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Группа авторов. Recent Research in Nutrition and Growth
Nestlé Nutrition Institute. Workshop Series
Recent Research in Nutrition and Growth
Contents
Preface
Foreword
Contributors
Implications of Growth as a Time-Specific Event
Abstract
Introduction
Size versus Growth
Clarifying Growth Biology: How Individuals Grow
The Nature of Time-Specific Growth Saltations
Biology of Saltation and Stasis
Timing and Resources
Multiple Tissues and Currencies: Cellular Timing and Body Composition
Growth of the Body Is in the Cells
Disclosure Statement
References
Elongation of the Long Bones in Humans by the Growth Plates
Abstract
Introduction
Structure
Mechanisms of Longitudinal Bone Growth
Regulation
Pathology
Disclosure Statement
References
Critical Windows for the Programming Effects of Early-Life Nutrition on Skeletal Muscle Mass
Abstract
Introduction
Skeletal Muscle Development
Delineation of Developmental Windows in Muscle Development
Mechanisms Driving Perinatal Muscle Hypertrophy
Effect of Developmental Age on the Capacity to Recuperate Muscle Mass
Regulation of the Perinatal Window Aperture
Translational Considerations
Acknowledgments
Disclosure Statement
References
Fat Tissue Growth and Development in Humans
Abstract
Introduction
Fat Cell Turnover
Turnover of Fat Cell Lipids
Influence of Gender on the Turnover of Fat Cells and Their Lipids
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Disclosure Statement
References
Osteoblast Bioenergetics and Global Energy Homeostasis
Abstract
Introduction
Osteoblast Development and Bone Formation
Osteoblasts as an Endocrine Regulator of Global Metabolism: Leptin, Insulin, and Osteocalcin
Osteoblast Fuel Requirements and Bioenergetics
Are Osteoblasts Citrate-Producing Cells?
Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
References
Summary on a Systems Perspective on Growth
Breastfeeding, Breast Milk Composition, and Growth Outcomes
Abstract
Introduction
Methodological Issues: Randomization, Reverse Causality, and Residual Confounding
Breastfeeding and Growth during Infancy
Breastfeeding and Growth-Related Hormones in the Infant
Breastfeeding, Body Composition, and Early BMI Peak
Overweight and Extreme Weight Gain during Breastfeeding
Effects of Breastfeeding on Growth Later in Childhood. Breastfeeding and Stature Later in Life
Breastfeeding and Later Overweight and Obesity
Breast Milk Composition and Growth
Breast Milk Macronutrient Composition and Infant Growth
Breast Milk Hormones and Infant Growth
Breast Milk Cytokines and Infant Growth
Methodological Considerations and Determinants of Breast Milk Composition
Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
References
Metabolic Regulation of Pre- and Postnatal Growth
Abstract
Introduction
Intrauterine Metabolic Modulation of Growth
Metabolic Response to Infant Protein Supply and Impact on Growth and Obesity Development
Acknowledgments
Disclosure Statement
References
Complementary Feeding, Infant Growth, and Obesity Risk: Timing, Composition, and Mode of Feeding
Abstract
Introduction
EU Childhood Obesity Project: Methodological Background Information
Timing of Solid Food Introduction and Risk for Obesity
Quality and Quantity of Complementary Foods and Obesity Risk
Energy-Providing Liquids and Obesity Risk
Feeding Mode
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Disclosure Statement
References
Causes of Stunting and Preventive Dietary Interventions in Pregnancy and Early Childhood
Abstract
Introduction
Prenatal Origins of Stunting and Maternal Nutritional Interventions
Nutritional Causes of Stunting in Early Childhood and Dietary Interventions
Infections in Childhood Contribute to Stunting
Conclusions
Disclosure Statement
References
Micronutrients and Child Growth: Current Evidence and Progress
Abstract
Introduction
Definitions
Preconception and Prenatal Micronutrient Interventions
Maternal Folic Acid, Iron, and Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation
Calcium Supplementation
Vitamin D Supplementation
Vitamin A
Zinc Supplementation
Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplementation
Marine Oil Supplementation
Infant and Child Micronutrient Interventions
Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation
Vitamin A Supplementation
Zinc Supplementation
Delivery Platforms to Address Micronutrient Deficiencies
Way Forward
Disclosure Statement
References
Summary on Dietary Modulation of Growth and Body Composition
A Nutritionist’s Perspective on Behavioral Assessment
Abstract
Introduction
Concerns with Our Current Approach to Evaluating Quality of Evidence
Expectations for Trials of Nutrition and Behavioral Assessment
Unique Issues of Nutrition Interventions with Behavioral Assessment
Potential Consequences of Concluding “No Effect” in Error
Interdisciplinary Teams and Roles
Roles for Industry
Roles for Government Agencies Involved in Funding and Regulation
Roles for Journals
Threats
Summary and Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
References
Assessing Neurocognitive Development in Studies of Nutrition
Abstract
Introduction
Global and Modular Cognition: Underlying Models
Developmental Implications
General and Modular Models of Cognition in a Developmental Context
Evaluating Developmental Course
Design and Implementation of Clinical Trials
Reading the Nutrition and Neurodevelopmental Literature
Disclosure Statement
References
Neuroimaging of the Developing Brain and Impact of Nutrition
Abstract
Introduction
Methods. Pediatric Neuroimaging
Measures of Brain Development
The Influence of Nutrition on Brain Structure and Function
Results. Structural and Functional Brain Development
Nutrition and Brain and Cognitive Development
Human Milk and Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Iron and Zinc
Choline, Phospholipids, and Sphingolipids
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Disclosure Statement
References
Effects of Nutrition on the Development of Higher-Order Cognition
Abstract
Introduction
Docosahexaenoic Acid in Infant Diet and Early Language and Communication Development
Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid in Pregnancy
Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Postnatal Diet and Infant Executive Functions
Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Postnatal Diet and Childhood Executive Functions
Conclusions
Disclosure Statement
References
Impact of Nutrition on Growth, Brain, and Cognition
Abstract
Introduction
Early Growth
Weight Gain
Length
Early Brain Development
Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Long-Term Effects of Early Nutrition on Childhood Cognition
Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding
Maternal-Infant Contact
Strategies to Promote Early Growth and Cognition
Disclosure Statement
References
Summary on Nutrition, Brain Function, and Cognitive Development
Subject Index
