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Группа авторов. Space Physics and Aeronomy, Solar Physics and Solar Wind
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Geophysical Monograph Series
Space Physics and Aeronomy Collection Volume 1. Geophysical Monograph 258. Solar Physics and Solar Wind
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
1 The Solar Wind
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. OBSERVATIONS OF THE NASCENT SOLAR WIND. 1.2.1. Remote‐Sensing Observations of Coronal Heating and the Solar Wind
1.2.2. Transient Coronal Outflows in the Nascent Solar Wind
1.3. MEASUREMENTS OF THE SOLAR WIND IN THE INNER HELIOSPHERE. 1.3.1. Bulk Properties and Large‐Scale Structures
1.3.2. Composition of the Solar Winds
1.3.3. Solar Wind Interaction Regions
1.3.4. Mesoscale Structures
1.3.5. Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Wind
1.4. WAVES AND TURBULENCE. 1.4.1. Spectra of Solar Wind Fluctuations at All Scales
1.4.2. Alfvén Waves in the Fast and Slow Winds
1.4.3. Solar Wind Fluctuations at Kinetic Scales
1.5. KINETIC PROCESSES AND HEATING IN THE SOLAR WIND. 1.5.1. Evolution of Anisotropies of the Solar Wind Distribution Function
1.5.2. Wave–Particle Interactions, Kinetic Instabilities, and Collisions
1.5.3. Suprathermal Particles
1.6. THE EVOLUTION OF THE SOLAR WIND FROM THE INNER TO OUTER HELIOSPHERE
1.7. OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
2 The Heating of the Solar Corona
ABSTRACT
2.1. HISTORICAL VIEWPOINT ON THE CORONAL HEATING PROBLEM
2.2. OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON CHROMOSPHERIC AND CORONAL HEATING
2.2.1. Observations of Chromospheric Heating
Observations of Chromospheric Waves
Observations of Reconnection Heating in the Chromosphere
2.2.2. Observations of Coronal Heating
Individual Brightenings
Loop Fine Structure
Differential Emission Measure (DEM)
Light Curves
Non‐Thermal Broadening
Coronal Rain
Doppler Shifts
Elemental Fractionation
Footpoints and Moss
Observations of Coronal Wave Heating
Observations of Coronal Heating from Magnetic Reconnection
2.3. MODELING OF THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE
2.3.1. Approach One: Local MHD Models. Wave Heating
Magnetic Reconnection
2.3.2. Approach Two: Field‐Aligned Hydrodynamic Modeling
2.3.3. Approach Three: Global Models of the Solar Atmosphere
2.4. FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR MODELING AND OBSERVATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3 Solar Magnetism and Radiation
ABSTRACT
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. THE SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD
3.2.1. Measurement of Solar Magnetic Field
3.2.2. Cyclical Behavior of the Global Solar Field
3.2.3. Magnetic Helicity
3.3. SOLAR MAGNETIC FEATURES WITH RADIATIVE SIGNATURES
3.3.1. Features of the Photosphere in Visible Light
3.3.2. Chromospheric Filaments
3.3.3. Coronal Loops
3.3.4. Coronal Holes and Solar Wind Structure
3.3.5. Flares and CMEs
3.4. THE SUN AS A STAR: SOLAR IRRADIANCE VARIABILITY
3.4.1. Irradiance Variability and Surface Magnetism
3.4.2. Models for Solar Irradiance
3.4.3. Uncertainties in Irradiance Reconstructions
3.4.4. Other Physical Mechanisms for Solar Irradiance Variability
3.4.5. Effects of Solar and Stellar Irradiance on Planet and Exoplanet Atmospheres
3.5. CALCIUM II K OBSERVATIONS
3.5.1. Calcium II K Spectroheliograms
3.5.2. Mount Wilson Calcium II K Spectroheliograms
3.5.3. Kodaikanal Calcium II K Spectroheliograms
3.5.4. The Meudon Archive
3.5.5. The Arcetri Archive
3.5.6. The Coimbra Archive
3.5.7. Other Ca K Line Image Archives
3.5.8. Calcium II K Sun‐as‐a‐Star Measurements
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
NOTE
4 Solar Energetic Particles
ABSTRACT
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 HISTORY
4.3 SOLAR ENERGETIC ION VARIABILITY IN SHOCK‐ACCELERATED SEP EVENTS
4.3.1 Temporal Variations
4.3.2 Spectral Variations
4.3.3 Compositional Variations
4.3.4 Spatial Variability
4.4 3HE‐RICH SEP EVENTS
4.4.1 Source and Injection Properties
4.4.2 Properties of 3He‐Rich SEP Event‐Averaged Electron and Ion Spectra
4.4.3 Theoretical Models for 3He‐Rich Events
4.5 SEP ELECTRONS
4.5.1 Occurrence Frequency of Solar Energetic Electron Events
4.5.2 Association with Other Solar Phenomena
4.5.3 Solar Electron Injections
4.5.4 Electron Energy Spectra
4.5.5 Electron Pitch Angle Distributions
4.6 UNDERSTANDING SEPs VIA ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOMS (ENAs)
4.6.1 Observation of Solar ENAs
4.6.2 Solar ENA Predictions
4.6.3. Future Solar ENA Observations
4.7. THEORY OF SEP ACCELERATION AND TRANSPORT
4.7.1. Particle Acceleration Associated with Magnetic Reconnection
4.7.2. Stochastic Acceleration (SA)
4.7.3. Diffusive Shock Acceleration (DSA)
Acceleration Time and Maximum Particle Energy
Shock Geometry and the Injection Momentum
Upstream Alfvén Waves and κ||
Cross‐Field Diffusion—the Nonlinear Guiding Center Theory
4.7.4. Propagation of Energetic Particles in the Solar Wind
4.8. CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Portions of this work have been supported at JHU/APL by NASA grant NNX17AC05G/125225 and L. W. thanks NSFC for support under grants 41861134033 and 41774183. REFERENCES
Chapter 5 Solar Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections
ABSTRACT
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. HISTORY. 5.2.1. Early History
5.2.2. The “Carrington Event”
5.2.3. Improved Observations Lead to the Modern Era
5.3. OBSERVATIONAL SIGNATURES AND DETECTION PROPERTIES
5.3.1. Flares
Time Profiles
Spatial and Spectral Properties
Energetics
Magnetism
5.3.2. Coronal Mass Ejections
Outer Coronal Observations
Inner Coronal Observations
In Situ and Other Observations
5.4. THEORETICAL INTERPRETATIONS AND KEY PROBLEMS
5.4.1. Magnetic Reconnection
5.4.2. Global Configuration and Topology
5.4.3. Energy Deposition in Flares
5.4.4. CME Mass and Energetics
5.5. SPACE WEATHER AND BEYOND
5.5.1. Space Weather
5.5.2. Exoplanet Impacts
5.5.3. Enabling Predictions Using Machine Learning
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Notes
6 Fine‐Scale Features of the Sun’s Atmosphere: Spicules and Jets
ABSTRACT
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. SOLAR SPICULES
6.2.1. Earlier Spicule Observations
6.2.2. Earlier Spicule Models
6.2.3. More Recent Spicule Observations
“Type I, “Type II,” and “Classical” Spicules
Other Aspects of Newer Spicule Observations
6.2.4. More Recent Spicule Models
6.3. CORONAL JETS
6.3.1. Earlier Jet Studies: Observations
6.3.2. Earlier Jet Studies: Theories
6.3.3. Later Jet Studies: Observations
Standard and Blowout Jets
6.3.4. Later Jet Studies: Theories; the Cause of Jets Revisited
Minifilament Eruption Model for Coronal Jets
Modified View of Standard and Blowout Jets
6.3.5. The Magnetic Cause of Jets
6.3.6. AR Jets
6.3.7. Jet Numerical Models: Recent Progress
6.4. JET‐LIKE PHENOMENA ON DIFFERING SIZE SCALES. 6.4.1. Coronal Jets and Large‐Scale Eruptions
Coronal Jets and CMEs
6.4.2. Smaller‐Scale Jets: Jetlets and Spicules(?)
6.5. CORONAL JETS AND OTHER PHENOMENA
6.5.1. Jets and Plumes
6.5.2. Jets and Macrospicules
6.5.3. Jets and Coronal Heating
6.6. THE FUTURE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
NOTE
Chapter 7 Solar Interior
ABSTRACT
7.1 SOLAR DYNAMO. 7.1.1 Solar Dynamo Models: Overall Context
7.1.2 Small‐Scale Turbulent Dynamos and Their Observational Signatures
7.1.3 Global Dynamo Models and Solar Cycle
Overview of Past Accomplishments
New Challenges
7.1.4 Solar Cycle Observations to Be Modeled by a Cyclic Dynamo
7.1.5 Recent Models and Results. Brief History of Solar Dynamo Model Developments
Calibrated and Benchmarked Models
Solar Cycle Simulation and Prediction
Beginnings of Application of DA
Flux Emergence and Active Longitudes
7.1.6 Outstanding Challenges to Be Explored
7.2 HELIOSEISMOLOGY. 7.2.1 Basic Principles
7.2.2 Observations
7.2.3 Inversions
Rotation Inversions
Structure Inversions
7.2.4 Solar Cycle Variations
7.2.5 Rotation
Near‐Surface Shear
The Bulk of the Convection Zone
The Tachocline
The Radiative Interior
Core Rotation
The Torsional Oscillation
7.2.6 Meridional Flow
7.3 FLUX EMERGENCE
7.3.1 Observations of Emerging Flux. Early Observations of Sunspots
Sunspot Latitude
Sunspot Magnetic Field
Sunspot Tilt
Sunspot Complexity
δ‐Spots
Twist and Rotation of Sunspot Fields
Emergence Rate and Separation Distance
7.3.2 Theory and Modeling of Flux Emergence. Thin Flux Tube Studies
Two‐Dimensional and 3D Buoyancy Studies
Emergence Through the Photosphere
Partial Ionization
δ‐Spots
Emergence into Coronal Fields
Effects of Radiation and Convection on Emergence
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
INDEX
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