Оглавление
Группа авторов. Gastrointestinal Pathology
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Gastrointestinal Pathology. Correlative Endoscopic and Histologic Assessment
List of Contributors
1 General Principles of Biopsy Diagnosis of GI Disorders
Endoscopic Equipment for Tissue Sampling
Pinch Biopsy Forceps
Endoscopic Snare Devices
Endoscopic Brush Cytology
Endoscopic Fine‐Needle Aspiration (FNA) Devices
Tissue Processing in the Endoscopy Laboratory
Non‐oriented Samples
Oriented Samples
Cytology Samples
Culture Samples
Specific Organ Sampling Methods. Esophagus. Diagnostic Sampling
Therapeutic Sampling
Stomach. Diagnostic Sampling
H. pylori Sampling
Environmental Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis (EMAG)
Gastric Polyps
Ulcer Disease
Therapeutic Sampling
Small Intestine
Diagnostic Sampling
Therapeutic Sampling
Colon
Diagnostic Sampling
Therapeutic Sampling
Summary
Further Reading
2 Esophagus Inflammatory Conditions
Normal Histology, Variations
Microscopic Features
Infectious Esophagitis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Fungal Esophagitis
Viral Esophagitis
Bacterial Esophagitis
Mycobacterial Esophagitis
Parasitic Esophagitis
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features. Candida
Herpes Simplex (HSV)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Bacterial Esophagitis
Mycobacterial Esophagitis
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Microscopic
Ancillary Studies (if Applicable)
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Lymphocytic Esophagitis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis
Drug‐Induced Esophagitis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features (Table 2.7)
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution and Clinical Management
Sloughing Esophagitis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution and Management
Graft Versus Host Disease of the Esophagus. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Radiation Esophagitis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution and Clinical Management
Dermatological Diseases Involving the Esophagus. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic and Immunofluorescence Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Esophagitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Further Reading
3 Epithelial Metaplastic, Polypoid, and Neoplastic Conditions of the Esophagus
Barrett’s Esophagus. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Microscopic
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Barrett’s Esophagus–Dysplasia—Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Negative for Dysplasia
Indefinite for Dysplasia
Low‐Grade Dysplasia
High‐Grade Dysplasia (Incorporating Carcinoma In Situ)
Variants of Dysplasia. Crypt Dysplasia
Non‐adenomatous Dysplasia (Foveolar Dysplasia)
Serrated Dysplasia
Polypoid Dysplasia
Intramucosal and Invasive Adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s Esophagus
Pathologic Features of Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR)
Pathologic Features of Ablative Therapy
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Techniques
Differential Diagnosis. Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Squamous Cell Dysplasia and Carcinoma. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features. Squamous Dysplasia
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Epithelial Polyps. Inflammatory and Hyperplastic Polyps. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Squamous Papilloma. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Heterotopias. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Glycogenic Acanthosis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Mesenchymal Polyps. Granular Cell Tumor. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics‐GI
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Giant Fibrovascular Polyp. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis. Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Microscopic
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Hemangioma. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management‐GI
Kaposi Sarcoma. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Miscellaneous Tumors. Melanoma. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Clinical
Microscopic
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Esophageal Lymphoma. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Microscopic
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Further Reading
4 Inflammatory Disorders of the Stomach
Helicobacter‐Associated Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Acute (Erosive/Hemorrhagic) Gastritis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Chemical (Reactive) Gastritis/Gastropathy. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Granulomatous Gastritis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Gastric Tuberculosis B
Microscopic Features. Crohn's Disease
Sarcoidosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Gastritides with Prominent Lympho(plasma)cytic Infiltrate. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features. Autoimmune Pattern
Lymphocytic Pattern
Treponema Pallidum (Syphilitic)
EBV
NK‐Cell Enteropathy
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Infectious Gastritis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features. Phlegmonous
Emphysematous
CMV
HSV
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Eosinophilic Gastritis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis. Parasitic Infestation
Drugs
Systemic Mastocytosis
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Collagenous Gastritis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histo‐ and Immunohistochemical Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Iatrogenic Gastritis. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features. Iron Pill Gastritis
Mucosal Calcinosis
Lanthanum Carbonate
Doxycyclin
Graft Versus Host Disease
Colchicine and Taxol‐Induced Gastritis
Chemoradiation
Kayexalate
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Vascular Gastropathy. Gastral Antral Vascular Ectasia (GAVE)
Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy (PHG)
Hypertrophic Gastropathy. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features. Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome
Ménétrier's Disease
Amyloidosis
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Further Reading
5 Polyps of the Stomach
Fundic Gland Polyps (FGPs) Definition and General Features
Clinical and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Hyperplastic Polyps. Definition and General Features
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Variants of Hyperplastic Polyps
Gastric Adenoma. Definition and General Features
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Intestinal Type
Gastric Foveolar Type
Pyloric Gland Type Adenoma
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Polyposis‐Associated Gastric Polyps
Juvenile Polyps. Definition, General Features/Frequency, and Clinical Features
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Molecular Features
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome. Definition, General Features, and Clinical Features
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Cowden's Disease. Definition, General Features, Clinical Features, and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Molecular Features
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Cronkhite–Canada Syndrome. Definition, General Features, Clinical Features, and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Proximal Polyposis of the Stomach (GAPPS)
Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics (Mike)
Microscopic Features
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Nonepithelial and Malformative Polypoid Lesions. Inflammatory Fibroid Polyps. Definition, General Features, Clinical Features, and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Lipoma. Definition, General Features, Clinical Features, and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Xanthoma. Definition, General Features, Clinical Features, and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies
Prognosis, Evolution and Clinical Management
Gastric Heterotopic Pancreas. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Menetrier's Disease. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Molecular Features
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Further Reading
6 Gastric Neoplastic Conditions: Precursor Lesions and Early Gastric Cancer
Dysplasia in Gastric Mucosa. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics (MIKE)
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Early Gastric Cancer. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Neuroendocrine Tumors. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Nonepithelial Tumors. Gastrointestinal Stroma Tumor (GIST) Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Further Reading
Gastric Neoplastic Conditions. Lymphoid Lesions of the Stomach
Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT Lymphoma) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia
Other Small B‐Cell Lymphomas
Transformation to Diffuse Large B‐Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)
Plasma Cell Neoplasia
Poorly Preserved High‐Grade Lymphoma
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Post‐treatment Evaluation of Gastric MALT Lymphoma
Gastric Diffuse Large B‐Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Burkitt Lymphoma. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Peripheral T‐Cell Lymphomas. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Indolent T/NK‐Cell Lymphoproliferations of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Indolent T‐Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract
NK‐Cell Gastropathy/Enteropathy
Gastric Lymphomas in Abnormal Immune States
Further Reading
7 Inflammatory and Miscellaneous Conditions of the Small Intestine
Inflammatory Conditions. Intraepithelial Lymphocytosis with Normal Villous Architecture (Lymphocytic Duodenosis) Definition, Frequency, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Suggestions for Reporting
Example Report
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Microvillus Inclusion Disease. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Ancillary Investigations
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Intestinal Epithelial Dysplasia (Tufting Enteropathy) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Microscopic Features
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Infections. Giardiasis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Cryptosporidiosis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Isospora. Definition
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Microsporidiosis. Definition and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Spread
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Strongyloidiasis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Mycobacterial Infection—Mycobacterium avium Intracellulare Complex (MAIC) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Definition and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Whipple's Disease. Definition
Microscopic Features
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Spread
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Yersiniosis. Definition and General Features
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Molecular Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Adenovirus. Definition
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Cytomegalovirus. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Definition
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Celiac Disease. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Autoimmune Enteropathy. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Tropical Sprue. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Chronic Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Selective IgA Deficiency. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Graft Versus Host Disease. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Collagenous Sprue. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Refractory Celiac Disease (RCD) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Crohn's Disease. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Food Protein‐Induced Enteropathy. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Eosinophilic Enteritis. Definition and General Features
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Report
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Histiocytic/Granulomatous Enteritis. Definition
Microscopic Features
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Intestinal Ischemia (Syn. Ischemic Enteritis) Definition and Predisposing Factors
Microscopic Features
Radiation Enteritis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Peptic Duodenitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
NSAID Enteropathy. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Isolated Ileitis/Erosion. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Behcet's Disease. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Cryptogenic Multifocal Ulcerating and Stenosing Enteritis (CMUSE) Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Miscellaneous Disorders. Pigment Disorders
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Special Studies
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Deposition Disorders. Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Amyloidosis. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Special Studies
Typing of amyloid
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Abetalipoproteinemia. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Further Reading
8 Polyps of the Small Intestine
Heterotopia. Gastric Heterotopia. Definition and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Pancreatic Heterotopia (Synonyms Ectopic Pancreas, Pancreatic Rest) Definition
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Hamartoma. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Endometriosis. Definition, General Features, and Frequency
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunochemical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Pseudopolyp (Benign Mucosal Polyp, Inflammatory Pseudopolyp) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Mucosal Prolapse Type Polyps. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Brunner's Gland Cyst. Definition
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Polyposis Syndromes. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome (PJS) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (Syn. Cowden Syndrome) Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Cronkhite–Canada Syndrome
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Ganglioneuromatous Polyposis. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Lymphoid Hyperplasia. Definition and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Pneumatosis Intestinalis. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Nonneoplastic Vascular Lesions
Pyogenic Granuloma. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Vascular Abnormalities. Definition
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Primary Lymphangiectasia. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Further Reading
9 Epithelial and Nonepithelial Neoplasms of the Small Intestine
Adenoma. Brunner Gland Adenoma (Synonym: Brunner Gland Hamartoma) Definition and Predisposing Factors (if Applicable)
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Pyloric Gland Adenoma. Definition and Predisposing Factors (If Applicable)
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Gastric Heterotopias
Brunner Gland Hyperplasia/Adenoma
Well‐Differentiated Adenocarcinoma
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Intestinal Type Adenoma. Definition
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Reactive Changes
Adenocarcinoma
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Serrated Polyps. Definition
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis. Reactive Changes
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma—Intestinal Type. Definition and Predisposing Factors (If Applicable)
General Features (Frequency)
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Spread
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Adenocarcinoma of Pancreaticobiliary Type
Adenocarcinoma of Pyloric Gland Type
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (Well‐Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors (NET), Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (NEC), Mixed endocrine‐non‐endocrine neoplasms (MiNEN)) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Gangliocytic Paraganglioma. Definition and General Features (Frequency)
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Spread
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Spread
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp. Definition
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis (See Table 9.12) Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Other Mesenchymal Tumors
Lymphoma
B‐Cell Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma. Follicular B‐Cell Lymphoma of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Definition and General Features (Frequency)
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Extranodal Marginal Zone Mucosa‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma
Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Definition and General Features (Frequency)
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features (See Table 9.15; Figure 9.17a–c) Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Diffuse Large B‐Cell Lymphoma
Burkitt Lymphoma. Definition, General Features (Frequency), and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features (See Table 9.15; Figure 9.19a, b) Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease (IPSID)/ α ‐Heavy Chain Disease (Syn. Mediterranean Lymphoma) Definition, Predisposing Factors (If Applicable)
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Spread
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
B‐Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Post‐transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
T‐Cell/NK‐T Cell Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma. Ulcerative Jejunoileitis. Definition and Predisposing Factors (If Applicable)
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Spread (Considered an In Situ Malignancy)
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Enteropathy‐Associated T‐Cell Lymphoma (Enteropathy‐Type T‐Cell Lymphoma, Intestinal T‐Cell Lymphoma, ETTL) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Spread
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Extranodal NK/T‐Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type (ENKTL) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors (If Applicable)
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnoses
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hematopoetic Disorders with Plasmacytic Differentiation
Plasmablastic Lymphoma
Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma
Other
Other Hematopoetic Disorders. Mastocytosis. Definition/Clinical Features
Microscopic Features
Treatment/Evolution/Prognosis
Leukemia
Histiocytic Disorders. Xanthoma
Malakoplakia
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Metastases to the Small Intestine Mucosa. Definition
General Features (Frequency)
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Further Reading
10 Inflammatory Conditions of the Colon
Non‐Idiopathic Inflammatory Colitides. Infectious Colitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Specific Etiologic Agents
Bacterial. Common Enteric Bacterial Pathogens
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Other Mycobacterial Infections
Intestinal Spirochetosis
Viral
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes Simplex
Adenovirus
Pseudomembranous Colitis and Antibiotic‐Associated Diarrhea and Colitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Appearances
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Brainerd Diarrhea. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
General Features
Clinical and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Parasites
Protozoan Infections. Amebiasis
Balantidium
Cryptosporidia
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Helminthic Infections. Trematodes. Schistosomiasis
Nematode Infections
Strongyloidiasis
Trichuriasis
Oxyuriasis
Fungi
Candida
Histoplasmosis
Aspergillosis
Blastomycosis
Paracoccidioides
Mucormycosis
Cryptococcus
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chlamydia/Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Chlamydia trachomatis Proctitis
Etiology of Colitis with Pattern Recognition. Ischemic Colitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Focal Active Colitis (FAC) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Radiation Proctocolitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features. Acute Radiation Injury
Delayed Radiation Injury
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Diversion Proctocolitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Neutropenic Enterocolitis (Typhlitis) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment /Prognosis / Evolution
Microscopic Colitis (MC)
Collagenous Colitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Microscopic Features
Variant Patterns of Collagenous Colitis have been Reported
Findings in Other Segments of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Lymphocytic Colitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Microscopic Features
Variant Patterns
Findings in Other Portions of Gastrointestinal Tract in Association with Lymphocytic Colitis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Colonic Diverticulosis and Diverticular Colitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Mucosal Prolapse/Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome (MPSRUS) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Pneumatosis Coli. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Phlegmonous Colitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Obstructive Colitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Drug‐Associated and Iatrogenic Colitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Eosinophilic Conditions Affecting the Colon. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Mastocytic Enterocolitis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic GVHD
Treatment and Prognosis
Further Reading
Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical and Endoscopical Features. Clinical Presentation
Extraintestinal Manifestations
Endoscopy
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn's Disease
Microscopic Findings. Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn's Disease
Morphologic Variants of UC and CD
Ulcerative Colitis. Skip Lesions and Rectal Sparing
Discontinuous Disease in the Setting of Fulminant UC
Cecal (or Ascending Colon) Patch in the Setting of Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative Proctitis
Crohn's Disease. Crohn's Colitis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Further Reading
Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Definition, General Features, Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features/Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Architectural Features
Cytological Features
Variant Patterns
The Classification and Grading of Dysplasia
Differential Diagnosis
Distinction from Reactive Changes
Drug‐Induced Changes
Distinction of Regenerative Changes from Dysplasia Originating in Inflammatory Polyps
Role of Immunohistochemistry
Treatment and Prognosis
Further Reading
11 Polyps of the Large Intestine
Epithelial Polyps. Conventional Adenoma. Definitions and General Features
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis, Evolution, and Clinical Management
Serrated Polyps. Definitions and General Features
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Inflammatory Polyps
Mucosal Prolapse Polyps
Difficulties in the Diagnosis of Mucosal Prolapse Polyps May Occur in the Following Settings
Inflammatory Bowel Disease‐Associated Polyps
Hamartomatous Polyps
Juvenile Polyps
Peutz–Jeghers Polyps
PTEN Hamartomatous Tumor Syndrome Polyps
Mesenchymal Polyps
Leiomyoma of the Muscularis Mucosae
Lipoma
Fibroblastic Polyp
Neural Tumors
Other Rare Mesenchymal Tumors
Miscellaneous Polyps. Cronkhite–Canada Syndrome
Lymphoid Polyps
Elastofibromatous Polyp
Endometriosis
Further Reading
12 Epithelial Neoplasms of the Large Bowel
Colorectal Carcinoma. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Other Abnormal Immunohistochemical Results in Tumors, Suggestive of Lynch Syndrome
Caveats in the Interpretation of the Results
Differential Diagnosis
Malignant Colorectal Polyp. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics (with Guidelines)
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics (with Guidelines)
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis Sequentially Presented on (i) Clinical Presentation; (ii) Microscopic Appearance; and (iii) Results of Ancillary Studies (When Performed)
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Lymphomas of the Large Bowl. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics (with Guidelines)
Microscopic Features, Immunohistochemical Studies and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Further Reading
13 Inflammatory Conditions of the Anus
Anal Fissure. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Hemorrhoids. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Anal (Rectal) Tonsil. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Anal Abscess and Fistula. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Anorectal Tuberculosis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Syphilis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Lymphogranuloma Venereum. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment, Prognosis, Evolution
Granuloma Inguinale. Definition and General Features
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Chancroid. Definition and General Features
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Herpes Simplex Virus. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
TTreatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Further Reading
14 Polyps and Neoplastic Lesions of the Anus
Inflammatory Cloacogenic Polyp. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Fibroepithelial Polyp. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Hidradenoma Papilliferum. Definition and General Features
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Squamous Hyperplasia and “Leukoplakia” Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Condyloma Acuminatum. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (AIN)/Anal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (ASIL) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Perianal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PAIN), Bowen's Disease, and Bowenoid Papulosis. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Extramammary Paget's Disease. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Verrucous Carcinoma (Giant Condyloma of Buschke and Löwenstein) Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Adenocarcinoma. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Immunohistochemistry
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Malignant Melanoma. Definition, General Features, and Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features and Endoscopic Characteristics
Microscopic Features
Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment/Prognosis/Evolution
Miscellaneous and Rare Tumors
Further Reading
Index. a
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