.1.1 MSE Based on Conventional Sources
1.3.1.2 MSE Based on SSE
1.3.1.3 MSE Based on DSM
1.3.1.4 MSE Based on Hybrid System
1.3.2 Steps of MSE During Problem Solving
1.3.2.1 Prediction of Uncertain Parameters
1.3.2.2 Uncertainty Modeling
1.3.2.3 Mathematical Formulation
1.3.2.4 Optimization
1.3.3 Micro-Grid in Islanded Mode (Figure 1.6) 1.3.3.1 Objective Functions and Constraints of System
1.3.4 Micro-Grid Operation in Grid-Connected Mode (Figure 1.7) 1.3.4.1 Objective Functions and Constraints of the Systems
1.4 Algorithms Used in Optimizing Energy Management System
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Power and Energy Management in Microgrid
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microgrid Structure
2.2.1 Selection of Source for DG
2.2.1.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
2.2.1.2 Mathematical Modeling of PAFC Fuel Cell
2.3 Power Flow Management in Microgrid
2.4 Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller (GUPFC)
2.4.1 Mathematical Modeling of GUPFC
2.5 Active GUPFC
2.5.1 Active GUPFC Control System
2.5.1.1 Series Converter
2.5.1.2 Shunt Converter
2.5.2 Simulation of Active GUPFC With General Test System
2.5.3 Simulation of Active GUPFC With IEEE 9 Bus Test System
2.5.3.1 Test Case: 1—Without GUPFC and Without Fuel Cell
2.5.3.2 Test Case: 2—Without GUPFC and With Fuel Cell
2.5.3.3 Test Case: 3—With GUPFC and Without Fuel Cell
2.5.3.4 Test Case: 4—With GUPFC and With Fuel Cell
2.5.3.5 Test Case: 5—With Active GUPFC
2.5.4 Summary
2.6 Appendix General Test System
2.6.1 IEEE 9 Bus Test System
References
3. Review of Energy Storage System for Microgrid
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Detailed View of ESS
3.2.1 Configuration of ESS
3.2.2 Structure of ESS With Other Devices
3.2.3 ESS Classifications
3.3 Types of ESS
3.3.1 Mechanical ESS
3.3.2 Flywheel ESS
3.3.3 CAES System
3.3.4 PHS System
3.3.5 CES Systems
3.3.6 Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES)
3.3.7 Battery-Based ESS
3.3.8 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) System
3.3.8.1 Capacitors
3.3.8.2 Supercapacitors (SCs)
3.3.9 SMES
3.3.10 Thermal Energy Storage Systems (TESS)
3.3.10.1 SHS
3.3.10.2 Latent
3.3.10.3 Absorption
3.3.10.4 Hybrid ESS
3.4 Comparison of Current ESS on Large Scale
3.5 Importance of Storage in Modern Power Systems
3.5.1 Generation Balance and Fluctuation in Demand
3.5.2 Intermediate Penetration of Renewable Energy
3.5.3 Use of the Grid
3.5.4 Operations on the Market
3.5.5 Flexibility in Scheduling
3.5.6 Peak Shaving Support
3.5.7 Improve the Quality of Power
3.5.8 Carbon Emission Control
3.5.9 Improvement of Service Efficiency
3.5.10 Emergency Assistance and Support for Black Start
3.6 ESS Issues and Challenges
3.6.1 Selection of Materials
3.6.2 ESS Size and Cost
3.6.3 Energy Management System
3.6.4 Impact on the Environment
3.6.5 Issues of Safety
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
4. Single Phase Inverter Fuzzy Logic Phase Locked Loop
4.1 Introduction
4.2 PLL Synchronization Techniques
4.2.1 T/4 Transport Delay PLL
4.2.2 Inverse Park Transform PLL
4.2.3 Enhanced PLL
4.2.4 Second Order Generalized Integrator Orthogonal Signal Generator Synchronous Reference Frame (SOGI-OSG SRF) PLL
4.2.5 Cascaded Generalized Integrator PLL (CGI-PLL)
4.2.6 Cascaded Delayed Signal Cancellation PLL
4.3 Fuzzy Logic Control
4.4 Fuzzy Logic PLL Model
4.4.1 Fuzzification
4.4.2 Inference Engine
4.4.3 Defuzzification
4.5 Simulation and Analysis of Results
4.5.1 Test Signal Generator
4.5.2 Proposed SOGI FLC PLL Performance Under Fault Conditions. 4.5.2.1 Test Case 1
4.5.2.2 Test Case 2
4.5.2.3 Test Case 3
4.5.2.4 Test Case 4
4.5.2.5 Test Case 5
4.5.2.6 Test Case 6
4.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
5. Power Electronics Interfaces in Microgrid Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microgrid Classification
5.2.1 AC Microgrid
5.2.2 DC Microgrids
5.2.3 Hybrid Microgrid
5.3 Role of Power Electronics in Microgrid Application
5.4 Power Converters
5.4.1 DC/DC Converters
5.4.2 Non-Isolated DC/DC Converters
5.4.2.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
5.4.3 Isolated DC/DC Converters
5.4.4 AC to DC Converters
5.4.5 DC to AC Converters
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. Reconfigurable Battery Management System for Microgrid Application
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Individual Cell Properties
6.2.1 Modeling of Cell
6.2.1.1 Second Order Model
6.2.2 Simplified Non-Linear Model
6.3 State of Charge
6.4 State of Health
6.5 Battery Life
6.6 Rate Discharge Effect
6.7 Recovery Effect
6.8 Conventional Methods and its Issues
6.8.1 Series Connected
6.8.2 Parallel Connected
6.9 Series-Parallel Connections
6.10 Evolution of Battery Management System
6.10.1 Necessity for Reconfigurable BMS
6.10.2 Conventional R-BMS Methods
6.10.2.1 First Design
6.10.2.2 Series Topology
6.10.2.3 Self X Topology
6.10.2.4 Dependable Efficient Scalable Architecture Method
6.10.2.5 Genetic Algorithm-Based Method
6.10.2.6 Graph-Based Technique
6.10.2.7 Power Tree-Based Technique
6.11 Modeling of Reconfigurable-BMS
6.12 Real Time Design Aspects
6.12.1 Sensing Module Stage
6.12.2 Control Module Stage
6.12.2.1 Health Factor of Reconfiguration
6.12.2.2 Reconfiguration Time Delay and Transient Load Supply
6.12.3 Actuation Module
6.12.3.1 Order of Switching
6.12.3.2 Stress and Faults of Switches
6.12.3.3 Determining Number of Cells in a Module
6.13 Opportunities and Challenges. 6.13.1 Modeling and Simulation
6.13.2 Hardware Design
6.13.3 Granularity
6.13.4 Hardware Overhead
6.13.5 Intelligent Algorithms
6.13.6 Distributed Reconfigurable Battery Systems
6.14 Conclusion
References
7. Load Flow Analysis for Micro Grid
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Islanded Mode of Operation
7.1.2 Grid Connected Mode of Operation
7.2 Load Flow Analysis for Micro Grid
7.3 Example
7.3.1 Power Source
7.4 Energy Storage System
7.5 Connected Loads
7.6 Reactive Power Compensation
7.7 Modeling and Simulation
7.7.1 Case 1
7.7.2 Case 2
7.7.3 Case 3
7.7.4 Case 4
7.7.5 Case 5
7.8 Conclusion
References
8. AC Microgrid Protection Coordination
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fault Analysis
8.2.1 Symmetrical Fault Analysis
8.2.2 Single Line to Ground Fault
8.2.3 Line-to-Line Fault
8.2.4 Double Line-to-Ground Fault
8.3 Protection Coordination
8.3.1 Overcurrent Protection
8.3.2 Directional Overcurrent/Earth Fault Function
8.3.3 Distance Protection Function
8.3.4 Distance Acceleration Scheme
8.3.5 Under/Over Voltage/Frequency Protection
8.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9. A Numerical Approach for Estimating Emulated Inertia With Decentralized Frequency Control of Energy Storage Units for Hybrid Renewable Energy Microgrid System
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Proposed Methodology. 9.2.1 Response in Conventional Grids
9.2.2 Strategy for Digital Inertia Emulation in Hybrid Renewable Energy Microgrids
9.2.3 Proposed Mathematical Formulation for Estimation of Digital Inertia Constant for Static Renewable Energy Sources
9.3 Results and Discussions. 9.3.1 Test System
9.3.2 Simulation and Study of Case 1
9.3.2.1 Investigation of Scenario A
9.3.2.2 Investigation of Scenario B
9.3.2.3 Discussion for Case 1
9.3.3 Simulation and Study of Case 2
9.3.3.1 Investigation of Scenario A
9.3.3.2 Investigation of Scenario B
9.3.3.3 Discussion for Case 2
9.3.4 Simulation and Study for Case 3
9.3.4.1 Discussion for Case 3
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. Power Quality Issues in Microgrid and its Solutions
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Benefits of Microgrid
10.1.2 Microgrid Architecture
10.1.3 Main Components of Microgrid
10.2 Classification of Microgrids
10.2.1 Other Classifications
10.2.2 Based on Function Demand
10.2.3 By AC/DC Type
10.3 DC Microgrid
10.3.1 Purpose of the DC Microgrid System
10.4 AC Microgrid
10.5 AC/DC Microgrid
10.6 Enhancement of Voltage Profile by the Inclusion of RES
10.6.1 Sample Microgrid
10.7 Power Quality in Microgrid
10.8 Power Quality Disturbances
10.9 International Standards for Power Quality
10.10 Power Quality Disturbances in Microgrid
10.10.1 Modeling of Microgrid
10.11 Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) Design
10.11.1 Reference Current Generation
10.12 Control Techniques of SAPF
10.13 SPWM Controller
10.14 Sliding Mode Controller
10.15 Fuzzy-PI Controller
10.16 GWO-PI Controller
10.17 Metaphysical Description of Optimization Problems With GWO
10.18 Conclusion
References
11. Power Quality Improvement in Microgrid System Using PSO-Based UPQC Controller
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microgrid System
11.2.1 Wind Energy System
11.2.1.1 Modeling of Wind Turbine System
11.2.2 Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm
11.2.3 MPPT Converter
11.3 Unified Power Quality Conditioner
11.3.1 UPQC Series Converter
11.3.2 UPQC Shunt APF Controller
11.4 Particle Swarm Optimization
11.4.1 Velocity Function
11.4.2 Analysis of PSO Technique
11.5 Simulation and Results
11.5.1 Case 1: With PI Controller
11.5.2 Case 2: With PSO Technique
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Power Quality Enhancement and Grid Support Using Solar Energy Conversion System
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Renewable Energy and its Conversion Into Useful Form
12.3 Power System Harmonics and Their Cause
12.4 Power Factor (p.f.) and its Effects
12.5 Solar Energy System With Power Quality Enhancement (SEPQ)
12.6 Results and Discussions
12.6.1 Mode-1 (SEPQ as STATCOM)
12.6.2 Mode-2 (SEPQ as Shunt APF)
12.6.3 Mode-3 (SEPQ as D-STATCOM)
12.7 Conclusion
References
13. Power Quality Improvement of a 3-Phase-3-Wire Grid-Tied PV-Fuel Cell System by 3-Phase Active Filter Employing Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Active Power Filter (APF)
13.2.1 Shunt Active Power Filter (ShPF)
13.2.1.1 Configuration of ShPF
13.2.2 Series Active Power Filter (SAF)
13.2.2.1 Configuration of SAF
13.3 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy (SCCS) for APFs
13.4 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy for ShPF
13.5 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy for SAF
13.6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
13.6.1 Operation
13.6.2 Anode
13.6.3 Electrolyte
13.6.4 Cathode
13.6.5 Comparative Analysis of Various Fuel Cells
13.7 Simulation Analysis
13.7.1 Shunt Active Power Filter
13.7.1.1 ShPF for a 3-φ 3-Wire (3P3W) System With Non-Linear Loading
13.7.1.2 For a PV-Grid System (Constant Irradiance Condition)
13.7.1.3 For a PV-SOFC Integrated System
13.7.2 Series Active Power Filter. 13.7.2.1 SAF for a 3-φ 3-Wire (3P3W) System With Non-Linear Load Condition
13.7.2.2 For a PV-Grid System (Constant Irradiance Condition)
13.7.2.3 For a PV-SOFC Integrated System
13.8 Conclusion
References
14. Application of Fuzzy Logic in Power Quality Assessment of Modern Power Systems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Power Quality Indices
14.2.1 Total Harmonic Distortion
14.2.2 Total Demand Distortion
14.2.3 Power and Power Factor Indices
14.2.4 Transmission Efficiency Power Factor (TEPF)
14.2.5 Oscillation Power Factor (OSCPF)
14.2.6 Displacement Power Factor (DPF)
14.3 Fuzzy Logic Systems
14.4 Development of Fuzzy Based Power Quality Evaluation Modules
14.4.1 Stage I: Fuzzy Logic Based Total Demand Distortion
14.4.1.1 Performance of FTDDF Under Sinusoidal Situations
14.4.1.2 Performance of FTDDF Under Nonsinusoidal Situations
14.4.2 Stage II—Fuzzy Representative Quality Power Factor (FRQPF)
14.4.2.1 Performance of FRQPF Under Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Situations
14.4.3 Stage III—Fuzzy Power Quality Index (FPQI) Module
14.4.3.1 Performance of FPQI Under Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Situations
14.5 Conclusion
References
15. Applications of Internet of Things for Microgrid
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Internet of Things
15.2.1 Architecture and Design
15.2.2 Analysis of Data Science
15.3 Smart Micro Grid: An IoT Perspective
15.4 Literature Survey on the IoT for SMG
15.4.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure Based on IoT for SMG
15.4.2 Sub-Systems of AMI
15.4.3 Every Smart Meter Based on IoT has to Provide the Following Functionalities
15.4.4 Communication
15.4.5 Cloud Computing Applications for SMG
15.5 Cyber Security Challenges for SMG
15.6 Conclusion
References
16. Application of Artificial Intelligent Techniques in Microgrid
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Main Problems Faced in Microgrid
16.3 Application of AI Techniques in Microgrid
16.3.1 Power Quality Issues and Control. 16.3.1.1 Preamble of Power Quality Problem
16.3.1.2 Issues with Control and Operation of MicroGrid Systems
16.3.1.3 AI Techniques for Improving Power Quality Issues
A. AI approach to reduce frequency fluctuations:
B. AI approach to mitigate Harmonic Distortions:
16.3.2 Energy Storage System With Economic Power Dispatch. 16.3.2.1 Energy Storage System in Microgrid
16.3.2.2 Need for Intelligent Approaches in Energy Storage System
16.3.2.3 Intelligent Methodologies for ESS Integrated in Microgrid
16.3.3 Energy Management System. 16.3.3.1 Description of Energy Management System
16.3.3.2 EMS and Distributed Energy Resources
16.3.3.3 Intelligent Energy Management for a Microgrid
16.4 Conclusion
References
17. Mathematical Modeling for Green Energy Smart Meter for Microgrids
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Smart Meter
17.1.2 Green Energy
17.1.3 Microgrid
17.1.4 MPPT Solar Charge Controller
17.2 Related Work
17.3 Proposed Technical Architecture. 17.3.1 Green Energy Smart Meter Architecture
17.3.2 Solar Panel
17.3.3 MPPT Controller
17.3.4 Battery
17.3.5 Solid-State Switch
17.3.6 Electrical Load
17.3.7 Solar Voltage Sensor
17.3.8 Batter Voltage Sensor
17.3.9 Current Sensor
17.3.10 Microcontroller
17.3.11 Wi-Fi Module
17.3.12 GSM/3G/LTE Module
17.3.13 LCD Display
17.4 Proposed Mathematical Model
17.5 Results
Conclusion
References
18. Microgrid Communication
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Reasons for Microgrids
18.3 Microgrid Control
18.4 Control Including Communication
18.5 Control with No Communication
18.6 Requirements
18.7 Reliability
18.8 Microgrid Communication
18.9 Microgrid Communication Networks
18.9.1 Wi-Fi
18.9.2 WiMAX-Based Network
18.9.3 Wired and Wireless-Based Integrated Network
18.9.4 Smart Grids
18.10 Key Aspects of Communication Networks in Smart Grids
18.11 Customer Premises Network (CPN)
18.12 Architectures and Technologies Utilized in Communication Networks Within the Transmission Grid
References
19. Placement of Energy Exchange Centers and Bidding Strategies for Smartgrid Environment
19.1 Introduction. 19.1.1 Overview
19.1.2 Energy Exchange Centers
19.1.3 Energy Markets
19.2 Local Energy Centers and Optimal Placement
19.2.1 Problem Formulation (Clustering of Local Energy Market)
19.2.2 Clustering Algorithm
19.2.3 Test Cases
19.2.4 Results and Discussions
19.2.5 Conclusions for Simulations Based on Modified K Means Clustering for Optimal Location of EEC
19.3 Local Energy Markets and Bidding Strategies
19.3.1 Prosumer Centric Retail Electricity Market
19.3.2 System Modeling. 19.3.2.1 Prosumer Centric Framework
19.3.2.2 Electricity Prosumers
19.3.2.3 Modeling of Utility Companies
19.3.2.4 Modeling of Distribution System Operator (DSO)
19.3.2.5 Supply Function Equilibrium
19.3.2.6 Constraints
19.3.3 Solution Methodology
19.3.3.1 Game Theory Approach
19.3.3.2 Relaxation Algorithm
19.3.3.3 Bi-Level Algorithm
19.3.3.4 Simulation Results
19.3.3.5 Nikaido-Isoda Formulation
19.3.4 Case Study
19.3.4.1 Plots
19.3.4.2 Anti-Dumping
19.3.4.3 Macro-Control
19.3.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis
Conclusion
References
Index
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