Оглавление
Группа авторов. Soil Bioremediation
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Soil Bioremediation. An Approach Towards Sustainable Technology
List of Contributors
Preface
1 In‐situ Bioremediation: An Eco‐sustainable Approach for the Decontamination of Polluted Sites
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Ex‐situ Versus In‐situ Bioremediation
1.3 In‐situ Bioremediation Techniques. 1.3.1 Bioaugmentation
1.3.2 Biostimulation
1.3.3 Bioaugmentation Versus Biostimulation
1.4 Conclusion
References
2 Bioremediation: A Green Solution to avoid Pollution of the Environment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sources of Heavy Metals
2.2.1 Natural Sources
2.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
2.3 Impacts of Heavy Metals on Soil and Microbial Activity. 2.3.1 Soil Microbial Community
2.3.2 Soil Organic Matter
2.3.3 Plants
2.3.4 Water
2.3.5 Humans
2.4 Fate of Pesticides and Its Biodegradation in Soil
2.5 Strategies of Bioremediation
2.5.1 Microbial Remediation
2.5.2 Phytovolatilization
2.5.3 Phytodegradation
2.6 Adaptive Mechanism of Bioremediation for Heavy Metals, Pesticides, and Herbicides
2.6.1 Defense System
2.6.1.1 Adsorption
2.6.1.2 Photodegradation
2.6.1.3 Hydrolysis
2.6.1.3.1 Enzymatic Degradation
2.7 Behavior of Inorganic and Organic Pollutants in Soil
2.8 Environmental Implications of Bioremediation
2.8.1 Advantages of Phytoremediation
2.8.2 Disadvantages of Phytoremediation
2.9 Conclusion
References
3 Laccase: The Blue Copper Oxidase
3.1 What Is Laccase?
3.2 Distribution of Laccases
3.3 Application of Laccase
3.3.1 Laccase in Bioremediation
3.3.1.1 Degradation of Xenobiotics
3.3.1.2 Decolorization of Dyes
3.3.2 Effluent Treatment
3.3.3 Pulp and Paper Industry
3.3.4 Laccases: Biosensors and Biofuel Cells
3.3.5 Laccase in Food Industries. 3.3.5.1 Wine Stabilization
3.3.5.2 Baking Industry
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Genome Assessment: Functional Gene Identification Involved in Heavy Metal Tolerance and Detoxification
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tolerance and Degradation Mechanisms of Toxic Metals by Microorganisms. 4.2.1 Cadmium (Cd)
4.2.2 Chromium (Cr)
4.2.3 Lead (Pb)
4.2.4 Zinc (Zn)
4.2.5 Nickel (Ni)
4.2.6 Copper (Cu)
4.2.7 Aluminum (Al)
4.2.8 Arsenic (As)
4.2.9 Mercury (Hg)
4.3 Genetic Engineering in Bioremediation Processes for Some Major Elements
4.4 Biotechnological Intervention for Some Important Heavy Metals
4.5 Future Perspective
4.6 Conclusions
References
5 Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Ions Contaminated Soil
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bioremediation
5.2.1 Metals Transport
5.2.2 Extracellular Sequestration
5.2.3 Intracellular Sequestration
5.2.4 Biotransformation
5.2.5 Limits and Prospects
5.3 Phytoremediation
5.3.1 Mechanism
5.3.2 Obstacles and Prospects
5.4 Analytical Methods in Bioremediation of Metals
5.4.1 Combination of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Heavy Metal Concentrations
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Bioremediation of Dye Contaminated Soil
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History and Usage of Dyes
6.3 Classification of Dyes
6.3.1 Acid Dyes
6.3.2 Basic or Cationic Dyes
6.3.3 Direct Dyes
6.3.4 Reactive Dyes
6.3.5 Disperse Dyes
6.4 Problems Due to Colored Textile Effluent
6.5 Physico‐Chemical Quality of Textile Effluents
6.6 Dye Decolorization/Degradation Techniques
6.6.1 Physical Methods. 6.6.1.1 Membrane Filtration
6.6.1.2 Electrokinetic Coagulation or Flocculation
6.6.1.3 Sorption
6.6.1.4 Activated Carbon
6.6.1.5 Peat
6.6.1.6 Wood Chips
6.6.1.7 Fly Ash and Coal Mixture
6.6.1.8 Silica Gel
6.6.1.9 Other Materials
6.6.1.10 Ion Exchange
6.6.2 Chemical Methods. 6.6.2.1 Electrolysis
6.6.2.2 H2O2‐Fe(II) Salts (Fenton's Reagent)
6.6.2.3 Photocatalytic Process
6.6.2.4 Ozonation
6.6.2.5 Sodium Hypochloride (NaOCl)
6.6.3 Microbial Degradation of Dyes
6.6.3.1 Bacteria
6.6.3.2 Actinomycetes
6.6.3.3 Fungi
6.6.3.4 Algae
6.6.3.5 Dye Decolorization Enzymes
6.6.3.6 Use of Dead Biomass in Decolorization
6.7 Factors that Control the Discoloration of Microbial Dye
6.7.1 Effects of the Azo Dye Structure
6.7.2 Influence of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources
6.7.3 Influence of Salinity, Color Concentration, pH, Temperature, and Oxygen
6.8 Conclusions
References
7 Composting and Bioremediation Potential of Thermophiles
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Heavy Metal Resistance Genes
7.2.1 Cadmium‐Resistant Genes (cad and czc)
7.2.2 Chromium Resistance Gene (chr A)
7.2.3 Arsenite Resistance (ars) Operon
7.2.4 Arsenite Respiratory Reductase
7.3 Biotransformation‐Based Bioremediation. 7.3.1 Oxidation‐Based Metal Transformation
7.3.1.1 Arsenite [As(III)] Oxidation
7.3.1.2 Iron [Fe(II)] Oxidation
7.3.2 Reduction‐based Metal Transformations
7.3.2.1 Chromium Reduction [Cr(VI) → Cr(III)]
7.3.2.2 Mercury Reduction [Hg(II) → Hg(0)]
7.3.2.3 Selenium Reduction [Se(IV)/Se(VI) → Se(0)]
7.3.2.4 Uranium Reduction [U(VI) → U(IV)]
7.3.2.5 Iron Reduction [Fe(III) → Fe(II)]
7.3.3 Biosorption‐Based Bioremediation
7.3.4 Metallothioneins, Metallochaperones, and Other Metal‐Binding Proteins
7.3.5 Metal Efflux System‐Based Bioremediation
7.4 Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
8 Ecological Perspectives of Halophilic Fungi and their Role in Bioremediation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hypersaline Inhabitant Fungi
8.3 Strategies Against the Hypersaline Environment. 8.3.1 Ion Homeostasis
8.3.2 Accumulation of Compatible Solutes
8.3.3 Maintaining Plasma Membrane Fluidity
8.3.4 High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) Signaling Pathway
8.4 Ecological Perspectives of Hypersaline Fungi
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 Rhizobacteria‐Mediated Bioremediation: Insights and Future Perspectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bioremediation: Rescue Plan by Natural Agents
9.3 Rhizoremediation
9.4 Rhizospheric Microbial Community. 9.4.1 Endophytes
9.4.2 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
9.4.3 Mycorrhizal Association
9.5 Practices that Improves Rhizoremediation. 9.5.1 Phytoextraction
9.5.2 Genetically Engineered Rhizobacteria
9.6 Future Perspective
9.7 Advantages of Rhizoremediation
9.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
10 Bioremediation Potential of Rhizobacteria associated with Plants Under Abiotic Metal Stress
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mode of Action Rhizobacteria. 10.2.1 Role of PGPR in Plant Growth Under Abiotic Stress
10.2.2 Mechanism Action of PGPR Species
10.3 Bioremediation
10.4 Genetically Modified Plant‐Associated Microbes for Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance
10.5 Highly Toxic Metals
10.6 Effects of Highly Toxic Metals on Plant Growth
10.6.1 Arsenic (33As74.922)
10.6.2 Lead (82Pb207.2)
10.6.3 Cadmium(48Cd112.41)
10.6.4 Chromium (24Cr51.9961)
10.6.5 Cobalt (27As58.933)
10.6.6 Copper (29Cu63.546)
10.6.7 Gold (79Au196.97)
10.6.8 Iron (26Fe55.845)
10.6.9 Manganese (25Mn54.938)
10.6.10 Molybdenum (42Mo95.94)
10.6.11 Mercury (80Hg200.59)
10.6.12 Nickel (28Ni58.693)
10.6.13 Selenium (34Se78.96)
10.6.14 Silver (47Ag107.87)
10.6.15 Uranium (92U238.03)
10.6.16 Zinc (30Zn65.38)
10.7 Conclusion
References
11 Molecular and Enzymatic Mechanism Pathways of Degradation of Pesticides Pollutants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Effect of Pesticides on Soil Enzymes
11.3 Introduction of Plasmids in Soil Bacteria
11.4 Microbial Degradation of Pesticides
11.5 Enzymatic Degradation
11.6 Organophosphorus Hydrolase and Organophosphorus Dehydrogenase (OPH and OPD)
11.7 Pesticide–Antibiotic Cross Resistance
11.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
12 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Other Toxic Substances by Microorganisms
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sources of Heavy Metals
12.2.1 Natural Sources
12.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
12.2.3 Electronic Waste
12.3 Effects of Heavy Metals on Plant, Microorganisms, and Human Health
12.4 Current Approaches for Remediation of Heavy Metals
12.4.1 Physico‐chemical Approaches for Remediation of Heavy Metals
12.4.1.1 Soil Replacement
12.4.1.2 Soil Isolation and Containment
12.4.1.3 Solidification and Stabilization
12.4.1.4 Vitrification
12.4.1.5 Soil Washing
12.4.1.6 Electrokinetic Remediation
12.4.1.7 Immobilization Techniques
12.4.2 Biological Approaches/Bioremediation for Remediation of Heavy Metals
12.5 Mechanisms Involved in Bioremediation
12.5.1 Biosorption
12.5.2 Binding on a Surface
12.5.3 Entrapment
12.5.4 Encapsulation
12.6 Types of Bioremediation
12.6.1 In‐situ Bioremediation
12.6.2 Ex‐situ Bioremediation
12.7 Strategies of Bioremediation
12.7.1 Microbe‐Based Bioremediation
12.7.1.1 Use of Indigenous Microbes
12.7.1.2 Bioaugmentation
12.7.1.3 Biostimulation
12.7.1.4 Biotechnological Approaches Involving Genetically Modified Microorganisms
12.7.2 Plant Based Bioremediation/Phytoremediation
12.8 Factors Affecting Bioremediation
12.8.1 Environmental Factors
12.8.1.1 Atmospheric Temperature
12.8.1.2 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
12.8.2 Soil Factors
12.8.2.1 Physico‐chemical Parameters
12.8.2.2 Moisture
12.8.2.3 Aeration
12.8.2.4 Organic Matter
12.8.2.5 Nutrient Availability
12.8.3 Bioavailability of Contaminants
12.8.4 Characteristics of Contaminants
12.8.5 Biological Factors
12.9 Pros and Cons of Applicability of Bioremediation Approaches Under Field Conditions
12.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
13 Trends in Heavy Metal Remediation: An Environmental Perspective
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sources of Heavy Metals
13.2.1 Atmosphere to Soil
13.2.2 Sewage to Soil
13.2.3 Solid Wastes to Soils
13.2.4 Agriculture to Soils
13.3 Heavy Metal Impacts
13.3.1 Impact of Heavy Metals on Humans
13.3.2 Risk of Emergence of Developing Antibiotic Resistance Strains Due to Heavy Metals
13.3.3 Impact of Heavy Metals on Soil and Soil Microbes
13.3.4 Impacts of Heavy Metals on Plants
13.4 Current Scenario of Heavy Metals
13.5 Microorganisms and Remediation of Heavy Metals
13.5.1 Microbial Processes Concerned with Bioremediation
13.5.2 Metal Microbe Interaction
13.6 Mechanism of Metal Tolerance by Resistant Species
13.6.1 General Mechanism of Metal Resistance
13.6.2 Exopolymer Binding
13.6.3 Siderophore Complexation
13.6.4 Biosurfactants Complexation
13.6.5 Precipitation by Metal Reduction
13.6.6 Efflux System
13.6.7 Metal Dependent Mechanisms of Metal Resistance
13.7 Conclusion
References
Index. a
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