Оглавление
Группа авторов. Early Detection and Intervention in Audiology
Early Detection. and Intervention. in Audiology
Contents
List of illustrations
Abbreviations and acronyms
Acknowledgements
1 A Paradigm Shift in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention in South Africa
Early detection of hearing impairment
Early intervention for hearing impairment
Complexities of early hearing detection and intervention
Conclusion
References
2 Exploring Early Detection of Hearing Impairment in Sub-Saharan Africa
Health priorities in sub-Saharan Africa
Health care and hearing health care services in sub-Saharan Africa
Prevalence and incidence of hearing impairment
Preventative care in the context of EHDI
Principles for early detection of hearing impairment
Early detection of hearing impairment in sub-Saharan Africa
Early detection of hearing impairment in South Africa
Solutions and recommendations
Conclusion
References
3 Approaches to Early Detection of Hearing Impairment in Low and Middle-Income Countries
Approaches to early detection
Universal versus targeted newborn hearing screening
Weighing up the options for South Africa
Solutions and recommendations
Conclusion
References
4 Implementing Early Hearing Detection in the South African Health Care Context
South African health care structure
EHDI contextualised
Early identification in different levels of health care service delivery
Conclusion
References
5 Confronting Realities to Early Hearing Detection in South Africa
Demand versus capacity and resources
Burden of disease
Newborn hearing screening contextualised
‘Doing better with less’ approach
Solutions and recommendations
Conclusion
References
6 Contextualisation of Risk Factors for Hearing Impairment
Infant hearing screening in South Africa
Need for contextualisation
Risk factor prevalence
Risk factor identification
Risk factor yield
Alternative or additional risk factors
JCIH risk factor registry
Caregiver concern regarding hearing, speech, language or developmental delay* Evidence
Contextualisation
Family history of permanent childhood hearing loss* Evidence
Contextualisation
Neonatal intensive care of more than five days or any of the following: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)*, assisted ventilation, exposure to ototoxic medications or loop diuretics, and hyperbilirubinaemia that requires exchange transfusion. Evidence
Contextualisation
In-utero infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV)*, herpes simplex virus, syphilis, rubella and toxoplasmosis. CMV. Evidence
Contextualisation
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and syphilis. Evidence
Contextualisation
Rubella. Evidence
Contextualisation
Toxoplasmosis. Evidence
Contextualisation
Craniofacial anomalies including those that involve the pinna, ear canal, ear tags, ear pits and temporal bone anomalies. Evidence
Contextualisation
Physical findings, such as white forelock, which is associated with a syndrome known to include a sensorineural or permanent conductive hearing loss. Evidence
Contextualisation
Neurodegenerative disorders*, such as Hunter syndrome, or sensory motor neuropathies, such as Friedreichs' ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome. Evidence
Contextualisation
Culture-positive postnatal infections associated with sensorineural hearing loss*, including confirmed bacterial and viral (especially herpes viruses and varicella) meningitis. Evidence
Contextualisation
Head trauma*, especially basal skull/temporal bone fracture requiring hospitalisation. Evidence
Contextualisation
Chemotherapy* Evidence
Contextualisation
HPCSA risk factors currently published. Maternal and/or infant HIV infection*
Recurrent or persistent otitis media with effusion for at least three months*
For a screening protocol targeting bilateral hearing loss, infants with a unilateral refer result are at risk for a progressive bilateral hearing loss*
Additional risk factors for consideration for the South African context. Malaria
Very low birth weight
Consanguinity
Sickle cell anaemia
Identified risk factors from other developing nations
Recommendations
Programme recommendations
Risk factor recommendations
Conclusion
References
7 Approaches to Early Intervention for Hearing Impairment
Approaches to early intervention for hearing-impaired children
Auditory–verbal therapy
Total communication
Sign language
Cued speech
Choosing a communication approach
Solutions and recommendations
Conclusion
References
8 Models of Care in Early Intervention for Children with Hearing Impairment
Individual versus group-based early intervention
Home- versus centre-based early intervention
Special schooling versus mainstream inclusion
Solutions and recommendations
Conclusion
References
9 Continuity of Care at School for the Hearing-Impaired Child
South African educational setting and access
Tele-audiology possibilities
Tele-audiology in the South African educational setting
Conclusion
References
10 Sensory Impairments in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
Sensory impairments versus sensory processing disorders
Causes of deafblindness. Prenatal viral infections
Premature birth
Genetic conditions
Other
Deafblindness in South Africa
Impact of congenital deafblindness on children
Early deafblindness detection and intervention
Solutions and recommendations
Conclusion
References
11 Family-Centred Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
The African family defined
Family-centred EHDI
Evidence-based practice and family-centred EHDI
Caregiver involvement
Caregiver coaching and information sharing
Caregiver coaching
Information provided to caregivers
Caregivers’ information needs
Caregiver satisfaction
Challenges of implementing EHDI
Logistical and access challenges
Challenges related to professionals
Caregiver-related challenges
Is family-centred EHDI viable in South Africa?
Will orphaned and vulnerable children benefit from family-centred EHDI?
Conclusion
References
12 HIV/AIDS and the Burden of Disease in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
HIV and general development
HIV and auditory and otological manifestations
HIV perinatal exposure and auditory manifestations
Solutions and recommendations
Conclusion
References
13 Ethical Considerations and Tele-Audiology in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
Ethical considerations
Licensure
Competence
Professional responsibility
Clinical standards
Technical competence
Working with colleagues
Privacy and confidentiality
Duty to inform and informed consent
Programme validation
Reimbursement for services
Risk management
Conclusion
References
14 Best Practice in South Africa for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
Early detection of hearing impairment
Early intervention for hearing impairment
Complexities of EHDI
Conclusion
References
Contributors
Index
