Оглавление
Группа авторов. Current Concepts in Movement Disorder Management
Progress in Neurological Surgery
Current Concepts in Movement Disorder Management
Contents
Series Editor’s Note
Preface
The History of Movement Disorder Brain Surgery
Abstract
The Pre Stereotactic Era
The Early Era of Stereotactic Brain Surgery
The Era of Spreading Stereotactic Techniques
The Era of Decline of Stereotactic Surgery
The Early Transplant Era
The Era of Advanced Stereotactic Imaging and Mapping
The Deep Brain Stimulation Era
The Era of Radiosurgery
The Evolution of Frameless Technologies and Intraoperative MRI
Conclusions
References
Pathophysiologic Basis of Movement Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Relevant Brain Circuit Anatomy
Basal Ganglia Circuits
Cerebellar Circuits and Cerebello-Basal Ganglia Interactions
Parkinson’s Disease
Rate Model of Basal Ganglia Disorders
Pattern Changes in Parkinsonism
Extrastriatal Dopamine Loss
Other Structural Changes Contributing to the Motor Disturbance in PD
Dystonia
Basal Ganglia Dysfunction in Dystonia
Cerebellar and Cortical Abnormalities in Dystonia
Essential Tremor
Conclusions
References
Clinical Presentation and Prognosis of Common Movement Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Parkinsonian Syndromes
Parkinson Disease
Secondary Parkinsonism
Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes
Tremor
Essential Tremor
Other Causes of Action Tremor
Dystonia
Tics and Tourette Syndrome
Conclusion
References
Medical Management of Movement Disorders
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease
Early Stage
MAO-B Inhibitors
DAs
Levodopa
Advanced Stage
COMT Inhibitors
Apomorphine
Levodopa/Carbidopa Intestinal Gel
Essential Tremor
Beta-Blockers
Anticonvulsants and Benzodiazepines
Neuroleptics
Botulinum Toxin Injections
Dystonia
Chorea
References
Functional Anatomy of Basal Ganglia Circuits with the Cerebral Cortex and the Cerebellum
Abstract
Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamo-Cortical Circuits
Cortico-Striatal Inputs
Basal Ganglia Outputs to the Primary Motor Cortex (M1)
Basal Ganglia Outputs to Premotor Cortical Areas
Basal Ganglia Outputs to the Frontal Eye Field
Basal Ganglia Outputs to the Prefrontal Cortex
Basal Ganglia Outputs to the Posterior Parietal and the Temporal Cortex
Macro-Architecture of Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamo-Cortical Loops
Implications for Basal Ganglia Disorders
The Basal Ganglia are Interconnected with the Cerebellum
Implications for Basal Ganglia Disorders
References
Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Basal Ganglia for Functional Neurosurgery Applications
Abstract
Introduction
DTI Imaging: Atlas versus Patient-Based Targeting
Diffusion Tensor Model: Brief Principles of Diffusion Imaging and Tractography Algorithms Available
DTI of the Basal Ganglia
Subthalamic Nucleus
Connectivity Studies
Targeting
Globus Pallidus
Thalamus
Use of DTI in Movement Disorder Surgery: Implications for Non-Invasive Surgical Methods
Conclusions
References
Patient Evaluation and Selection for Movement Disorders Surgery: The Changing Spectrum of Indications
Abstract
Patient Evaluation and Selection for DBS in PD
Classical Indication of DBS in PD: Balancing the Risks and Benefits
Implications of the Earlystim Study on the Time Point of DBS Surgery
The Right Target: STN versus GPi
ICD and DDS: Indication or Contraindication for DBS?
Patient Evaluation and Selection for DBS in Tremor. Essential Tremor
Multiple Sclerosis Tremor
Patient Evaluation and Selection for DBS in Dystonia
Primary Generalized and Segmental Dystonia
Myoclonus Dystonia and Tardive Dystonia
Secondary Dystonia
References
Image-Guided, Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
Abstract
Safety of aDBS Implantation
Accuracy of aDBS Implantation
Efficacy of aDBS Implantation
Conclusions
References
Stereotactic Radiofrequency Lesioning for Movement Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Very Basic Keys to Successful Lesioning
Macrostimulation
Lesioning Parameters
Thalamotomy for Tremor
Thalamotomy for Focal Dystonia
Pallidotomy for Segmental or Generalized Dystonia
Cure or Control
Bilateral Lesioning
Other Targets
Conclusions
References
Magnetic Resonance-Guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Treating Movement Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Indications
MRgFUS Procedure for Movement Disorders. Surgical Procedure for MRgFUS
MRgFUS for Movement Disorders
Controversial Issues. Skull-Related Factors: Skull Density Ratio and Skull Volume in the Treatment Area
MR-Induced Vertigo
Limitation of the Treatment Area According to the Transducer Frequency
Conclusion
References
Radiosurgical Thalamotomy
Abstract
Introduction: Physiology of Tremor and Initial Treatments
Beyond Medical Therapy for Tremors
History and Technique of GKRS Thalamotomy
Advantages and Disadvantages of GKRS
Efficacy of GK Thalamotomy
Complications after GK Thalamotomy
Conclusions
References
Radiosurgical Pallidotomy for Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
Method for GKP
Long-Term Results for GKP
Unilateral GKP
Bilateral GKP
Complications
Discussion
Is GKP Safe?
Is GKP Effective?
Comparison of GKP, RPF, and DBS
References
Radiosurgical Subthalamic Nucleotomy
Abstract
The Subthalamic Nucleus as a Target in Movement Disorders
Radiosurgery as a Tool for Stereotactic Lesioning in Movement Disorders
STN Radiosurgery
Conclusions
References
Frameless Functional Stereotactic Approaches
Abstract
Introduction
Accuracy of Stereotactic Systems, Targeting Errors
Phantom Accuracy Studies
Clinical Accuracy Studies
Clinical Outcomes Using Stereotactic Systems
Procedural Review of Frameless Systems
Nexframe
STarFix
Clearpoint
Conclusion
References
Deep Brain Stimulation: Interventional and Intraoperative MRI Approaches
Abstract
Introduction
Principles and Shortcomings of Traditional Stereotaxis
Strategies for Optimizing Accuracy and Precision
Rationale for an iMRI DBS Approach
Conclusions
References
Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation
Abstract
References
Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus and Globus Pallidus for Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Patient Selection for DBS
Cost Effectiveness of DBS
Long-Term Outcomes
Differential Effects of STN and GPi DBS for PD
Differential Effects of STN and GPi DBS for Dystonia
Targeting the STN and GPi
Placement of DBS Electrodes without Microelectrode Recording
Conclusions
References
Current and Expected Advances in Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Patient Selection
Target Selection
Planning and Operative Techniques
Hardware
Stimulation Parameters
MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound
Conclusion
References
Adaptive Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinsonian and Essential Tremor
Tremor Amplitude
Tremor Phase
Dystonia
Potential Biomarkers of Dystonia
Potential Adaptive Stimulation Strategies for Dystonia
Conclusions
References
Drug Delivery for Movement Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Glial Cell-Line Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Preclinical Studies of GDNF Delivery for PD
Intraventricular Administration of GDNF in Rodents
Intraventricular Administration of GDNF in Non-Human Primates
Clinical Trials of Intraventricular Infusion of GDNF for PD
Localized Intraparenchymal Delivery of GDNF in Rodents
Intraputamenal Delivery of GDNF in Non-Human Primate Studies
Chronic Intraputamenal Infusion of GDNF and Related Toxicity
Clinical Trials of Intraputamenal Delivery of GDNF
A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Intraputamenal GDNF Infusion for PD
Convection-Enhanced Delivery of GDNF to the Brain
Rationale for Chronic Intermittent CED
References
Gene Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
The Need for Gene Therapy in Movement Disorders
Scientific Background. Preclinical Research
Viral Vectors
Delivery Platform
Clinical Experience. Therapeutic Strategies
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase
AADC
Tyrosine Hydroxylase, AADC, and Cyclohydrolase 1
Neurotrophins
Conclusion
References
Author Index
Subject Index
