pH of the Skin: Issues and Challenges
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Группа авторов. pH of the Skin: Issues and Challenges
Current Problems in Dermatology
pH of the Skin: Issues and Challenges
Contents
Preface
The Acid Mantle: A Myth or an Essential Part of Skin Health?
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
The Acid-Base Concept
The Acid Mantle
Topical Influencing of the Skin Surface pH
pH and Buffering Capacity of Topical Formulations
Measurement of Skin Surface pH
Conclusion
References
Buffering Capacity
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
pH, Buffer Definition, and Function
pH Buffer in Nature
pH Buffers in Humans
pH and Buffer of the Healthy Skin
Skin pH, Buffer Capacity, and Mechanisms
pH, Buffer, and Antimicrobial Effects
Regulation of Barrier Function, Epidermal Lipids, Differentiation, and Desquamation
pH after Experimental Skin Barrier Disruption
pH and Buffer Capacity in Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Reducing Skin pH as a Therapeutic Tool in Wound Healing, Aged Skin, and in Skin Diseases
References
Measurement of Skin Surface pH
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Factors Influencing Skin pH and Its Measurement
Measuring Methods
The Planar Glass Electrode Method. Instrumentation and Its Measurement Principles
Measurement Protocol
Handling and Storage of the Electrode (Probe)
Equilibration, Calibration and Use of the pH Meter
Data Recording, Interpretation and Reporting
Conclusion
Disclaimer
References
Skin Surface pH in Newborns: Origin and Consequences
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Acid Mantel Formation after Birth
Consequences of pH Acidification
Factors Affecting Skin Surface pH Formation in Newborns. Gestational Age
Postnatal Age
Anatomical Site
Gender Differences
Conclusion
References
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Affecting Skin Surface pH
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Emollients/Dermatological Products
Materials and Methods
Emollient Barrier Experiments with pH Paper and Human Skin
Effect of Coated Vials with Emollient on the pH of Saline Solution or Skin-Mimic Film
Effect of Emollient on the pH of Skin-Mimic Film
Interaction of Emollient, Skin-Mimic Film, and Under Skin pH
Results
Emollient Barrier Experiments with pH Paper and Human Skin
Effect of Coated Vials with Emollient on the pH of Saline Solution or Skin-Mimic Film
Effect of Emollient on the pH of Skin-Mimic Film
Interaction of Emollient, Skin-Mimic Film, and Skin pH
Correlation between Self-Reported Sensitive Skin and pH
Conclusion
References
Gender, Age, and Ethnicity as Factors That Can Influence Skin pH
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Gender
Age
Ethnicity
References
Endogenous Factors That Can Influence Skin pH
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
pH as a “Universal Signal and Effector”
Factors Involved in the Development of the Acidic pH of the Stratum Corneum
Ionotropic pH Sensors and Transducers
Acid Sensing Ion Channels
Transient Receptor Potential Ion Channels
Purinoceptors
K+, Ca+, and Na+ channels
Alkaline pH-Sensing Ion Channels
Metabotropic pH-Sensing Receptors
GPR4 (GPR19)
TDAG8 (GPR65)
OGR1 (GPR68)
G2A (GPR132)
pH Sensing GPRs and Cutaneous Wound Healing
Conclusions
References
Lipids in the Skin and pH
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Lipid Composition of the Stratum Corneum
Synthesis of SC Lipids
pH Gradient in the SC
Impact of pH on SC Lipids
References
Influence of pH on Skin Stem Cells and Their Differentiation
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Intracellular pH and Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
Extracellular pH and Stem Cell Pluripotency
pH and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation
pH and Cancer Cells
pH and Epithelial Stem Cells
Epidermal Stem Cells, Their Differentiation, and pH
Effects of pH on Stem Cells During Wound Healing
Conclusion
References
The Influence of Calcium on the Skin pH and Epidermal Barrier During Aging
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
The Epidermal Barrier and Its Dependence on Calcium
CE Formation in the Aging Process
Skin pH in the Aging Process
The pH Backlash on Lipid Synthesis and Skin Desquamination
Conclusion
References
pH and Microbial Infections
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Mycosis
Diaper and Incontinence Dermatitis
Wound Healing
Acknowledgement
References
pH in Atopic Dermatitis
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Skin pH Is Elevated in Atopic Dermatitis
Molecular Mechanisms Leading to Elevated Skin Surface pH in AD
Environmental Factors Contributing to Elevated Skin Surface pH in AD
The Effect of Elevated Skin pH
Skin Barrier Breakdown
Reduced Antimicrobial Defence
Cutaneous Inflammation
Pruritus
Skin pH – Diver or Surrogate Marker of AD?
The Implications of Skin pH for Treatment
References
Role of Skin pH in Psoriasis
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Epidermal Acidification and Effects on Epidermal Homeostasis and Skin Proteases
Aquaporins and Psoriasis
Role of pH in Activation of Antimicrobial Proteins
Topical Treatment for Psoriasis and pH
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
pH and Acne
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Skin Surface pH
Barrier Function
Acne with and without Propionibacterium acnes
Skin Surface pH and Acne
Acne and Skin Surface pH Influences
Acne Treatment with Respect to Skin Surface pH
Conclusion
References
pH and Buffer Capacity of Topical Formulations
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Materials and Methods. Tested Preparations
Phasing Determination
Breaking of W/O Emulsions
Determining pH in Test Preparations
Determining Buffer Capacity
Results. Tested Preparations
Determination of Phasing, pH and Buffer Capacity
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
The Relation of pH and Skin Cleansing
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
General Aspects on Skin Cleansing
Skin pH and Corneobiology
Skin pH and Epidermal Barrier Function
Skin pH and Microflora
The Role of pH in Skin Cleansing
Conclusion
References
pH and Drug Delivery
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Cutaneous Drug Delivery
The pH Partition Hypothesis
Skin Permeability
Drug Substance Properties
The Drug Formulation
The Skin Hydration
Cutaneous Application of Ionizable Drug Substances
Acid Drug Substances
Basic Drug Substances
Zwitterionic Drug Substances
Skin Penetration of Ionized Drug Substances
pH Responsive Drug Delivery Systems
Conclusion
References
Metamorphosis of Vehicles: Mechanisms and Opportunities
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Topical Applications: Origin and Assets
Purpose and Nature of Vehicles
Vehicle Ingredient and Vehicle Format
Active Ingredients and Inactive Vehicle Ingredients
Vehicle and Cosmetic and Aesthetic Criteria
Nomenclatures of Vehicles
Metamorphosis of Vehicles
Phenomenological Description
Formulation Design
Two-Phase Formulation Systems
Evaporation Formulation Systems
pH-Sensitive Formulation Systems
Thermo- and pH-Sensitive Gels
Quick- or Fast-Breaking Emulsion Systems
Crackling Foam Systems
Consequences and Outlook
References
Influence of Topical Formulations: Lipid Lamella Organization and Lipid Composition of Stratum Corneum as a Surrogate Marker for Barrier Integrity
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Tissue Sampling and Analysis
Lipid Lamellae Organization
Lipid Composition
Current Experiences with Lipbarvis® Lipid Lamellae Organization
Foot Xerosis
Restoration of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Challenged Skin
Effect of Product pH of Topical Preparations
Conclusion and Outlook
References
Skin Care Products: Age-Appropriate Cosmetics
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
Xerosis Cutis (L85.3)
Diaper Rash (L22)
Skin Care and Appropriate Cosmetic Products
Xerosis Cutis (L85.3)
Cleansing
Leave-on
Diaper Rash (L22) – Skin Care
Cleansing
Leave-On
Conclusion/Recommendations
References
Skin Care Products for Healthy and Diseased Skin
What Is Already Known?
What Does This Text Add?
Abstract
What Is Skin Care?
Classification Systems
Regulatory Bodies
Healthcare Professionals and Lay Persons/Consumers
General Features of Skin Care
Who Is in Need of Skin Care?
Skin Care Procedures and Skin Care Products
Removal of Unwanted Substances
Reduction/Elimination of Unpleasant Skin Symptoms, Restoration of Damaged Skin and Reinforcement/Fortification of Undamaged But Vulnerable Skin
Protection of Damaged, Undamaged and Vulnerable Skin
Provision of Pleasant Skin and Body Feel
Leave-On, Rinse-Off Products
The Essence of Skin Care Products
Anatomy of Topical (Skin Care) Products
The Crux with the Nomenclature of Topical (Skin Care) Products
The Crux with the Active and Inactive Ingredients
Regulatory Issues and Topical (Skin Care) Products
Safety and Skin Care Products
Challenges and Conclusions. Terminology
Boundaries between Healthy and Diseased Skin
Active Principles
Regulatory Issues
How to Choose a Skin Care Product?
References
Author Index
Subject Index
Отрывок из книги
Vol. 54
Series Editors
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Blaak, J.; Staib, P. (Würzburg)
pH and Drug Delivery
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