Оглавление
Группа авторов. Politisk psykologi
FORORD
INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS. Brent A. Strathman
INTRODUKTION
Rational choice-teorien
Disciplinen politisk psykologi
Disciplinens historie
FASE 1: POLITISKE LEDERES PERSONLIGHED
FASE 2: BEHAVIORISME OG POLITISK ADFÆRD
FASE 3: KOGNITION OG BESLUTNINGSPROCESSER
FASE 4: NEUROVIDENSKAB
Politisk psykologi i Danmark
Klassificering af politisk psykologi
INDIVID/MASSE
TANKER/HANDLINGER
I KOGNITION OG BEARBEJDNING AF INFORMATION
II BESLUTNINGER
III GRUPPEDYNAMIK OG SOCIALT PRES
IV LEDEREN OG MASSEN
Noter
Litteratur
SEKTION I. KOGNITION OG BEARBEJDNING AF INFORMATION. 1 SOME USES OF DYNAMIC PSYCHOLOGY IN POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY: CASE MATERIALS ON WOODROW WILSON. Alexander L. George (1956)
Some Deficiencies of Psychological Biographies
Personality Types: The Problem of Diagnosis and Classification
Two Uses of Personality Types in Biography
Compulsiveness and the Compulsive Type
Wilson’s Interest in Constitutions
The Relationship Between Wilson’s Morality and His Stubbornness
The Self-Defeating Pattern in Wilson’s Career
Notes
References
2 A BEHAVIORAL MODEL OF RATIONAL CHOICE. Herbert A. Simon (1955)
Some General features of Rational Choice
PRIMITIVE TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
“CLASSICAL” CONCEPTS OF RATIONALITY
The essential simplifications
“SIMPLE” PAY-OFF FUNCTIONS
INFORMATION GATHERING
PARTIAL ORDERING OF PAY-OFFS
Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions
OBTAINING A UNIQUE SOLUTION
EXISTENCE OF SOLUTIONS: FURTHER POSSIBILITIES
Further Comments on Dynamics
Conclusion
Appendix EXAMPLE OF RATIONAL DETERMINATION OF AN ACCEPTABLE PAY-OFF
Notes
References
3 CHOICES, VALUES, AND FRAMES. Daniel Kahneman & Amos Tversky (1984)
Risky Choice
FRAMING OF OUTCOMES
THE PSYCHOPHYSICS OF CHANCES
FORMULATION EFFECTS
Transactions and Trades
LOSSES AND COSTS
Concluding Remarks
Notes
References
4 DISCERNING THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES. Jane E. Dutton & Susan E. Jackson (1988)
Assumptions about Issue Identification
Characteristics of Issues
Study 1 METHOD
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Study 2
HYPOTHESES
METHOD
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Discussion
IDENTIFYING THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES
FUTURE RESEARCH
Notes
References
SEKTION II. BESLUTNINGER. 5 THE DRUNKARD’S SEARCH. Robert Jervis (1993)
Ways of Decreasing the Burden of Cognition SIMPLE MODELS AND DECISION RULES
Certainty
Benchmarks and Analogies
Using Common Dimensions
Using Only the Most Readily Available Information
Consequences INERTIA
IGNORING INTERACTION EFFECTS
Net Assessment
Summary
Notes
References
6 ANALOGIES AT WAR. KOREA, MUNICH, DIEN BIEN PHU, AND THE VIETNAM DECISIONS OF 1965. Yuen Foong Khong (1992) Chapter 2: The AE Framework
THE COGNITIVE DIMENSION OF THE AE FRAMEWORK
SCHEMAS AND ANALOGIES
SCHEMAS AND THE PROCESS OF ANALOGICAL REASONING
THE ORIGINS OF THE LESSONS OF THE PAST
RECALL: AVALIABILITY AND REPRESENTATIVENESS
INFORMATION PROCESSING BY ANALOGY: TOP-DOWN PROCESSING AND PERSEVERANCE
Chapter 3: America’s Vietnam Options
VIETNAM AS A CASE STUDY OF ANALOGICAL DECISION-MAKING
EXPLANING THE SELECTION AND REJECTION OF OPTIONS
ANALOGIES AND OPTIONS
WHAT LESSONS Do THESE ANALOGIES TEACH AND HOW IMPORTANT ARE THEY?
LINKING THE “LESSONS OF HISTORY” AND OPTIONS CHOSEN: Process TRACING AND THE CONGRUENCE METHOD
Notes
References
7 ALTERING THE FOUNDATIONS OF SUPPORT FOR THE PRESIDENT THROUGH PRIMING. Donald R. Kinder and Jon A. Krosnick (1990)
The Iran-Contra Connection
A Theory of Priming
Priming and the Iran-Contra Connection
Data
Results
Discussion
Notes
References
8 POKING COUNTERFACTUAL HOLES IN COVERING LAWS: COGNITIVE STYLES AND HISTORICAL REASONING. Philip E. Tetlock & Richard Ned Lebow (2001)
The Correlational Studies: Applying abstract covering laws to specific historical cases GUIDING THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
RESEARCH DESIGN AND LOGIC OF ANALYSIS
METHODS AND MEASURES
COVERING-LAW BELIEFS
FINDINGS
DISCUSSION
Experimental studies: The power of counterfactuals to change minds EXPERIMENT 1: THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
EXPERIMENT 2: UNPACKING ALTERNATIVE OUTCOMES OF THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
EXPERIMENT 3: UNMAKING THE WEST
GENERAL DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
Notes
References
SEKTION III. GRUPPEDYNAMIK OG SOCIALT PRES: NÅR MENNESKER MØDES. 9 ACCOUNTABILITY AND THE PERSEVERANCE OF FIRST IMPRESSIONS. Philip E. Tetlock (1983)
Method SUBJECTS
PROCEDURE
ACCOUNTABILITY MANIPULATION
ORDER OF INFORMATION MANIPULATIONS
MAJOR DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Results
Discussion
Notes
References
10 PARANOID COGNITION IN SOCIAL SYSTEMS: THINKING AND ACTING IN THE SHADOW OF DOUBT. Roderick M. Kramer (1998)
Conceptualizing Paranoid Social Cognition
IMAGES OF DISTRUST AND SUSPICION IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
DEFINING PARANOID SOCIAL COGNITION
The Anatomy of Paranoid Social Cognitions: A Social Information Processing Perspective
Dysphoric Self-Consciousness: Judgment and Perception in the Lugubrious Limelight of Social Attention
Situational Antecedents of Paranoid Social Cognition
THE LIABILITY OF “BEING DIFFERENT”: PERCEIVED DISTINCTIVENESS AND PARANOID COGNITION
DEPENDENCE AND DYSPHORIA: PERCEIVED EVALUATIVE SCRUTINY AND PARANOID COGNITION
THE LIABILITY OF NEWNESS: UNCERTAINTY ABOUT SOCIAL STANDING
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Judgmental Consequences of Paranoid Cognition
SINISTER ATTRIBUTION ERROR
OVERLY PERSONALISTIC CONSTRUAL OF SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
EXAGGERATED PERCEPTIONS OF CONSPIRACY
CAVEAT
Paranoid Cognition as an Autistic Perceptual System: The Self-Sustaining Nature of Paranoid Perceptions
DIFFICULTY LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE
DIFFICULTIES IN GENERATING DIAGNOSTIC EXPERIENCE
Implications and Conclusions
Notes
References
11 CAUSES AND CONTROL OF RIOT AND PANIC. Hadley Cantril (1993)
Riots CAUSES
HOW TO PREVENT RIOTS
HOW TO CONTROL RIOTS ONCE THEY HAVE STARTED
Panics CAUSES OF PANICS
PREVENTION OF PANICS
CONTROL OF PANICS ONCE THEY GET STARTED
Notes
References
SEKTION IV. LEDEREN OG MASSEN. 12 THE WORLD OUTSIDE AND THE PICTURES IN OUR HEADS. Walter Lippman (1922)
References
13 THE NATURE OF BELIEF SYSTEMS IN MASS PUBLICS. Philip E. Converse (1964)
Some Clarification of Terms
Sources of Constraint on Idea-Elements
LOGICAL SOURCES OF CONSTRAINT
PSYCHOLOGICAL SOURCES OF CONSTRAINT
SOCIAL SOURCES OF CONSTRAINT
CONSEQUENCES OF DECLINING INFORMATION FOR BELIEF SYSTEMS
ACTIVE USE OF IDEOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF JUDGMENT
Recognition of Ideological Dimensions of Judgment
Constraints among Idea-Elements
CONSTRAINTS AND OVERT BEHAVIOR
Social Groupings as Central Objects in Belief Systems
The Stability of Belief Elements over Time
Issue Publics
Summary
Abolition and the Rise of the Republican Party
THE MASS BASE OF THE NAZI PARTY
Conclusion
Notes
References
14 PUBLIC OPINION AND FOREIGN POLICY: ELITE BELIEFS AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE. Douglas C. Foyle
Research Design
Public Opinion Beliefs: Eisenhower NORMATIVE BELIEFS
PRACTICAL BELIEFS
Public Opinion Beliefs: Dulles NORMATIVE BELIEFS
PRACTICAL BELIEFS
Predictions
Case Study: Offshore Islands Crisis—September 1954
Conclusion
Notes
References
PRIMARY SOURCES
AFSLUTNING: POLITISK PSYKOLOGI SOM FELT. Sigge Winter Nielsen & Thomas Høgenhaven
Hvordan udøves politisk psykologi i dag?
1) UDFYLDNINGSSTRATEGI
2) REDNINGSVESTSTRATEGI
3) NICHETEORISTRATEGIEN
4) KARRUSELTURSSTRATEGI
Politisk psykologi som et distinkt felt
1) LIVETS ROD ER INDIVIDET
2) BEGRÆNSET RATIONALITET
3) ONTOLOGISK SIKKERHED
De tre kerneantagelsers bidrag til politisk psykologi
Kernens egen anatomi og logik
Et mere samlet begrebsapparat – skematisk rationalitet
Udviklingsspor
LIGEVÆRDIGT TEORETISK SAMARBEJDE
AKKUMULERING AF VIDEN
Den videre vej
Noter
Litteratur
Acknowledgements
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