Tuberculosis and War

Tuberculosis and War
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Tuberculosis (TB) remains the largest cause of adult deaths from any single infectious disease, and ranks among the top 10 causes of death worldwide. When TB and war occur simultaneously, the inevitable consequences are disease, human misery, suffering, and heightened mortality. TB is, therefore, one of the most frequent and deadly diseases to complicate the special circumstances of warfare. Written by internationally acclaimed experts, this book provides a comprehensive analysis of the status of TB before, during and after WWII in the 25 belligerent countries that were chiefly involved. It summarizes the history of TB up to the present day. A special chapter on “Nazi Medicine, Tuberculosis and Genocide” examines the horrendous, inhuman Nazi ideology, which during WWII used TB as a justification for murder, and targeted the disease by eradicating millions who were afflicted by it. The final chapter summarizes the lessons learned from WWII and more recent wars and recommends anti-TB measures for future conflicts. This publication is not only of interest to TB specialists and pulmonologists but also to those interested in public health, infectious diseases, war-related issues and the history of medicine. It should also appeal to nonmedical readers like journalists and politicians.

Оглавление

Группа авторов. Tuberculosis and War

Progress in Respiratory Research

Tuberculosis and War. Lessons Learned from World War II

Contents

Preface. Tuberculosis and War – Lessons Learned from World War II

History of Tuberculosis and of Warfare

Abstract

Evolution of Humans. Prehistory

Hunter-Gatherers

Neolithic Demographic Revolution

Evolution of TB

Early Observations

Population Genomics

Epidemic Tuberculosis

Evolution of Warfare

Prehistory

Jericho

Tollense War

Trojan War

Hundred Years’ War

Thirty Years’ War

World War I

World War II

Biological Warfare

Since WWII

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Challenges in the Assessment of Tuberculosis Epidemiology during Wartime

Abstract

Transmission of Tubercle Bacilli

Tuberculin Skin Test

Tuberculosis Morbidity

Death from M. tuberculosis

Case-to Death Ratio

Concluding Reflections and Remarks

References

Risk Factors for the Increase of Tuberculosis during Wartime

Abstract

Environmental Risk Factors

Crowding

Rich versus Poor

Host-Dependent Risk Factors

Malnutrition

Other Host-Dependent Factors. Stress

Age and Sex

Tobacco Smoking

Indoor Air Pollution

Alcohol Consumption

Other Factors

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

TB Control Measures

Pre-War Control Measures

TB Control during War

Post-War TB Control

References

Nazi Medicine, Tuberculosis, and Genocide

Abstract

Nazi View of Medicine and Murder. Euthanasia and Racial Hygiene

Ghettos and Segregation. Waystations to Genocide

Concentration Camps. Disease Landscapes

Medical Ethics Unbound. Experiments in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of TB

Case Histories. Slave Labor and TB

Simcha Minzer

Ruth Cohen

Horror Camps. TB and Liberation

Crimes against Humanity. Post-War Trials

Conclusion. TB and the Final Solution

References

Tuberculosis in Germany before, during and after World War II

Abstract

Tuberculosis before the War. Epidemiology

Pre-War Political Measures and TB Control Measures

Tuberculosis during the War. Epidemiology

TB in Germany after the War

Epidemiology

Conclusions

References

Tuberculosis in Austria before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

Tuberculosis and World War II in Austria

German Austria, the First Republic, the Corporative State

Institutions and Measures to Combat TB

Statutory Provisions to Combat TB in the Years Up to 1938

The Time of the Ostmark and WWII

The Second Republic

TB after WWII

Conclusions

References

Tuberculosis in Poland before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

TB before World War II

TB during World War II

In the Reichgau Wartheland

The Generalgouvernement

New Insights about TB

TB after the War

Conclusion

References

Tuberculosis in the United Kingdom and Ireland before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

United Kingdom

Wartime Civil Measures

General Health of the Population

Measurement of TB

TB in the Pre-War Years

Bovine TB

TB in Children

TB Mortality

TB Morbidity

Tuberculous in Some English Cities

Tuberculin Surveys

Wartime Organization of TB Services in the UK

Recommendations to Reduce the Incidence of TB

Longer Term Consequences of War Time Provision for TB Care

Administration of Chest Clinics

Treatment Selection

Treatment

Rehabilitation of Patients

Bacillus Calmette Guérin

Chemotherapy for TB

Relationship of TB to Social Class

Occupation and TB

Screening of Occupationally at Risk Workers

Food and TB

Medical Student and Post-Graduate Teaching

Other Environmental Factors Associated with TB

Late Result of the War

Conclusions

Ireland

Industrialization

Health Policy Reforms

The “Anti TB League” and Subsequent Policy Reforms

Medical Advances

Drug Development

Bovine TB

TB in Eire; Conclusion

Final Conclusions

References

Tuberculosis in France before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

Tuberculosis in France on the Eve of World War II

TB in France during WWII. Living Conditions

The TB Epidemic. TB Death Rates (Mortality)

Age and Sex Analysis of Death Rates

Regional Differences in Death Rates

TB Morbidity

TB in France after WWII

Conclusions

References

Tuberculosis in The British Empire before, during, and after World War II

Tuberculosis in Australia before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

Tuberculosis before WWII

TB during the 1930s

Gender Differences and TB

TB during WWII

Post WWII Anti-TB Campaign

Conclusion

References

Tuberculosis in South Africa before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

TB in South Africa Prior to WWII. The First Wave of TB

WWII in South Africa: 1939–1945

TB during WWII. The Second Wave of TB

TB after WWII. The Third Wave of TB – The Perfect Storm

Conclusions. Lessons Applicable to South Africa Today

References

Tuberculosis in The Netherlands before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

Epidemiology

Determinants for the Increase in TB

Care and Control

Anti-TB Clinics

Last Year of WWII

After WWII

Conclusion

References

Tuberculosis in Belgium before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

Tuberculosis Control in Belgium before WWII

Epidemiology of TB. Mortality

Morbidity

TB Control during and in the Aftermath of WWII: Situation and Special Measures

Conclusion

References

Tuberculosis in Southern European Countries and the Balkans before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

Italy. Epidemiological Trends

Evolution of Anti-TB Response Around World War II

Romania and Bulgaria

Greece. Epidemiological Trends

Evolution of Anti-TB Response Around World War II

Yugoslavia

Portugal

Spain

Conclusion

References

Tuberculosis in Hungary before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

TB before WWII

TB During World War II

TB as a Continuum

Conclusion

References

Tuberculosis in the Soviet Union before and during World War II

Abstract

TB Before 1941

TB During WWII

TB in the Army

TB in the Civilian Sector

TB in the Occupied Territories

TB Program in 1941–1945

Peculiarities of the Clinical Course of TB in Conditions of War

Conclusion

References

Tuberculosis in the United States before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

Tuberculosis Trends Prior to the War

Validity of the Data

Tuberculosis in the Military

Approaches to Tuberculosis Control up to and Including the War Years

The Great Depression, the New Deal, and Public Policy

Chemotherapy

References

Tuberculosis in Japan before, during, and after World War II

Abstract

Prelude

Epidemiology: before, during, and after WWII. First Transition

Second and Third TB Transitions

Impact of War on TB in Japan

War(s) and Socioeconomic Changes

Losses due to WWII

General and Infant Mortality during WWII

TB Mortality during the War Period

TB Control Efforts during the War

Appendix. TB in Singapore before, during, and after WWII

Conclusion

References

Tuberculosis in Korea during the Japanese Occupation in World War II

Abstract

Tuberculosis Policy of the Japanese Government of Korea. Epidemic of Tuberculosis in Korea during the Sino-Japanese and Pacific Wars: 1937–1945

The Threat of TB during War: A Socio-Medical Study of the TB Epidemic among the Japanese in Korea

Full-Scale Measures against TB: The Establishment of “The Association to Prevent TB in Korea”

Large-Scale X-ray Examinations – Expansion of Health Examinations for Government and Public Schools

Greatest Hurdle for the Japanese Colonial Government of Korea: The Construction of TB Sanatoria

Conclusion

References

Tuberculosis in China before, during, and after the Sino-Japanese War

Abstract

Second Sino-Japanese War: Invasion of Manchuria, 1931–1937. The Mukden Incident

Shanghai War of 1931–1932

The Long March

History of Tuberculosis

Second Sino-Japanese War: 1937–1945. Marco Polo Bridge

Shanghai War, 1937

The Rape of Nanjing

Finally a Victory, Then More Defeats

“A Date That Will Live in Infamy”

Tuberculosis Control in China

Tuberculosis and the People’s Republic of China

Tuberculosis in Taiwan

Conclusion

References

Tuberculosis and War: Lessons Learned From World War II

Abstract

Evolution of TB during WWII

Evolution of TB after WWII. Chemotherapy of TB

Anti-TB Drug Resistance

Diagnostic Approach to TB

Prevention of TB. Preventive Chemotherapy of Latent TB Infection

Vaccination

Reducing the Risk and Burden of TB after WWII

Reorganization of Health Services

Intensified International Cooperation

Special Situations. Military Service

Prisoners of War

Other Populations Afflicted by TB

New Problems

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection

TB Control Measures in Recent Post-WWII Conflicts

Conclusions. Future of TB

The Future of War

The Future of TB and War

References

Author Index

Subject Index

Отрывок из книги

Vol. 43

Series Editor

.....

Subject Index

51Merker M, Blin C, Mona S, et al: Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage. Nat Genet 2015;47:242–249.

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