Оглавление
Группа авторов. The Arctic and World Order
Contents
Foreword
Introduction. From Last Frontier to First Frontier: The Arctic and World Order
From Unknown Unknown to Zone of Peace
The Arctic Regime
Current Challenges
Power Politics and Climate Change
Shelf Claims and Control of Waterways
National and Indigenous Interests in the Arctic
Understanding the Present, Exploring the Future
The Slow-Moving Pandemic and the Future of the Arctic
Notes
Chapter 1. Shifting Ground: Competing Policy Narratives and the Future of the Arctic
The Arctic Zone of Peace Narrative
The Rise of Competing Narratives
The Future of the Arctic
Notes
Chapter 2. Conservation in the Arctic
Introduction
The Arctic Today
Towards a Vision for the Arctic
The Choices Before Us
Future Horizons
Notes
Chapter 3. Greenland, the Arctic, and the Issue of Representation: What is the Arctic? Who Has a Say?
The Self Rule Act and Foreign Affairs Authority
The Arctic or the Arctics
U.S. and Canadian Definitions of the (North American) Arctic
Greenland and the Arctic Council
State of Play
Conclusions
Notes
Chapter 4. A Tipping Point for Arctic Regimes: Climate Change, Paradiplomacy, and a New World Order
Identifying Arctic Tipping Points
Localized Impacts and Community Threshold Response
The Limitations of the Current Arctic Order
Regime Shift to Local Leadership and Paradiplomacy
A New Normal for Arctic Order
A Portal to the Arctic’s Future Regime
Notes
Chapter 5. Russia and the Development of Arctic Energy Resources in the Context of Domestic Policy and International Markets
Expectations and Realities
Domestic Arctic Oil and Gas Policies
Politics and Markets
Russia
LNG from the Arctic
How Realistic are Russian Ambitions?
Energy From the Arctic: Looking Ahead
Notes
Chapter 6. Governance and Economic Challenges for the Global Shipping Enterprise in a Seasonally Ice-Covered Arctic Ocean
Implications of Greater Marine Access
Economic Drivers
Arctic Ocean Governance under the UNCLOS
Russia’s Northern Sea Route as an International Waterway?
The Role of the International Maritime Organization and the Polar Code
The Future of Arctic Marine Transportation to 2040
Notes
Chapter 7. Climate Change and the Opening of the Transpolar Sea Route: Logistics, Governance, and Wider Geo-economic, Societal and Environmental Impacts
Timeline for the TSR’s Opening
Scenarios for the TSR’s Commercial and Logistical Development
Geography of the Transpolar Shipping Route: Fram Strait and Bering Strait
Geopolitics and Governance of the TSR
Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Transpolar Shipping
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 8. Military Infrastructure and Strategic Capabilities: Russia’s Arctic Defense Posture
Russia’s Military Prominence
Strategic Forces12
Tactical Forces28
Implications for Arctic Security
Constructing Stability. An Arctic Security Forum
Preserving the Non-militarized Surface of the Central Arctic Ocean
Limiting Attack Submarine Operations
Exercising Cooperation
Future Scenarios
Notes
Chapter 9. Freedom of the Seas in the Arctic Region
Geography of the Arctic Region
Legal Regime of the Arctic Ocean4
Navigation of the Arctic Ocean
Freedom of the Seas
Importance of Freedom of the Seas
United States Views on the Law of the Sea Convention
A Canadian View
Chinese and Russian Hypocrisy
A Future Arctic Ocean
Appendix 1: Legal Regime Governing the Arctic Ocean
Sources of Law for the Arctic Ocean
Soft Law
Appendix 2: Straits Used for International Navigation of the Arctic Ocean
Bering Strait
Northeast Passage
Northwest Passage
Agreement on Arctic Cooperation
Nares Strait
Davis Strait
Fram Strait
Denmark Strait
Appendix 3: Maritime Boundaries in the Arctic Ocean
Appendix 4: Extended Continental Shelf Claims in the Arctic Ocean
Notes
Chapter 10. Constant and Changing Components of the Arctic Regime
Components of the Arctic Legal “Regime”
Arctic Law
The Universal Component of the Legal Order in the Arctic
A Growing Role for the UNCLOS in the Arctic Seas?
The Future of the Legal Order in the Arctic
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 11. The U.S.-Canada Northwest Passage Disagreement: Why Agreeing to Disagree Is More Important Than Ever
An Increasingly Accessible Northwest Passage
Growing Foreign Interest in the Northwest Passage
The Northwest Passage—Inuit Nunangat
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 12. Power, Order, International Law, and the Future of the Arctic
Rules-based International Order
Current Development of International Law
Desirable Future for the Arctic
Conclusions
Notes
Chapter 13. The ‘Regime’ Nature of the Arctic: Implications for World Order
How to Interpret ‘Threat’ and Define ‘Security’
Transformation from Traditional to Environmental Security in the Arctic
Narratives and New Trends in Arctic Governance and Geopolitics
Conclusions
Notes
Chapter 14. Arctic Exceptionalisms
DefiningArcticExceptionalism
Exceptional Danger: The Opening of a “New Ocean”
Polar Exceptionalism: The Arctic-Antarctic Analogy
Asserting Exceptionalism: Canada, the Inuit Circumpolar Council, and an Indigenous Homeland
Asserting Arctic Exceptionalism: The Russian Case
Demanding Exceptionalism? China as “Threat” to Arctic States
The End of “Arctic Exceptionalism” and a Return to Atlanticism?
Reflections
Acknowledgments
Notes
Chapter 15. The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Three Levels of Arctic Geopolitics
Moving Past CooperationorConflict
The Good (Regional Relations)
The Arctic Region
The Bad (Global Power Politics)
The Ugly (Bilateral Relations)
Mixing Characters and Future Plot Twists
Conclusions
Notes
Chapter 16. Inside, Outside, Upside Down? Non-Arctic States in Emerging Arctic Security Discourses
The Arctic Becomes Global
“Arctic/Not Arctic”—How Do Outsider Actors Perceive their Regional Identities?
Methods of Disruption: Perceptions of Security Among Non-Arctic States
China
Japan
Great Britain
Germany
Singapore
Conclusion: Doors That Can’t be Reclosed
Acknowledgments
Notes
About the Authors
