Оглавление
Группа авторов. Pediatric Epidemiology
Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
Pediatric Epidemiology
Contents
Introduction
Ethical Issues in Paediatric Epidemiology
Abstract
Ethical Questions of Epidemiological Research on Children
The Vulnerability of Children as Probands
Between Health Research and Health Care – Theoretical Basis
(Institutionalised) Children in the View of Science. A Historical Retrospective of a Vulnerable Group of Probands
Good Epidemiological Practice – Ethical Guidelines for Epidemiological Research
References
Epidemiological Studies of Child Maltreatment: Difficulties and Possibilities
Abstract
Introduction
Definitions and Definition Problems
Research Sources. Mortality Registers
Inpatient Registers and Outpatient Health Registers
Agency Registers and Out-of-Home Placements
National or Regional Registers on Factors Like Income and Social Position
Police Reports
Population-Based Surveys. Parental Reports of Attitudes and Behaviour
Children’s Personal Experiences
Sampling Methods and Sampling Size
Specific Topics. Neglect
Child Sexual Abuse
Cultural-Geographical Differences between Countries
Validity Problems
Web-Based Surveys
Ethics
Conclusions
References
Legislation on Genetic Testing in Different Countries
Abstract
Introduction
The European Union
Germany
Switzerland
France
The Netherlands
The United Kingdom
Portugal
The United States of America
Special Regulations in US Law Enforcement
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
The Dilemma Associated with Incidental Findings
Abstract
Incidental Findings and their Influence on Cohort Studies
The Usefulness versus the Risks of Incidental Findings for Participants
Frequency and Medical Relevance of Incidental Findings
Possible Strategy for Dealing with Incidental Findings in Cohort Studies
References
Challenges and Opportunities in Conducting Research in Developing Countries
Abstract
Background
Relevance of Research to Maternal and Child Health in Developing Countries
Prioritizing Research Areas and Topics
Translating Evidence into User-Friendly Communication Product
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
How to Recruit a Representative Sample and How to Look for It?
Abstract
Introduction
Ways to Achieve a Representative Gross Sample
Summarizing Info Box
Measures to Achieve Representative Response
Cooperation in Theory
KiGGS in Practice on the Societal and Community Levels
KiGGS in Practice on the Individual Level
Usage of Different Modes in Approaching Sampled Individuals
Benefits and Burden of Physical Examinations
Incentives – Implementing a Specific Measure
Migrants – Addressing a Specific Subgroup
Mixed-Mode Approach in Questionnaires
Summarizing Info Box
Assessment of and Adjustment for Representativeness
Basic Question Approach – Further Measures against the Unknown
Use of Sample Frame Information – A Source for Knowledge
Adjustment through Weighting
Summarizing Info Box
References
The Epidemiology of Global Child Health
Abstract
The Child Survival Revolution
Determinants of Child Health and Survival
Equity in Global Child Health
The Need for Data
Future Challenges
References
How to Deal with Proxy-Reports
Abstract
Definitions
Proxy Perspectives
Proxy Selection
Quality of the Proxy-Report
Proxy-Reports and Missing Data
Proxy-Reports and Information Bias
Proxy Reports and Confounding
Self-Reports
Conclusions
References
Biology at a Young Age Differs from Biology at Later Ages: Developmental Aspects of Growth and Body Functions in Children and Young Adults
Abstract
Introduction
Age Determination in Children
Chronological Age Periods in Children
Prenatal (Prematures)
Term Neonate (Newborn)
Infancy
Toddler
Play or Preschool Age
School Age
Adolescence
Adulthood
Gross Anatomy: Organ and Tissue Growth in Children
Body Size Measures
Longitudinal Growth Patterns
Pubertal Development
Age-Related Biochemical and Physiological Normative Reference Ranges in Children. Water Content
Fat Mass
Common Laboratory Data
References
Basic Epidemiology, Statistics, and Epidemiology Tools and Methods
Abstract
Hypotheses
Review of Literature
Study Design
Design Types
Cross-Sectional Study
Prospective Studies
Cohort Study
Retrospective Studies
Case-Control Study
Interventional Studies
Standards
Further Reading
Data Sources
Examinations
Tests
Questionnaires
Interviews
Secondary Sources
Repeated Data Collection
Ethical and Moral Issues
Statistical Analyses. Scales of Measurement
Descriptive Statistics
Group Comparisons
Relations
Graphics
Hypothesis Testing and p Values
Statistical Software
Data Protection
The Concept of Standardization – What SDS Values Are For
References
How to Deal with Confounding
Abstract
Measures of Effect versus Measures of Association
Terminology
Criteria for a Confounder
Visualization of Confounding Using a DAG
Actions Against Confounding during Study Design
Actions Against Confounding during Data Analysis
Examples of Confounding in Pediatric Epidemiology
Conclusion
References
Author Index
Subject Index
