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Группа авторов. The Handbook of Speech Perception
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics
The Handbook of Speech Perception
List of Contributors
Foreword to the Second Edition
Foreword to the First Edition
Preface
1 Perceptual Organization of Speech
Perceptual organization and the gestalt legacy. A generic auditory model of organization
Gestalt principles of organization applied to speech
The plausibility of the generic account of perceptual organization. A brief review of the acoustic properties of speech
A few clues
Organization by coordinate variation
The perceptual organization of speech. Characteristics of the perceptual coherence of speech
Generic auditory organization and speech perception
Implications of perceptual organization for theories of speech perception. The nature of speech cues
A constraint on normative descriptions of speech perception
Multisensory perceptual organization
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
NOTE
2 Primacy of Multimodal Speech Perception for the Brain and Science
Ubiquity and automaticity of multisensory speech
The double‐edged sword of the McGurk effect
Multimodal speech is integrated at the earliest observable stage
Supramodal speech information
Specific examples of supramodal information
General examples of supramodal information
Conclusions
REFERENCES
3 How Does the Brain Represent Speech?
Introduction
Encoding of speech in the inner ear and auditory nerve
Subcortical pathways
Primary auditory cortex
Anatomy and tonotopicity of the human primary auditory cortex
What does the higher‐order cortex add?
Speech‐preferential areas
Auditory phonetic representations in the superior temporal gyrus
Auditory phonetic representations in the sensorimotor cortex
Systems‐level representations and temporal prediction
Auditory feedback networks
Temporal prediction
Semantic representations
Embodied meaning
Vector representations and encoding models
Conclusion
REFERENCES
4 Perceptual Control of Speech
Perceptual feedback processing
Deafness and Perturbations of auditory feedback
Real‐time manipulations of auditory feedback
Models of feedback processing. Computational processing of feedback
Neural processing of feedback
Auditory feedback and vocal learning
Perception–production interaction
Learning/adaptation changes
Correlational data
Interference effects
Conclusion
REFERENCES
5 Features in Speech Perception and Lexical Access
Preliminaries
Functional architecture of word recognition
Distinctive features as a theoretical construct
Feature dimensions. Speech perception
Lexical access
Features: Binary or graded
Speech perception
Lexical access
Feature representations: Articulatory or acoustic. The motor theory of speech perception
The acoustic theory of speech perception
Conclusion
REFERENCES
6 Speaker Normalization in Speech Perception
Introduction
Physiological and acoustic differences between talkers
The vowel‐normalization problem
Intrinsic normalization
Vowels as formant patterns
F0 normalization
Higher formant normalization
Neural correlates of intrinsic normalization
The basic auditory‐processing hierarchy
The cortical separation of vowel types and voice properties
How may frequency‐independent coding of formants emerge in the auditory cortex?
Extrinsic normalization
Extrinsic vowel normalization
Mechanisms of extrinsic normalization. A role for auditory contrast
Tuning in to talkers
Neural extrinsic talker normalization
The representation of talker identities in cortical processing
The extrinsic rescaling of vowels in cortical processing
Extrinsic normalization
Conclusions
REFERENCES
7 Clear Speech Perception: Linguistic and Cognitive Benefits
Characteristics of clear speech production and their effect on linguistic and cognitive processes
Signal enhancement
Enhancement of linguistic structure
Linguistic processing and cognitive functioning
Variability in CS production
Tasks and communicative barriers
CS across the life span
CS by nonnative and clinical populations
Variability in CS perception
Listeners with hearing impairment
Language learners
Intelligibility effects of signal modifications
Conclusion
REFERENCES
NOTES
8 A Comprehensive Approach to Specificity Effects in Spoken‐Word Recognition
Comprehensive approach
Talker
Foreign accents and dialectical variations
Dysarthria
Speech signal
Careful speech
Casual speech
Spontaneous speech
Listener
Bilinguals
Age
Hearing impairments
Context
Meaning
Sentences
Audiovisual
Social
Theoretical frameworks
Time‐course hypothesis
Attention
Lexicon or general memory
Sound‐specificity effects
Implicit memory
Alternative possibilities
New questions
Final thoughts
Interdisciplinary, basic, and applied research
New goals
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
NOTE
9 Word Stress in Speech Perception
Lexical stress and the vocabulary
Spoken‐word identification
New horizons for stress in speech perception
Lexical‐stress perception in degraded speech
Lexical stress in visual speech
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
10 Slips of the Ear
Challenges with observational data
Slips of the tongue
Slips of the ear
Phonetics
Homophones and near homophones
Vowels and stress
Consonants
Not much phonetic resemblance
Well‐formedness
Casual speech
Lost consonants
Weak closure or constriction
Velarization
/ə/ reduction
Palatalization
The shape of words
Word boundaries
Nonwords
Order of segments
Function words
Syntax and semantics
Slips of the ear in other languages
German
Latvian
Conclusion
REFERENCES
NOTES
11 Phonotactics in Spoken‐Word Recognition
What are phonotactics?
Milestones in research on phonotactics
Initial sensitivity to phonotactic patterns
Word segmentation and word learning
Spoken‐word recognition in adults
Representing phonotactic information in models of language processing
Network science: An alternative way to model phonotactic probability
Languages other than English
Phonotactic information in bilingual speakers
Implications for speech, language, and hearing disorders
Phonotactics in other contexts
Conclusion
REFERENCES
12 Perception of Formulaic Speech: Structural and Prosodic Characteristics of Formulaic Expressions
Background
Formulaic language in contemporary studies
Functions of formulaic expressions
Incidence of FEs in spoken language: Mental representation
Acquisition of FEs
Phonetics of FEs: Stereotyped patterns
Studies of comprehension and perception of FEs
Prosodic material differentiating FEs from novel expressions: Indirect measures
Summary of phonetic and prosody measures of FEs
Sarcasm
Neurology of FEs: Comprehension and production
Subcortical disorders
Dual‐process model of language processing
Summary
REFERENCES
NOTE
13 Perception of Dialect Variation
Perceptual classification of regional dialects. Native adult listeners
Other listener populations
Effects of dialect variation on speech perception and processing. Native adult listeners
Other listener populations
Challenges for the future
REFERENCES
14 Who We Are: Signaling Personal Identity in Speech
Acoustic components
Recognition versus discrimination of voices
Familiar and unfamiliar voices
Personally familiar voices
How many voices?
A historical view of phonagnosia studies: Early lesion studies
Neuroimaging studies of voice‐identity perception
Other brain areas in voice perception
Voice acquisition and memory storage: Familiar and unfamiliar voices
Time course of voice‐identity processing
Toward a model of voice‐identity perception
Brain systems and networks in voice recognition
REFERENCES
15 Perceptual Integration of Linguistic and Non‐Linguistic Properties of Speech
Consequences of variation in spoken language
Tracking systematic variation during the perception of speech
Talker‐specific variation
Variation associated with groups of speakers
Representing classes of non‐linguistic variation
Linguistic structure and talker recognition
The informativeness of non‐linguistic variation
Outstanding questions
The role of attention and other cognitive factors
The timescale of learning systematic variation
Neural correlates
The role of knowledge
Conclusion
REFERENCES
16 Perceptual Learning of Accented Speech
Nonnative speech production and its impact on listener perception
Increasing accuracy and speed of accented word recognition
Long‐term linguistic experience
Short‐term adaptation
Explicit training
Implicit training
Generalization
Accent adaptation across the life span
Infants and children
Older adults
Representational changes and implications for theoretical models
Remapping sound categories
Shifting category boundaries (lexically guided retuning)
Connections to adaptation for other unfamiliar speech types
Models
Conclusion
REFERENCES
NOTES
17 Perception of Indexical Properties of Speech by Children
What is indexical information and why should we study it?
Development of the perception of indexical/talker information
Integration of talker and linguistic processing in children
Conclusion
REFERENCES
NOTE
18 Speech Perception by Children: The Structural Refinement and Differentiation Model
Prelude to the study of children’s speech perception
Questioning the primacy of phonemic units
The acquisition of phonemic segments
Early lexical representations
Perceptual learning I: Attention
Perceptual learning II: Organization
What we learn from children with sensory impairments
The structural refinement and differentiation model
Summary
REFERENCES
NOTE
19 Santa Claus, the Tooth Fairy, and Auditory‐Visual Integration: Three Phenomena in Search of Empirical Support
Models of AV integration
Comparing measures of AV benefit
AV benefit across different stimuli
Measuring auditory‐visual integration
The role of individual and age differences in lip‐reading
The conundrum of AV speech perception
Clinical implications
Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
NOTES
20 Some Neuromyths and Challenging Questions about Cochlear Implants
Introduction
What do CI users hear?
What factors predict outcome after implantation?
Information‐processing approach to individual differences
Working memory: A core cognitive ability
Neurocognitive impacts of pediatric cochlear implantation
Cognitive hearing science and cognitive audiology
Auditory and cognitive training
Predicting long‐term outcomes following implantation
Should all deaf children who use CIs be taught sign language?
Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
21 Speech Perception Following Focal Brain Injury
Introduction
Methods for investigating the neurobiology of speech processing
Functional and neural architecture for speech‐sound processing: Organizational principles
Methods for assessing phonological deficits and comprehension impairments in aphasia
Networks for phonological processing
Contribution of temporal lobes to speech‐sound processing. Pure word deafness
Hemispheric specialization for speech
Phonological deficits in Wernicke’s area consequent to damage of the posterior temporal lobes
Auditory deficits in Wernicke’s aphasia
Deficits in mapping from phonological form to meaning
The role of Broca’s area in speech perception
Role of left inferior frontal regions in access to phonetic category identity
The role of frontal areas in the resolution of phonetic competition and top‐down control of speech perception
The role of frontal areas in learning and adaptation in speech
Controversies and unanswered questions
Acknowledgements
REFERENCES
NOTE
22 Acoustic Cues to the Perception of Segmental Phonemes
Introduction
The acoustic cues: Consonants. Acoustic cues to the stop consonants. Manner cues
Place cues
Voicing cues
Acoustic cues to the fricative and affricate consonants. Manner cues
Place cues
Voicing cues
Acoustic cues to the nasal consonants. Manner cues
Place cues
Acoustic cues to the semivowel consonants. Manner cues
Place cues
The acoustic cues: Vowels
Conclusion: The evolution of the notion of the cue
REFERENCES
23 On the Relation between Speech Perception and Speech Production
Typology and function
Genesis of the motor theory of speech perception
The twilight of the motor theory: Articulatory phonology and direct realism
Phonemes and phonetics
Challenges to articulatory phonology
Articulation to phonology is indirect
Perceptual accommodation of talker variability
Phonetic variation and convergence
Development of disparity in speech perception and production
Early sensitivity to individual variation
Early speech production lags behind perception
Neuroscience and self‐regulation of speech production
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
REFERENCES
24 Speech Perception and Reading Ability: What Has Been Learned from Studies of Categorical Perception, Nonword Repetition, and Speech in Noise?
Categorical perception. Background
Categorical perception results associated with reading achievement
Factors that influence performance on categorical perception measures. Lexicality effects
The categorical perception task
Developmental factors in performance on categorical perception tasks
Visual articulatory influence on categorical perception
Does reading experience sharpen perceptual categories?
Summary
Nonword repetition
Factors associated with performance on nonword repetition measures. Vocabulary knowledge
Comorbidity of dyslexia and specific language impairment
Correspondence of nonword repetition and other phonological measures
Speech in noise
The speech‐in‐noise paradigm and reading ability
Exploring the loci of the speech‐in‐noise difficulties for impaired readers
Correspondences with other phonological and nonphonological measures
Factors contributing to perception of speech in noise by dyslexic children. Signal‐to‐noise ratio
Audiological profiles
Explanations of reading‐group differences in perception of speech in noise
Conclusion: Speech perception in noise
Closing remarks
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
NOTES
25 Cognitive Audiology: An Emerging Landscape in Speech Perception
Introduction
Clinical audiology and speech perception
Cognitive psychology and information processing
Assumption #1
Assumption #2
Assumption #3
Assumption #4
The foundations of clinical audiology
Speech audiometry: Clinical evaluation and assessment of speech perception
Speech‐reception thresholds
Speech‐recognition tests
Speech‐recognition tests using monosyllablic words
Word‐recognition tests in noise
Speech‐recognition tests using sentences
Multimodal/multisensory AV sentence‐recognition tests
Novel sensitive tests of sentence recognition
Speech understanding: Assessment of higher‐order spoken‐language processing
Weaknesses and limitations of clinical audiometric tests
Purpose of the test
Monitored live‐voice versus recorded test signals
Testing in quiet versus noise
Attention and cognitive control processes
Speech‐repetition tests versus speech understanding
Linguistic versus indexical properties of speech
Robustness and adaptive functioning
Advances in research and theory
Speech perception viewed as information processing
Perceptual normalization in speech perception
Indexical attributes of speech
Speech perception as a talker‐contingent process
Spoken‐word recognition and lexical processing
Audibility, cognition and cognitive factors in speech perception
Acknowledgements
REFERENCES
Index
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