Оглавление
Группа авторов. Tuberculosis and War
Progress in Respiratory Research
Tuberculosis and War. Lessons Learned from World War II
Contents
Preface. Tuberculosis and War – Lessons Learned from World War II
History of Tuberculosis and of Warfare
Abstract
Evolution of Humans. Prehistory
Hunter-Gatherers
Neolithic Demographic Revolution
Evolution of TB
Early Observations
Population Genomics
Epidemic Tuberculosis
Evolution of Warfare
Prehistory
Jericho
Tollense War
Trojan War
Hundred Years’ War
Thirty Years’ War
World War I
World War II
Biological Warfare
Since WWII
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Challenges in the Assessment of Tuberculosis Epidemiology during Wartime
Abstract
Transmission of Tubercle Bacilli
Tuberculin Skin Test
Tuberculosis Morbidity
Death from M. tuberculosis
Case-to Death Ratio
Concluding Reflections and Remarks
References
Risk Factors for the Increase of Tuberculosis during Wartime
Abstract
Environmental Risk Factors
Crowding
Rich versus Poor
Host-Dependent Risk Factors
Malnutrition
Other Host-Dependent Factors. Stress
Age and Sex
Tobacco Smoking
Indoor Air Pollution
Alcohol Consumption
Other Factors
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
TB Control Measures
Pre-War Control Measures
TB Control during War
Post-War TB Control
References
Nazi Medicine, Tuberculosis, and Genocide
Abstract
Nazi View of Medicine and Murder. Euthanasia and Racial Hygiene
Ghettos and Segregation. Waystations to Genocide
Concentration Camps. Disease Landscapes
Medical Ethics Unbound. Experiments in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of TB
Case Histories. Slave Labor and TB
Simcha Minzer
Ruth Cohen
Horror Camps. TB and Liberation
Crimes against Humanity. Post-War Trials
Conclusion. TB and the Final Solution
References
Tuberculosis in Germany before, during and after World War II
Abstract
Tuberculosis before the War. Epidemiology
Pre-War Political Measures and TB Control Measures
Tuberculosis during the War. Epidemiology
TB in Germany after the War
Epidemiology
Conclusions
References
Tuberculosis in Austria before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
Tuberculosis and World War II in Austria
German Austria, the First Republic, the Corporative State
Institutions and Measures to Combat TB
Statutory Provisions to Combat TB in the Years Up to 1938
The Time of the Ostmark and WWII
The Second Republic
TB after WWII
Conclusions
References
Tuberculosis in Poland before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
TB before World War II
TB during World War II
In the Reichgau Wartheland
The Generalgouvernement
New Insights about TB
TB after the War
Conclusion
References
Tuberculosis in the United Kingdom and Ireland before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
United Kingdom
Wartime Civil Measures
General Health of the Population
Measurement of TB
TB in the Pre-War Years
Bovine TB
TB in Children
TB Mortality
TB Morbidity
Tuberculous in Some English Cities
Tuberculin Surveys
Wartime Organization of TB Services in the UK
Recommendations to Reduce the Incidence of TB
Longer Term Consequences of War Time Provision for TB Care
Administration of Chest Clinics
Treatment Selection
Treatment
Rehabilitation of Patients
Bacillus Calmette Guérin
Chemotherapy for TB
Relationship of TB to Social Class
Occupation and TB
Screening of Occupationally at Risk Workers
Food and TB
Medical Student and Post-Graduate Teaching
Other Environmental Factors Associated with TB
Late Result of the War
Conclusions
Ireland
Industrialization
Health Policy Reforms
The “Anti TB League” and Subsequent Policy Reforms
Medical Advances
Drug Development
Bovine TB
TB in Eire; Conclusion
Final Conclusions
References
Tuberculosis in France before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
Tuberculosis in France on the Eve of World War II
TB in France during WWII. Living Conditions
The TB Epidemic. TB Death Rates (Mortality)
Age and Sex Analysis of Death Rates
Regional Differences in Death Rates
TB Morbidity
TB in France after WWII
Conclusions
References
Tuberculosis in The British Empire before, during, and after World War II
Tuberculosis in Australia before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
Tuberculosis before WWII
TB during the 1930s
Gender Differences and TB
TB during WWII
Post WWII Anti-TB Campaign
Conclusion
References
Tuberculosis in South Africa before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
TB in South Africa Prior to WWII. The First Wave of TB
WWII in South Africa: 1939–1945
TB during WWII. The Second Wave of TB
TB after WWII. The Third Wave of TB – The Perfect Storm
Conclusions. Lessons Applicable to South Africa Today
References
Tuberculosis in The Netherlands before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
Epidemiology
Determinants for the Increase in TB
Care and Control
Anti-TB Clinics
Last Year of WWII
After WWII
Conclusion
References
Tuberculosis in Belgium before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
Tuberculosis Control in Belgium before WWII
Epidemiology of TB. Mortality
Morbidity
TB Control during and in the Aftermath of WWII: Situation and Special Measures
Conclusion
References
Tuberculosis in Southern European Countries and the Balkans before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
Italy. Epidemiological Trends
Evolution of Anti-TB Response Around World War II
Romania and Bulgaria
Greece. Epidemiological Trends
Evolution of Anti-TB Response Around World War II
Yugoslavia
Portugal
Spain
Conclusion
References
Tuberculosis in Hungary before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
TB before WWII
TB During World War II
TB as a Continuum
Conclusion
References
Tuberculosis in the Soviet Union before and during World War II
Abstract
TB Before 1941
TB During WWII
TB in the Army
TB in the Civilian Sector
TB in the Occupied Territories
TB Program in 1941–1945
Peculiarities of the Clinical Course of TB in Conditions of War
Conclusion
References
Tuberculosis in the United States before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
Tuberculosis Trends Prior to the War
Validity of the Data
Tuberculosis in the Military
Approaches to Tuberculosis Control up to and Including the War Years
The Great Depression, the New Deal, and Public Policy
Chemotherapy
References
Tuberculosis in Japan before, during, and after World War II
Abstract
Prelude
Epidemiology: before, during, and after WWII. First Transition
Second and Third TB Transitions
Impact of War on TB in Japan
War(s) and Socioeconomic Changes
Losses due to WWII
General and Infant Mortality during WWII
TB Mortality during the War Period
TB Control Efforts during the War
Appendix. TB in Singapore before, during, and after WWII
Conclusion
References
Tuberculosis in Korea during the Japanese Occupation in World War II
Abstract
Tuberculosis Policy of the Japanese Government of Korea. Epidemic of Tuberculosis in Korea during the Sino-Japanese and Pacific Wars: 1937–1945
The Threat of TB during War: A Socio-Medical Study of the TB Epidemic among the Japanese in Korea
Full-Scale Measures against TB: The Establishment of “The Association to Prevent TB in Korea”
Large-Scale X-ray Examinations – Expansion of Health Examinations for Government and Public Schools
Greatest Hurdle for the Japanese Colonial Government of Korea: The Construction of TB Sanatoria
Conclusion
References
Tuberculosis in China before, during, and after the Sino-Japanese War
Abstract
Second Sino-Japanese War: Invasion of Manchuria, 1931–1937. The Mukden Incident
Shanghai War of 1931–1932
The Long March
History of Tuberculosis
Second Sino-Japanese War: 1937–1945. Marco Polo Bridge
Shanghai War, 1937
The Rape of Nanjing
Finally a Victory, Then More Defeats
“A Date That Will Live in Infamy”
Tuberculosis Control in China
Tuberculosis and the People’s Republic of China
Tuberculosis in Taiwan
Conclusion
References
Tuberculosis and War: Lessons Learned From World War II
Abstract
Evolution of TB during WWII
Evolution of TB after WWII. Chemotherapy of TB
Anti-TB Drug Resistance
Diagnostic Approach to TB
Prevention of TB. Preventive Chemotherapy of Latent TB Infection
Vaccination
Reducing the Risk and Burden of TB after WWII
Reorganization of Health Services
Intensified International Cooperation
Special Situations. Military Service
Prisoners of War
Other Populations Afflicted by TB
New Problems
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection
TB Control Measures in Recent Post-WWII Conflicts
Conclusions. Future of TB
The Future of War
The Future of TB and War
References
Author Index
Subject Index
