The Politics of Incremental Progressivism

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Группа авторов. The Politics of Incremental Progressivism

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

IJURR‐SUSC Published Titles

THE POLITICS OF INCREMENTAL PROGRESSIVISM. Governments, Governances and Urban Policy Changes in São Paulo

Notes on Contributors

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

Series Editors’ Preface. IJURR Studies in Urban and Social Change Book Series

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Urban Politics and Policies in Urban Studies and Political Science

City Studies, International Comparisons, and Urban Theories

Explaining Urban Policy Change and Capacity Building in São Paulo

Governance and Political Actors Governing São Paulo

The City and Local Brazilian Institutions

The Book

References

Notes

1 Governments, Mayors and Policies

Brazilian Institutions and Municipalities in International Perspective

Electoral Results and the Mayors of São Paulo

Municipal Administrations

Jânio Quadros

Luiza Erundina

Paulo Maluf

Celso Pitta

Marta Suplicy

José Serra and Gilberto Kassab

Fernando Haddad

References

Notes

2 The Politics of Executive‐Legislative Relations

The Production of Governability

Mayors, Political Strategies and Executive‐Legislative Relations

Jânio Quadros (PTB, 1986–1988)

Luiza Erundina (PT, 1989–1992)

Paulo Maluf (PPB, 1993–1996)

Celso Pitta (PPB, 1997–2000)

Marta Suplicy (PT, 2001–2004)

José Serra (PSDB, 2005–2006)/Gilberto Kassab (DEM/PSD, 2006–2012)

Fernando Haddad (PT, 2013–2016)

What Else Do Councilors Do? Territories, Governability and Policy Implementation9

Conclusion

References

Notes

3 The Politics of Municipal Budgets

Analytic Dimensions of Public Budget Governance

Budget Governance in São Paulo Municipality

Final Considerations and Perspectives for a Research Agenda

References

Notes

4 Struggling to Replace the Car Paradigm : Politics and Mobility Change

Institutionalization, Insulation, and Capacitation of the Traffic Sector

The CET: Insulated and Capacitated

The Car Flow Paradigm

Attempts to Deconstruct the Paradigm

Analysis of Changes

Final Considerations

References

Notes

5 Increasingly Governing Bus Services Through Policy Instruments

The Recent Trajectory of Bus Transportation

Governing Opacities in the Transportation Data

Omitting Passengers, Laundering Tickets

The First Electronic Turnstiles

Cards, Validators and Electronic Systems in Bus Services

Conclusion: Progressive Incrementalism in the Bus Services

References

Notes

6 Technocratic Decisions and Financial Arrangements in Subway Services

Line 1‐Blue and the Formation of the São Paulo Subway

Decisions on Line 3‐Red and the Change in the Political Paradigm

The Funding Crisis and Line 2‐Green: Return to the Wealthiest Regions of the City

Line 4‐Yellow and the Entrance of International Actors

The Expansion of Line 5‐Lilac and the Return to the Periphery

Conclusion

References

Notes

7 The Incremental Politics of Waste Management Regulation

Waste Collection in São Paulo's History

The Waste Management Model in São Paulo

Private Companies for Policy Implementation

Conclusions

References

Notes

8 Continuities and Changes in the Diversification of Public Housing

Brazilian Housing Policies Between Local and Federal

Housing Policy in São Paulo

Construction of New Units by Construction Firms

In Situ Slum Upgrading

Irregular Settlement Regularization

Self‐Help Housing Construction

Housing in the Central Area

Conclusion

References

Notes

9 Developers and Politicians in the Institutionalizing of Development Regulation

Definitions and Analytical Framework

Real Estate Interests, Bureaucracies, and the Recent Regulation

Project Trajectories, Bureaucratic Practices, and Regulatory Artifacts

Conclusion

References

Notes

10 Conflicts and Incremental Change in Urban Renewal Instruments

The Beginning of an Urban Regeneration Policy in São Paulo: The Interlinked Operations

The Urban Operations Consortia

Urban Operations Consortia at the Center of the Dispute

Final Considerations

References

Notes

11 Circulation of Institutional Formats in Urban Regeneration : From São Paulo to Porto Maravilha

A Trajectory of Regeneration Projects around Rio's Port

Understanding the Arrangement: The Three Pillars of the Policy

Topics for Comparison: A Historical‐Institutional Approach to the Large Urban Regeneration Projects

Access to Land, Counterpart Instruments and Temporalities

Institutions, Insulation, Private Sector, Political Risk

Political Coordination and Parties

Final Considerations

References

Notes

Conclusion The Political Production of Incremental Progressivism

Multilayer Politics and the Local

The Role of Urban Politics in Policies

State Capacities, Instruments and Policy Processes

Policy Formats and Private Companies

Index

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The Politics of Incremental Progressivism: Governments, Governances and Urban Policy Changes in São Paulo Eduardo Cesar Leão Marques (ed.)

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However, before discussing the policies themselves, it is useful to begin with the distinction between easy and hard redistribution made by Holland and Schneider (2017). This concept sought to explain the limits of the “pink tide” in Latin America in the 2000s, distinguishing widely expanded non‐contributory social benefits (easy) from much rarer labor decommodification policies (hard). In urban contexts, it is reasonable to consider hard redistribution policies as those that influence land values (and thus the wealth of land and homeowners, as well as developers), create zero‐sum games with the wellbeing of elites and the rich, or actively interfere in the interests of private service providers. Easy redistribution involves policies that improve the quality of life of the poor and their access to services but without impacting the wealth of the rich. The case of São Paulo suggests that easy distribution policies may be implemented under any government (although they are usually also first developed under left‐wing administrations), while hard distribution only happens during left‐wing governments.8

With this distinction in mind, we can return to policy production processes. Once decisions are made, policies must be produced and delivered, which brings bureaucrats, private contractors and policy community actors to center‐stage. These actors interact with politicians within policy‐specific governance patterns (Le Galès 2011) and are involved in the production and operation of all policies, irrespective of producing easy or hard redistribution.

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