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Группа авторов. Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Biosurfactants for a Sustainable Future. Production and Applications in the Environment and Biomedicine
List of Contributors
Preface
1. Introduction to Biosurfactants
CHAPTER MENU
1.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective
1.2 Micelle Formation
1.3 Average Aggregation Numbers
1.4 Packing Properties of Amphiphiles
1.5 Biosurfactants
1.6 Sophorolipids
1.7 Surfactin
1.8 Final Comments
Acknowledgement
References
2 Metagenomics Approach for Selection of Biosurfactant Producing Bacteria from Oil Contaminated Soil: An Insight Into Its Technology
CHAPTER MENU
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Metagenomics Application: A State‐of‐the‐Art Technique
2.3 Hydrocarbon‐Degrading Bacteria and Genes
2.4 Metagenomic Approaches in the Selection of Biosurfactant‐Producing Microbes
2.5 Metagenomics with Stable Isotope Probe (SIP) Techniques
2.6 Screening Methods to Identify Features of Biosurfactants
2.7 Functional Metagenomics: Challenge and Opportunities
2.7.1 Single vs Multiple Host Expression System
2.7.2 Metagenomic Clone Libraries
2.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
3 Biosurfactant Production Using Bioreactors from Industrial Byproducts
CHAPTER MENU
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Significance of the Production of Biosurfactants from Industrial Products
3.3 Factors Affect Biosurfactant Production in Bioreactor
3.4 Microorganisms
3.4.1 Bacteria
3.4.2 Fungi and Yeast
3.5 Bacterial Growth Conditions
3.5.1 Continuous Cultures
3.5.2 Batch Processes
3.5.3 Fed‐Batch Process
3.6 Substrate for Biosurfactant Production
3.6.1 Production of Biosurfactant with Food and Vegetable Oil Waste
3.6.2 Development of Biosurfactants Using Waste Frying Oil
3.6.3 Fruit and Vegetable Industry Byproducts for Biosurfactant Processing
3.6.4 Starch‐Rich Byproduct from the Industry for Biosurfactant Production
3.6.5 Biosurfactant Synthesis from Lignocellulosic Industrial Byproducts
3.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
4 Biosurfactants for Heavy Metal Remediation and Bioeconomics
CHAPTER MENU
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Concept of Surfactant and Biosurfactant for Heavy Metal Remediation
4.3 Mechanisms of Biosurfactant–Metal Interactions
4.4 Substrates Used for Biosurfactant Production
4.4.1 Biosurfactants of Bacterial Origin
4.4.2 Biosurfactanats of Fungal Origin
4.5 Classification of Biosurfactants
4.6 Types of Biosurfactants
4.6.1 Glycolipids
4.6.2 Rhamnolipids
4.6.3 Sophorolipids
4.6.4 Trehalolipids
4.6.5 Surfactin
4.6.6 Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins
4.6.7 Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Neutral Lipids
4.6.8 Polymeric Biosurfactant
4.6.9 Particulate Biosurfactants
4.7 Factors Influencing Biosurfactants Production
4.7.1 Environmental Factors
4.7.2 Carbon and Nitrogen Sources for Biosurfactant Production
4.8 Strategies for Commercial Biosurfactant Production
4.8.1 Raw Material: Low Cost from Renewable Resources
4.8.2 Production Process: Engineered for Low Capital and Operating Costs
4.8.3 Improved Bioprocess Engineering
4.8.4 Strain Improvement: Engineered for Higher Yield
4.8.5 Enzymatic Synthesis of Biosurfactants
4.9 Application of Biosurfactant for Heavy Metal Remediation
4.10 Bioeconomics of Metal Remediation Using Biosurfactants
4.11 Conclusion
References
5 Application of Biosurfactants for Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)
CHAPTER MENU
5.1 Energy Demand and Fossil Fuels
5.2 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)
5.3 Mechanisms of Surfactant Flooding
5.4 Biosurfactants: An Alternative to Chemical Surfactants to Increase Oil Recovery
5.5 Biosurfactant MEOR: Laboratory Studies
5.6 Field Assays
5.7 Current State of Knowledge, Technological Advances, and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
6 Biosurfactant Enhanced Sustainable Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soil
CHAPTER MENU
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Chemical Composition of Petroleum
6.2 Microbial‐Assisted Bioremediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soil
6.3 Hydrocarbon Degradation and Biosurfactants
6.3.1 Mechanism of Biosurfactant Action
6.4 Soil Washing Using Biosurfactants
6.5 Combination Strategies for Efficient Bioremediation
6.6 Biosurfactant Mediated Field Trials
6.7 Limitations, Strategies, and Considerations of Biosurfactant‐Mediated Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation
6.8 Conclusion
References
7 Microbial Surfactants are Next‐Generation Biomolecules for Sustainable Remediation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
CHAPTER MENU
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biosurfactant‐Enhanced Bioremediation of PAHs
7.2.1 Low Molecular Weight Biosurfactant and Their Role in PAH Degradation. 7.2.1.1 Glycolipids and Their Role in PAH Degradation
7.2.1.2 Lipopeptides and Their Role in PAHs Degradation
7.2.1.3 Emulsifier‐Enhanced PAH Degradation
7.3 Microorganism's Adaptations to Enhance Bioavailability
7.4 Influences of Micellization on Hydrocarbons Access
7.5 Accession of PAHs in Soil Texture
7.6 The Negative Impact of Surfactant on PAH Degradations
7.7 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
8 Biosurfactants for Enhanced Bioavailability of Micronutrients in Soil: A Sustainable Approach
CHAPTER MENU
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Micronutrient Deficiency in Soil
8.3 Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Micronutrients. 8.3.1 Effect of Soil pH, Moisture, and Temperature
8.3.2 Effect of Soil Organic Matter
8.3.3 Interactions with Other Nutrients and Environmental Factors
8.3.4 Uptake Efficiency of Plants
8.4 Effect of Micronutrient Deficiency on the Biota
8.4.1 Effect on Plants
8.4.2 Effect on Animals
8.5 The Role of Surfactants in the Facilitation of Micronutrient Biosorption
8.6 Surfactants
8.6.1 Synthetic Surfactants
8.6.2 Biosurfactants
8.6.2.1 Properties of Biosurfactants Critical for Enhancement of Nutrient Bioavailability
Surface and Interfacial Activities
Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)
Tolerance to Changes in pH, Temperature, and Ionic Strength
Biodegradability and Toxicity
8.6.2.2 Mechanism of Action of Biosurfactants
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Biosurfactants: Production and Role in Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Environmental Applications
CHAPTER MENU
9.1 Nanoparticles
9.1.1 Organic Nanoparticles
9.1.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
9.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
9.2.1 Biogenesis of Nanoparticles
9.2.2 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Plant Extracts
9.2.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Fungi
9.2.4 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Algae
9.2.5 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Yeasts
9.2.6 Nanoparticle Synthesis by Actinomycetes and Bacteria
9.3 Biosurfactants
9.3.1 Isolation and Selection of Biosurfactant‐Producing Microbes
9.3.2 Use of Cheaper Substrates
9.3.3 Statistical Methods for Optimization of the Media Components, Process Parameters, Environmental Conditions, and Downstream Process
9.4 Biosurfactant Mediated Nanoparticles Synthesis
9.4.1 Environmental Applications of Nanoparticles
9.5 Challenges in Environmental Applications of Nanoparticles and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
10 Green Surfactants: Production, Properties, and Application in Advanced Medical Technologies
CHAPTER MENU
10.1 Environmental Pollution and World Health
10.2 Amino Acid‐Derived Surfactants. 10.2.1 Surfactants, Definition and Applications
10.2.2 Linear Amino Acid‐Based Surfactants
10.2.3 Linear Amino Acid‐Based Surfactants with Two Amino Acids on the Polar Head
10.2.4 Double‐Chain Amino Acid‐Based Surfactants
10.3 Biosurfactants
10.3.1 Biosurfactant Types and Classification
10.3.2 Biosurfactant Production Using Low‐Cost Raw Materials
10.3.3 Biosurfactant Properties and Applications
10.3.4 Importance of Biofilms and the Effect of Biosurfactants on their Development
10.4 Antimicrobial Resistance
10.4.1 New Strategies to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance
10.4.2 Biosurfactants as Antimicrobial Agents
10.5 Catanionic Vesicles
10.5.1 Biocompatible Catanionic Mixtures
10.5.2 Catanionic Mixtures from Amino Acid‐Based Surfactants
10.5.3 Catanionic Mixtures from Gemini Surfactants
10.5.3.1 Antimicrobial Properties of Catanionic Mixtures from Gemini Amino Acid‐Based Surfactants and Biosurfactants
10.5.4 Catanionic Mixtures from Sugar‐Based Surfactants
10.6 Biosurfactant Functionalization: A Strategy to Develop Active Antimicrobial Compounds
10.7 Conclusions
References
11 Antiviral, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Properties of Biosurfactants: Sustainable Use in Food and Pharmaceuticals
CHAPTER MENU
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Antimicrobial Properties. 11.2.1 Biosurfactants Affect Microbial Adhesion and Motility
11.2.2 Biosurfactants Affect Microbial Membranes and Proteins
11.2.2.1 Lipopeptides
11.2.2.2 Glycolipids
11.2.2.3 Nucleolipids
11.2.3 Biosurfactants Induce Apoptosis in Fungi
11.3 Biofilms
11.4 Antiviral Properties
11.5 Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Applications of Biosurfactants
11.5.1 Therapeutic Applications
11.5.1.1 Antibiotics
11.5.1.2 Antifungal
11.5.2 Pharmaceutical Applications
11.5.2.1 Drug Delivery
11.5.2.2 Gene Delivery
11.5.2.3 Immunological Adjuvants
11.5.2.4 Cosmetics
11.6 Biosurfactants in the Food Industry: Quality of the Food
11.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
12 Biosurfactant‐Based Antibiofilm Nano Materials
CHAPTER MENU
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Emerging Biofilm Infections
12.3 Challenges and Recent Advancement in Antibiofilm Agent Development
12.3.1 Inherent Resistance
12.3.2 Adaptive Resistance
12.4 Impact of Extracellular Matrix and Their Virulence Attributes
12.5 Role of Indwelling Devices in Emerging Drug Resistance
12.6 Role of Physiological Factors (Growth Rate, Biofilm Age, Starvation)
12.6.1 Quorum Sensing
12.7 Impact of Efflux Pump in Antibiotic Resistance Development
12.8 Nanotechnology‐Based Approaches to Combat Biofilm
12.8.1 Parameters Affecting Nanomaterial Fabrication
12.9 Biosurfactants: A Promising Candidate to Synthesize Nanomedicines
12.10 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
12.10.1 Microemulsion Technique
12.10.2 Biosurfactant‐Based Nanoparticles
12.10.3 Lipid–Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles (LPHN)
12.11 Self‐Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDs)
12.12 Biosurfactant‐Based Antibiofilm Nanomaterials
12.13 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgement
References
13 Biosurfactants from Bacteria and Fungi: Perspectives on Advanced Biomedical Applications
CHAPTER MENU
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biomedical Applications of Biosurfactants: Recent Developments
13.2.1 Biosurfactants Used to Control Bacteria, Fungi and. Viruses
13.2.2 Application Against Mycoplasma
13.2.3 Biosurfactants as Anti‐Cancer Agents
13.2.4 Biosurfactants as Antiadhesive Agents
13.2.5 Immunological Adjuvants
13.2.6 Use of Biosurfactant for Gene and Drug Delivery
13.2.7 Immuno Modulatory Action of Biosurfactants
13.2.8 Biosurfactants for Cosmetics and Dermatological Repair
13.2.9 Other Applications in Pharmacology
13.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
14 Biosurfactant‐Inspired Control of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
CHAPTER MENU
14.1 Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, and Multidrug Resistance
14.2 Biosurfactant Types Commonly Utilized Against S. aureus and Other Pathogens
14.3 Properties of Efficient Biosurfactants Against MRSA and Bacterial Pathogens
14.4 Uses for Biosurfactants
14.5 Biosurfactants Illustrating Antiadhesive Properties against MRSA Biofilms
14.6 Biosurfactants with Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Properties
14.7 Media, Microbial Source, and Culture Conditions for Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Properties
14.8 Novel Synergistic Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Strategies Against MRSA and S. aureus
14.9 Novel Potential Mechanisms of Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties
14.10 Conclusion
References
15 Exploiting the Significance of Biosurfactant for the Treatment of Multidrug‐Resistant Pathogenic Infections
CHAPTER MENU
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Microbial Pathogenesis and Biosurfactants
15.2.1 Rhamnolipids
15.2.2 Trehalose Lipids
15.2.3 Sophorolipids
15.2.4 Mannosylerythritol Lipids
15.3 Bio‐Removal of Antibiotics Using Probiotics and Biosurfactants Bacteria
15.4 Antiproliferative, Antioxidant, and Antibiofilm Potential of Biosurfactant
15.5 Wound Healing Potential of Biosurfactants
15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
16 Biosurfactants Against Drug‐Resistant Human and Plant Pathogens: Recent Advances
CHAPTER MENU
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Environmental Impact of Antibiotics. 16.2.1 Toxicity Induced by Antibiotics
16.2.2 Microbial Resistance to Antibiotics: A Global Concern
16.3 Pathogenicity of Antibiotic‐Resistant Microbes on Human and Plant Health
16.4 Role of Biosurfactants in Combating Antibiotic Resistance: Challenges and Prospects
16.4.1 Biosurfactants Against Pathogenic Bacteria. 16.4.1.1 Human and Animal Pathogenic Bacteria
16.4.1.2 Phytopathogenic Bacteria
16.4.2 Biosurfactants Against Pathogenic Fungi. 16.4.2.1 Human and Animal Pathogenic Fungi
16.4.2.2 Phytopathogenic Fungi
16.4.3 Biosurfactants Against Pathogenic Viruses. 16.4.3.1 Human and Animal Viruses
16.4.3.2 Phytopathogenic Virus
16.4.4 Biosurfactant Against Biofilms
16.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
17 Surfactant‐ and Biosurfactant‐Based Therapeutics: Structure, Properties, and Recent Developments in Drug Delivery and Therapeutic Applications
CHAPTER MENU
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Determinants and Forms of Surfactants. 17.2.1 Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB)
17.2.2 Critical Packing Parameter (CPP)
17.2.3 Spontaneous Curvature (H0)
17.2.4 Winsor‐R Ratio
17.2.5 Self‐Assembly of Surfactant Molecules
17.2.6 Parameters Determining Self‐Assembly
17.2.7 Types of Self‐Assembly. 17.2.7.1 Bulk Self‐Assembly
Homogeneous (or Single‐Phase) System
Heterogeneous (or Multiphasic) System
17.2.7.2 Self‐Assembly at Interfaces
17.3 Structural Forms of Surfactants. 17.3.1 Microbial Versus Chemical Surfactants
17.3.2 Biosurfactants
17.4 Drug Delivery Systems. 17.4.1 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents
17.4.2 Self‐Emulsifying Drug‐Delivery Systems
17.4.3 Nanoparticles
17.4.4 Multilayered Nanoparticles
17.5 Different Types of Biosurfactants Used for Drug Delivery. 17.5.1 Glycolipids
17.5.2 Mannosylerythritol Lipids (MELs)
17.5.3 Lipopeptides
17.5.4 Licithin
17.5.5 Rhamnolipids
17.5.6 Sophorolipids
17.5.7 Hydrophobins
17.5.8 Poloxamers
17.5.9 Emulsan
17.6 Conclusions
References
18 The Potential Use of Biosurfactants in Cosmetics and Dermatological Products: Current Trends and Future Prospects
CHAPTER MENU
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Properties of Biosurfactants
18.3 Biosurfactant Classifications and Potential Use in Cosmetic Applications. 18.3.1 Glycolipids
18.3.1.1 Sophorolipids
18.3.1.2 Rhamnolipid
18.3.1.3 Mannosyloerythritol Lipids
18.3.2 Lipopeptides
18.4 Dermatological Approach of Biosurfactants
18.4.1 Wound Healing Application
18.4.2 Prebiotic Activity of Biosurfactants Against Skin Microflora
18.5 Cosmetic Formulation with Biosurfactant
18.5.1 Biosurfactant Patented in a Cosmetic Product
18.5.2 Novel Cosmetic Formulation Containing Biosurfactant
18.6 Safety Measurement Taken for Biosurfactant Applications in Dermatology and Cosmetics
18.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
Acknowledgement
References
19 Cosmeceutical Applications of Biosurfactants: Challenges and Prospects
CHAPTER MENU
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Cosmeceutical Properties of Biosurfactants
19.2.1 Emulsifying Activity
19.2.2 Antioxidant Activity
19.2.3 Antimicrobial Activity
19.3 Other Activities
19.3.1 Foaming Capacity
19.3.2 Wettability
19.3.3 Dispersion and Solubility
19.4 Application Prospects
19.4.1 Shampoos
19.4.2 Conditioners
19.4.3 Skincare
19.4.4 Toothpastes
19.4.5 UV Protection
19.5 Biosurfactants in the Market
19.6 Challenges and Conclusion
References
20 Biotechnologically Derived Bioactive Molecules for Skin and Hair‐Care Application
CHAPTER MENU
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Surfactants in Cosmetic Formulation
20.3 Biosurfactants in Cosmetic Formulations
20.3.1 Biosurfactants: Definition and Properties
20.3.2 Production of Biosurfactants
20.3.3 Physicochemical Properties of Biosurfactants Suitable for Cosmetic Applications. 20.3.3.1 Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)
20.3.3.2 Emulsifying Property
20.3.3.3 Foaming
20.3.4 Bioactive Properties of Biosurfactants for Skin and Hair‐Care Applications. 20.3.4.1 Moisturizing Effect
20.3.4.2 Permeation Through Skin
20.3.4.3 Antioxidant Properties
20.3.4.4 Wound Healing Properties
20.3.4.5 Antimicrobial Action
20.3.4.6 Hair‐Care Properties
20.3.5 Current Trends and Other Skin/Hair‐Care Applications of Biosurfactants. 20.3.5.1 Glycolipids
Rhamnolipids (RLs)
Sophorolipids (SLs)
Mannosylerythritol Lipids (MELs)
20.3.5.2 Lipopeptides (LPs)
20.4 Conclusion
References
21 Biosurfactants as Biocontrol Agents Against Mycotoxigenic Fungi
CHAPTER MENU
21.1 Mycotoxins
21.2 Aflatoxins
21.3 Deoxynivalenol
21.4 Fumonisins
21.5 Ochratoxin A
21.6 Patulin
21.7 Zearalenone
21.8 Prevention and Control of Mycotoxins
21.9 Biosurfactants
21.10 Glycolipids
21.11 Lipopeptides
21.12 Antifungal Activity of Glycolipid Biosurfactants
21.13 Antifungal and Antimycotoxigenic Activity of Lipopeptide Biosurfactants
21.14 Opportunities and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
22 Biosurfactant‐Mediated Biocontrol of Pathogenic Microbes of Crop Plants
CHAPTER MENU
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Biosurfactant: Properties and Types
22.2.1 Mechanistic Insights of Biosurfactant Targeting Microbial Cells
22.2.2 Lipopeptide Biosurfactant. 22.2.2.1 A Brief Overview on Lipopeptide Structure, Generation, and Its Variants
22.2.2.2 Miraculous Activities of Lipopeptide in Agriculture. Lipopeptide: An Antagonistic Tool to Combat Fungal Phytopathogens
Mode of Action of Lipopeptide Biosurfactants
Lipopeptide as an Alternative Against Bacterial Phytopathogens for Sustainable Agriculture
22.2.3 Glycolipid Biosurfactant. 22.2.3.1 A Brief Elaboration on the Variants of Glycolipid Biosurfactant
22.2.3.2 Glycolipids Biosurfactants in Agriculture. Glycolipids: A Defensive Inhibitor Molecule for Fungal Phytopathogens
22.3 Biosurfactant in Agrochemical Formulations for Sustainable Agriculture
22.4 Biosurfactants for a Greener and Safer Environment
22.5 Conclusion
References
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