Оглавление
Группа авторов. Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Contents
Preface
Epidemiology of Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
Introduction
Incidence
National Cancer Registries (Table 1)
Regional Cancer Registries
Age and Sex
Global Life Style Risk Factors
Tobacco
Betel Quid/Areca Nut
Alcohol
Genetics
Diet
Viruses
Previous Radiotherapy
Prevention
Summary
References
Symptoms and Signs, Staging and Co-Morbidity of Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
Introduction
Symptoms
Signs
The Patient
Hypopharyngeal Sub-Sites
TNM Classification and Staging
Volumetric Staging
Co-Morbidity
Second Primary Cancer
Conclusion
References
Natural History of Treated and Untreated Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
Introduction. Biological Behaviour of Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma
Natural History of Untreated Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Natural History of Treated Hypopharyngeal Cancer
References
Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma
Abstract
Introduction
Office-Based Endoscopic Evaluation
Intraoperative Endoscopic Evaluation
Radiological Evaluation
Imaging Techniques and Advances in Imaging Technologies
Local Staging
Nodal Staging
Distant Metastases
Treatment Monitoring and Follow-Up
Prediction of Response
Conclusions
References
Treatment Options for Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
Introduction
Surgery of the Primary Tumour and of Regional Lymph Nodes Metastasis
Radiotherapy
Combined Radiotherapy and Systemic Therapy
Systemic Medical Treatment, Including Traditional Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy
Role of Immunotherapy
Best Supportive Care
Biological and Immunological Host Factors
Local Availability of Diagnostic Therapeutic Procedures
Delay between Diagnosis and Treatment
Cost of Treatment
Bottom Line
References
Primary Treatment of T1–T2 Hypopharyngeal Cancer: Changing Paradigms
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Primary Open Surgery
Primary TLM
Primary TORS
Non-Surgical Organ-Preserving Strategies: RT and Chemoradiation
Conclusion
References
Surgical Treatment of Advanced Staged Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
Introduction
Pre-Operative Assessment
Pre-Operative Planning
Operative Techniques
Local Tumour Resection
Management of the Neck
Reconstruction
Summary
References
The Current Indications for Non-Surgical Treatment of Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
Introduction
General Concepts. Early Stage Disease
Advanced Stage Disease
More Individualized Treatment. Inoperability
Prediction of Outcome
Response on Induction Chemotherapy
Imaging Early during Treatment
Conclusion
References
Outcomes of Tumour Control from Primary Treatment of Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Early Stage I/II Disease
Open Partial Conservation Approaches
Transoral Laser Microsurgery
Transoral Robotic Surgery
Radiotherapy
Advanced Stage III/IV Disease. Primary Chemotherapy or Biological Therapy with Radiotherapy
Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy
Induction Chemotherapy
Sequential Therapy
Radical Surgery
Conclusions
References
Sequelae and Complications of Treatment for Hypopharyngeal Cancer: Minimising the Risks
Abstract
Introduction
Toxicity of Radiotherapy
Complications of Feeding Tubes
Lymphedema
Xerostomia
Hypothyroidism
Smoking during Non-Surgical Treatment
Hyperbaric Oxygen
Toxicity of Chemotherapy
Toxicity of Biologicals
Surgical Complications
Pre-Operative Care and Prevention
Voicing
References
Swallowing and Voice Outcomes following Treatment of Hypopharyngeal Cancer: The Need for Supervised Rehabilitation
Abstract
Introduction
Voice and Swallowing Problems; Causes Pre-, during and Post-Treatment
Timing of Rehabilitation: Care as Usual versus More Comprehensive Rehabilitation Programmes
Prevention and Rehabilitation
Pre-Treatment Evaluation
Adherence to Preventative and Rehabilitation Exercises
E-Health and Rehabilitation: The Self-Help Programme “Head Matters”
Treatment Goals and Outcomes of Optimal Rehabilitation
References
Quality of Life Outcomes following Treatment of Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
Introduction
QoL Outcome Measures
Pre-Treatment Function
RT and CRT
Surgery
Surgery versus CRT
Psychosocial Morbidity and QoL
Conclusions
References
Salvage Treatment Options after Failed Primary Treatment of Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
Introduction
Evaluation of Recurrent Disease
Principles of Management. Local (T) and Locoregional (T&N) Recurrence after Non-Surgical Treatment
T and T&N Recurrence after Primary Surgery
Regional Recurrence (N)
Metastatic Recurrence
Surgical Options and Techniques. Partial Surgery
Radical Surgery: Salvage Pharyngolaryngectomy
Reconstructive Options
Pectoralis Major Flap
Radial Forearm
Anterolateral Thigh Flap
Free Jejunal Flaps
Tubed Gastro-Omental Flaps
Gastric Transposition
Prevention of Complications
Patient Selection
Preoperative Optimisation and Nutritional Assessment
Anaesthetic Considerations
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Non-Surgical Treatment for rHPC
Conclusions
References
Systemic Therapy, Palliation and Supportive Care of Patients with Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
Basic Considerations for Palliation in Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Systemic Therapy (Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy)
Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
Targeted Therapy with or without Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
End-of-Life Care
Bottom Line
References
Treatment Options for Hypopharyngeal Cancer in Developing Countries in Africa/South America/Asia
Abstract
Introduction
Challenges Related to Head and Neck Cancers in Developing Countries
Burden of Cancer
Aetiological Factors
Delayed Presentation
Treatment Options and Prioritisation
Radiotherapy
Surgery
Rehabilitation
Survival
Follow-Up and Cancer Surveillance
Palliation
Conclusion
References
Future Perspectives in Hypopharyngeal Cancer Care
Abstract
Background
Diagnosis
Surgery
Funding of Services, Centralisation and Surgical Research
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy
Personalised Medicine and Precision Oncology
References
Author Index
Subject Index
