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Группа авторов. Applied Soil Chemistry
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Applied Soil Chemistry
Preface
1. Potential and Challenges of Carbon Sequestration in Soils
List of Abbreviations and Units
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Soil Decomposition Processes
1.1.2 Organic Compounds Present in Soils
1.1.3 Cycle Time of Carbon in Soils
1.2 Influences Impacting Carbon Stabilization Rates in Soils
1.2.1 Weather Conditions and Fluctuations
1.2.2 Plant and Natural Biomass Inputs
1.2.3 Organic Enrichment Treatments
1.2.4 Tilled and Ploughed Agricultural Land
1.2.5 Pasture Managed for Livestock Grazing
1.2.6 Irrigated Arable Lands and Their Associated Drainage
1.2.7 Uncertain Impacts of Soil Erosion and Redistribution on Its Carbon Store
1.2.8 Fire Impacts on Soil Characteristics
1.3 Carbon-Sequestration Potential of Specific Vegetation Zones and Ecosystems
1.3.1 Croplands
1.3.2 Grasslands
1.3.3 Woodlands
1.3.4 Temperate Wetlands and Peat Bogs
1.3.5 Induced Changes in Vegetation and Land Conditions
1.3.6 Warm Temperate and Tropical Vegetated Zones
1.4 Estimates of Global Potential for Carbon Sequestration in Soils
1.5 Conclusions
References
2. A Brief Insight on Factors Controlling Rate of Chemical Weathering of Minerals Existing in Soil
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Weathering Similar to Hydrothermal and Diuretic Alteration of Minerals
2.2 Comparitive Stability of Minerals on the Basis of Their Sequence of Weathering
2.2.1 Heavy Minerals
2.2.2 Coarsely Grinded Minerals
2.2.3 Clay Size Mineral Particles
2.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Weathering
2.3.1 Capacity Factors Which Controls the Reaction Rate of Chemical Weathering. 2.3.1.1 Specific Surface Role
2.3.1.2 Specific Weatherability Role of Mineral
2.3.2 Intensity Factors Which Drives the Chemical Weathering Reaction Rate. 2.3.2.1 Factor of Temperature
2.3.2.2 Leaching and Water Contribution
2.3.2.3 Acidity Factor
2.3.2.4 Biotic Processes Factor
2.3.2.5 Reduction and Oxidation Factor
2.3.2.6 Influence of Time on the Rate of Chemical Weathering
2.4 Conclusion
References
3. Agroecosystems and Bioeconomy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Problems Related to Agricultural Intensification
3.3 Important Themes and Indicators
3.4 The Bioeconomy
3.5 On Circular Bioeconomy
3.6 Bioeconomy, Environment, and Natural Capital
3.7 The Bioeconomy in Daily Life
3.8 Conclusions
References
4. Technological Advances in Analyzing of Soil Chemistry
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Soil Chemistry
4.2.1 Advances in Time-Resolved Molecular Scale Techniques
4.2.2 Carbon Speciation in Soils
4.2.3 Soil Analysis Using Sensors
4.2.4 Soil Analysis Using AI
4.2.5 Soil Analysis Using ML
4.2.6 Soil Analysis Using IoT
4.2.7 Soil Analysis Using Big Data
4.2.8 Soil Analysis Using Drone and/or Satellite
4.3 Conclusion
References
5. An Overview of Soil Chemistry and Role of Its Components in Sorption of Heavy Metals in Soil
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Composition of Soil
5.2.1 Solid Phase
5.2.1.1 Soil Inorganic Matters
5.2.1.1.1 Kaolinite
5.2.1.1.2 Montmorillonite
5.2.1.1.3 Illite
5.2.1.1.4 Chlorite
5.2.1.1.5 Amorphous Clays
5.2.1.2 Soil Organic Matter
5.2.2 Liquid Phase
5.2.3 Gaseous Phase
5.3 Soil Characterization
5.3.1 Structure
5.3.2 Color
5.3.3 Texture
5.3.4 Bulk Density
5.3.5 Particle Size Distribution
5.4 Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil
5.4.1 Soil pH
5.4.2 Soil Temperature
5.4.3 Electrical Conductivity
5.4.4 Cation Exchange Capacity
5.5 Sorption Behavior of Soil
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Soil and Their Contaminants
6.1 Introduction. 6.1.1 Component of Soil
6.1.2 Major Types of Soil in India
6.1.3 The Various Factors Occurs in Soil Formation
6.1.4 Types of Soil Textures. 6.1.4.1 Clayer Soils
6.1.4.2 Sandy Soils
6.1.4.3 Slit Soils
6.2 Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
6.2.1 Soil Chemical Reaction
6.2.2 Sality and Acidity
6.3 Contaminants in Soil
6.3.1 Pesticides
6.3.2 Some of the Adverse Effects of Pesticides
6.4 Pollution of Soil
6.4.1 Effects of Modern Agriculture
6.4.2 Effects of Chemicals
6.5 Chemistry of Saline Soil
6.6 The Effect of Salinity in Plant Growth
6.7 Conclusion
References
7. Fertilization and Fertilizer Types
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Purpose and Application Methods of Fertilization
7.3 Classification of Fertilizers
7.4 Fertilizers Containing Organic Matters. 7.4.1 Herbal and Animal-Based Fertilizers
7.4.2 Organomineral Fertilizers
7.4.3 Soil Conditioners
7.5 Chemical Fertilizers
7.5.1 Solid and Liquid Fertilizers With Inorganic Primary Single and Compound Plant Nutrients
7.5.2 Fertilizers With Inorganic Secondary Nutrients
7.5.3 Fertilizers With Micro Plant Nutrients
7.6 Conclusion and Evaluation
References
8. Heavy Metal Chemistry in Soils
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Outline of the Heavy Metal Chemistry in Soil
8.3 Conclusions
8.4 Abbreviations
Acknowledgment
References
9. Modeling of Pollutant Mobility in Soil
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Modeling of Heavy Metal Sorption onto Soil or Soil Components
9.3 Modeling of Sorption of Other Pollutants onto Soil or Soil Components
9.4 Conclusion
References
10. Soil Chemistry: Composition and Laws
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Materials With Which Nutrients React
10.2.1 The Clay Minerals
10.2.2 Variable-Charge Mineral Surfaces
10.2.3 Organic Matter
10.3 Soil Chemistry: Laws. 10.3.1 First Law
10.3.2 Second Law
10.3.3 Third Rule
Acknowledgments
References
11. Parameters of Soil Chemistry
11.1 Introduction
11.1.2 Soil Morphology
11.1.3 Basic Soil Components
11.1.3.1 Mineral
11.1.3.2 Water
11.1.3.3 Organic Matter
11.1.3.4 Gases
11.1.3.5 Microorganisms
11.2 Concepts of Soil Chemistry
11.2.1 Soil Aeration
11.2.2 Soil Colloid
11.2.3 Soil Water
11.2.4 Ion Exchange Property
11.2.4.1 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
11.2.4.1.1 Different Variables That Affect CEC
11.2.4.2 Anion Exchange Capacity (AEC)
11.2.5 Soil pH–Acidity and Alkalinity
11.2.5.1 Acid Soil Formation
11.2.5.2 Acid Soil Benefits
11.2.5.3 Liming-Decreasing Soil Acidity
11.2.5.4 Alkaline Soil Formation
11.2.5.4.1 Disadvantages of Alkaline Soil
Acknowledgments
References
12. Essential Soil Functions for Enhanced Agricultural Productivity and Food Production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Effect of Pesticides on Soil Function Indicator
12.3 Soil Organic Matter
12.4 Soil Organic Carbon
12.4.1 Relationship Between Global Carbon Cycle and Soil Carbon as a Typical Example of Soil Function
12.4.2 Relationship Between CO2 Levels in the Atmosphere and Soil Carbon Content
12.4.3 Relationship Between Soil Organic Content and Soil Carbon Sequestration
12.4.4 Essential Soil Biological Processes and Their Relationship With Soil pH. 12.4.4.1 Microbial Ecophysiological Indicators
12.4.5 Soil Enzyme Activities and Their Relationship With Soil pH
12.4.6 Biodegradation of Toxic Substances bySoil Microorganisms and Their Relationship With Soil pH
12.4.6.1 Water Holding Capacity
12.4.6.2 Soil Erodibility
12.4.6.3 Nutrient Cycling
12.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge
References
13. Role of Pesticide Applications in Sustainable Agriculture
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Various Types of Pesticides and Their Application in Agriculture
13.3 Modes of Action of Pesticides
13.3.1 Organochlorine Pesticides
13.3.2 Organophosphorus Pesticides
13.3.3 Carbamate Pesticides
13.3.4 Other Classes of Chemical Pesticides
13.4 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge
References
Index
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