Оглавление
Группа авторов. Endodontic Materials in Clinical Practice
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Endodontic Materials in Clinical Practice
List of Contributors
1 Introduction : Materials Chemistry as a Means to an End(o) – The Invisible Foundation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Substrate
1.3 Nomenclatural Hype: ‘Bioactivity’, ‘Bioceramics’
1.4 Chemical Interactions and Irrigation
1.5 Terminology
1.6 Classification of HSCs
1.7 Conclusion
References
Note
2 Pulp Capping Materials for the Maintenance of Pulp Vitality
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Maintaining Pulp Vitality. 2.2.1 Why Maintain the Pulp?
2.2.2 Pulpal Irritants
2.2.3 Pulpal Healing After Exposure
2.2.4 Classifications of Pulpitis and Assessing the Inflammatory State of the Pulp
2.2.5 Is Pulpal Exposure a Negative Prognostic Factor?
2.2.6 Soft Tissue Factors Unique to the Tooth
2.3 Clinical Procedures for Maintaining Pulp Vitality. 2.3.1 Managing the Unexposed Pulp
2.3.2 Tooth Preparation to Avoid Exposure
2.3.3 Managing the Exposed Pulp
2.3.3.1 Direct Pulp Capping
2.3.3.2 Partial Pulpotomy
2.3.3.3 Full Pulpotomy
2.3.3.4 Pulpectomy
2.3.4 Immature Roots
2.4 Materials Used in Vital Pulp Treatment. 2.4.1 The Role of the Material
2.4.2 Calcium Hydroxide
2.4.3 Resin‐Based Adhesives
2.4.4 Hydraulic Calcium Silicate Cements
2.4.5 Resin‐Based Hydraulic Calcium Silicate Cements
2.4.6 Glass Ionomer Cements
2.4.7 Experimental Agents Used in Vital Pulp Treatment
2.4.8 Tooth Restoration After VPT
2.5 Clinical Outcome and Practicalities. 2.5.1 Vital Pulp Treatment Outcome
2.5.2 Discolouration
2.5.3 Setting Time and Handling
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Treatment of Immature Teeth with Pulp Necrosis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Apexification and Root‐End Closure
3.3 Revitalization
3.3.1 Indications
3.3.2 Procedure
3.3.3 Outcome
3.3.4 Limitations
3.4 Material Requirements. 3.4.1 Materials and Applications
3.4.2 Biological Requirements. 3.4.2.1 Bioactivity
3.4.2.2 Reaction with Tissue Fluids
3.4.2.3 Release of Dentine Matrix Proteins
3.4.2.4 Blood Clot
3.4.3 Mechanical Requirements. 3.4.3.1 Impact on Microhardness
3.4.3.2 Discolouration
3.5 Healing Process and Cellular Responses. 3.5.1 Biological Aspects
3.5.2 Mineralization
3.6 Future Directions: Tissue Engineering Approaches. 3.6.1 Principles of Tissue Engineering
3.6.2 Dentine Matrix Proteins and Epigenetic Influences. 3.6.2.1 Dentine Matrix Components
3.6.2.2 Growth Factors and Molecular Modulators
3.6.2.3 Epigenetic Influences
3.6.3 Cell‐Based and Cell‐Free Dental Pulp Tissue Engineering
3.6.4 Clinical Approaches and Future Perspectives
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Endodontic Instruments and Canal Preparation Techniques
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.1 Classification and Components of Endodontic Instruments
4.1.1 Brief History
4.1.2 Alloys. 4.1.2.1 Carbon Steel versus Stainless Steel
4.1.2.2 Nickel–Titanium
4.1.3 Manufacture and Standardization
4.1.3.1 Standardization of Stainless‐Steel Instruments
4.1.3.2 Design of Endodontic Instruments: Terms and Definitions
4.1.3.3 Physical Properties of Endodontic Instruments: Terms and Definitions
4.1.4 Cleaning and Shaping Instruments
4.1.4.1 Group 1: Instruments for Hand Use (K‐Files, H‐Files, Barbed Broaches, Rasps) 4.1.4.1.1 K‐Files (ANSI/ADA Specification No. 28)
4.1.4.1.2 K‐Reamers (ANSI/ADA Specification No. 28)
4.1.4.1.3 Hedström Files (ANSI/ADA Specification No. 58)
4.1.4.1.4 Machined K‐Type and H‐Type Files
4.1.4.1.5 Barbed Broaches and Rasps (ANSI/ADA Specification No. 63)
4.1.4.2 Group 2: Engine‐Driven Latch‐Type Instruments
4.1.4.3 Group 3: Engine‐Driven NiTi Rotary Instruments
4.1.4.3.1 Profile .04 .06 Taper Series (Densply Sirona/Maillefer)
4.1.4.3.2 Quantec System (Sybron Endo/Kerr)
4.1.4.3.3 K3 NiTi Rotary Endo File System (Sybron Endo/Kerr)
4.1.4.3.4 Lightspeed System
4.1.4.3.5 GT File Rotary System (DentsplySirona/Maillefer)
4.1.4.3.6 ProTaper System (DentsplySirona/Maillefer)
4.1.4.3.7 Race (FKG)
4.1.4.3.8 Twisted File (Sybron/Endo‐Kerr, Romulus, MI, USA)
4.1.4.3.9 Pathfiles (DentsplySirona/Maillefer)
4.1.4.3.10 Heat‐Treated Files: M‐Wire, CM‐Wire, Blue and Gold Wire
4.1.4.4 Group 4: Engine‐Driven Instruments that Adapt Themselves to the Root Canal Anatomy
4.1.4.4.1 Self‐Adjusting File (ReDent NOVA)
4.1.4.4.2 XP Shaper and XP Finisher (FKG)
4.1.4.5 Group 5: Engine‐Driven Reciprocating Instruments
4.1.4.6 Group 6: Sonic and Ultrasonic Instruments
4.2 Properties of NiTi Alloys and Improvements by Thermomechanical Treatments
4.2.1 Martensitic Transformation
4.2.2 Pseudoelastic Properties
4.2.3 Transformation Temperatures
4.2.4 Manufacturing Processes
4.2.5 Flexibility
4.2.6 Clinical Implications
4.3 Concepts in Root Canal Shaping
4.3.1 Instrument Motions
4.3.2 Canal Management Strategies
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Irrigating Solutions, Devices, and Techniques
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Irrigating Solutions. 5.2.1 Sodium Hypochlorite
5.2.2 Chlorhexidine
5.2.3 Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid
5.2.4 Citric Acid
5.2.5 Etidronic Acid
5.2.6 Maleic Acid
5.2.7 Ozonated Water
5.2.8 Electrochemically Activated Water
5.2.9 Saline
5.2.10 Mixtures of Irrigating Solutions
5.2.10.1 BioPure MTAD
5.2.10.2 Tetraclean
5.2.10.3 QMix
5.2.11 Suggested Irrigation Protocol
5.3 Irrigation Techniques
5.3.1 Irrigant Delivery Techniques. 5.3.1.1 Syringe Irrigation
5.3.1.1.1 Syringes
5.3.1.1.2 Needles
5.3.1.1.3 Syringe Warmers
5.3.1.1.4 Technique
5.3.1.2 Negative‐Pressure Irrigation
5.3.1.2.1 Cannulas and Systems
5.3.1.2.2 Technique
5.3.1.3 Combined Positive‐ and Negative‐Pressure Irrigation
5.3.2 Irrigant Activation and Agitation Techniques. 5.3.2.1 Ultrasonic Activation
5.3.2.1.1 Ultrasonic Instruments
5.3.2.1.2 Ultrasound Devices
5.3.2.1.3 Technique
5.3.2.2 Sonic Agitation
5.3.2.2.1 Tips and Devices
5.3.2.2.2 Technique
5.3.2.3 Laser Activation
5.3.2.3.1 Devices and Tips
5.3.2.3.2 Technique
5.3.2.4 Manual Dynamic Agitation
5.3.2.4.1 Gutta‐Percha Points
5.3.2.4.2 Technique
5.3.3 Combinations of Techniques. 5.3.3.1 Continuous Irrigant Delivery and Ultrasonic Activation
5.3.3.1.1 Ultrasonic Needles
5.3.3.1.2 Technique
5.3.3.2 Continuous Irrigant Delivery and Multisonic Activation
5.3.3.2.1 Device
5.3.3.2.2 Technique
5.4 Final Remarks
References
6 Root Canal Filling Materials and Techniques
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Root Canal Obturation Materials. 6.2.1 Sealers
6.2.1.1 Zinc Oxide‐Eugenol Sealers
6.2.1.2 Calcium Hydroxide Sealers
6.2.1.3 Glass Ionomer Sealers
6.2.1.4 Resin Sealers
6.2.1.5 Silicone Sealers
6.2.1.6 HCSC Sealers
6.2.1.6.1 Type 2 HCSC Sealers
6.2.1.6.2 Type 3 HCSC Sealers
6.2.1.6.3 Type 4 and Type 5 HCSC Sealers
6.2.1.7 Other Sealer Types
6.2.2 Core Materials. 6.2.2.1 Silver Points
6.2.2.2 Acrylic Points
6.2.2.3 Gutta‐Percha
6.2.2.3.1 Coated Cones
6.2.2.3.2 Chlorhexidine‐Impregnated Gutta‐Percha Points
6.2.2.3.3 Gutta‐Percha Points Impregnated with Metronidazole
6.2.2.3.4 Gutta‐Percha Allergy
6.3 Root Filling Techniques
6.3.1 Cold Gutta‐Percha Condensation Techniques. 6.3.1.1 Lateral Condensation
6.3.1.2 Single‐Cone Obturation
6.3.2 Heat‐Softened Gutta‐Percha Techniques
6.3.2.1 Intracanal Heating Techniques
6.3.2.2 Extracanal Heating Techniques. 6.3.2.2.1 Carrier‐Based Systems
6.3.2.2.2 Thermoplastic Delivery Systems
6.3.3 Thermomechanical Compaction. 6.3.3.1 Vibration and Heat
6.3.3.2 Rotating Condenser
6.3.4 Other Obturation Techniques. 6.3.4.1 Pastes
6.3.4.2 HCSCs
6.3.4.3 Monoblocks
6.3.4.4 Hydrophilic Polymers
6.4 Orifice Barrier Materials and Tooth Restoration
6.5 Retreatment
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Root‐End Filling and Perforation Repair Materials and Techniques
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Surgical Environment
7.3 Materials for Endodontic Surgery
7.3.1 Conventional Materials
7.3.1.1 Zinc Oxide‐Eugenol Cements
7.3.1.1.1 Chemistry and Physical Properties
7.3.1.1.2 Biological Properties
7.3.1.1.3 Antimicrobial Properties
7.3.1.1.4 Clinical Technique
7.3.1.1.5 Environmental Interactions
7.3.1.1.6 Clinical Evaluation
7.3.1.2 Glass Ionomer Cements
7.3.1.2.1 Chemistry and Physical Properties
7.3.1.2.2 Biological Properties
7.3.1.2.3 Antimicrobial Properties
7.3.1.2.4 Clinical Technique
7.3.1.2.5 Environmental Interactions
7.3.1.2.6 Clinical Evaluation
7.3.1.3 Filled Resin and Dentine Bonding Systems
7.3.1.3.1 Chemistry and Mechanical Properties
7.3.1.3.2 Biological Properties
7.3.1.3.3 Antimicrobial Properties
7.3.1.3.4 Clinical Technique
7.3.1.3.5 Environmental Interactions
7.3.1.3.6 Clinical Evaluation
7.3.1.4 Other Materials and Techniques
7.3.2 Hydraulic Cements
7.3.2.1 Portland Cement‐Based Hydraulic Cements: Types 1–3. 7.3.2.1.1 g539Chemistry and Mechanical Properties
MTA Chemistry
MTA Properties
Setting
Radiopacity
Solubility
Dimensional Stability
Washout
Colour Stability
Hardness
Properties of Type 2 Materials
7.3.2.1.2 Biological Properties
7.3.2.1.3 Antimicrobial Properties
7.3.2.1.4 Clinical Technique
7.3.2.1.5 Environmental Interactions
7.3.2.1.6 Clinical Evaluation
7.3.2.2 Tricalcium Silicate Cement‐Based Hydraulic Cements: Types 4 and 5
7.3.2.2.1 Chemistry and Physical Properties
7.3.2.2.2 Biological Properties
7.3.2.2.3 Antimicrobial Properties
7.3.2.2.4 Clinical Technique
7.3.2.2.5 Environmental Interactions
7.3.2.2.6 Clinical Evaluation
7.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Materials and Clinical Techniques for Endodontic Therapy of Deciduous Teeth
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Primary Dentine–Pulp Complex
8.3 Pulp Treatments in Deciduous Teeth. 8.3.1 Vital Pulp Therapy. 8.3.1.1 Incomplete Caries Removal
8.3.1.2 Complete Caries Removal
8.3.1.3 Restorative Materials for VPT of Deciduous Teeth
8.3.1.3.1 Calcium Hydroxide
8.3.1.3.2 Zinc Oxide‐Eugenol
8.3.1.3.3 Glass Ionomer Cement (Indirect Pulp Treatment Only)
8.3.1.3.4 Hydraulic Calcium Silicate Cement
8.3.2 Pulpectomy. 8.3.2.1 Technique
8.3.2.2 Restorative Materials
8.3.2.2.1 Zinc Oxide‐Eugenol
8.3.2.2.2 Iodoform
Iodoform + CH
Iodoform + Zinc Oxide
Evaluation of Root Canal Filling Materials in Primary Teeth
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Adhesion to Intraradicular and Coronal Dentine : Possibilities and Challenges
TABLE OF CONTENTS
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Adhesion to Human Dentine
9.3 Adhesion to Root Dentine in Vital Teeth
9.4 Pulp Protection Materials and Their Effect on Adhesion to Dentine
9.5 Adhesion to Root Dentine in Nonvital Teeth
9.6 Conclusion
References
Index. a
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