Оглавление
Группа авторов. Hyperandrogenism in Women
Frontiers of Hormone Research
Hyperandrogenism in Women. Beyond Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Contents
Foreword
In utero Androgen Excess: A Developmental Commonality Preceding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
Abstract
Introduction
In utero Androgen Excess: Human Studies
Genetic Origins: PCOS Risk Genes Are Compatible with in utero Hyperandrogenic Pathogenesis for PCOS
Epigenetic Origins: Developmental Contribution to PCOS
Mechanistic PCOS Insight from Nonhuman Primate Models of in utero Female Hyperandrogenism
In utero Androgen Excess and Female Behavioral Reprogramming
Mechanistic PCOS Insight from Non-Primate Animal Models of in utero Female Hyperandrogenism
Naturally Occurring in utero Androgen Excess and Female Hyperandrogenism: Origins of PCOS beyond Humans?
In utero Androgen Excess and Androgen Receptor: Developmental Commonality and Molecular Gateway to PCOS?
Acknowledgment
Funding Source
Disclosure Statement
References
Androgens, Body Composition, and Their Metabolism Based on Sex
Abstract
Introduction
Methods for the Determination of Body Composition: Benefits and Limits
The Effects of Androgens on Fat Mass
Preclinical Studies
The Role of the AR
Androgen Metabolism in Adipose Tissue
Androgen Deficiency and Body Composition: Clinical Studies
Androgen Excess and Body Composition: Clinical Studies
Conclusions
Disclosure Statement
Author Contributions
References
Understanding the Role of Androgen Action in Female Adipose Tissue
Abstract
Introduction
Androgen Excess and Fat Distribution in Females
Adipose Tissue as an Organ of Androgen Activation and Inactivation
Impact of Androgens on Adipose Tissue Biology
Androgens, Stem Cell Commitment to the Preadipocyte Lineage, and Preadipocyte Proliferation
Androgens and Adipocyte Differentiation
Lipid Metabolism
Lipolysis
Impact of Androgens on Lipogenesis and Lipid Accumulation
Androgen and Insulin Sensitivity
Androgens, Adipokines, and Inflammatory Markers
Conclusions and Clinical Implications
References
The Role of Androgen Excess on Insulin Sensitivity in Women
Abstract
Effect of Androgen Excess on Insulin Signaling during Developmental Programming
Effect of Androgens on Insulin Action in Its Target Tissues
Adipose Tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Liver
β Pancreatic Cells
Brain
Clinical Evidence Linking Androgen Excess and Insulin Signaling. Premature Pubarche/Adrenarche
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Advanced Glycation-End Products: The Missing Piece in the Puzzle of Androgen Excess and Insulin Signaling Deregulation
Androgen/Estrogen Ratio: Do We Have to Consider This Parameter?
Effect of Insulin Sensitizers in Androgen Excess
Conclusion
References
Androgens in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Abstract
Introduction
CAH Diagnosis
Hyperandrogenism in CAH
NCAH in the Context of Androgen Excess Syndromes
Infertility in CAH
Concluding Remarks
Disclosure Statement
Funding Source
References
Androgens in Cushing’s Syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Cushing’s Syndrome
Cushing’ Syndrome Is Associated with PCOS Phenotype
Adrenal Androgens Secretion in ACTH-Dependent Hypercortisolism
Adrenal Androgens Secretion in ACTH-Independent Hypercortisolism
How to Distinguish a Patient with CS from a Patient with PCOS?
Androgens and Treatment of CS
References
Hyperandrogenism and Adrenocortical Tumors
Abstract
Introduction
Pure Androgen-Secreting Adrenocortical Tumors. Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation and Hormonal Profile
Histopathological Aspects
Treatment
Hyperandrogenism and Adrenal Incidentalomas
Conclusion
References
Androgen-Secreting Ovarian Tumors
Abstract
Pure Stromal Tumors
Pure Sex Cord Tumors
Mixed Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
Other Androgen-Secreting Ovarian Tumors
Molecular Basis for the Androgen-Producing Tumors
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Approach and Procedures
Treatment
Metabolic Outcome
Conclusion
Funding
References
Endocrinology of Hirsutism: From Androgens to Androgen Excess Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
The Human Hair
Androgens and Hair Growth
Defining Hirsutism
Etiology of Hirsutism
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Idiopathic Hirsutism
Nonclassical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Syndromes of Severe Insulin Resistance
Androgen-Secreting Tumors
Clinical Evaluation and Management of Hirsutism
Evaluation of Hirsutism
Management of Hirsutism
Disclosure Statement
References
Obesity and Androgens in Women
Abstract
Introduction
Obesity, Fat Distribution, and Androgen Blood Levels in Adult Women
Androgen Generation and Inactivation in Human Obesity
Androgen Excess in Women and the Potential Role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Women
Androgens and Obesity in Obese Adolescent Girls
Impact of Weight Loss on Androgen Status in Adult Women and Adolescent Girls and the Concept of “PCOS Secondary to Obesity”
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Androgen Production and Metabolism in Menopause: A Still Controversial Aspect
Impact of Weight Loss and Androgens in Menopausal Women
Conclusions and Clinical Implications
References
Androgens in Menopausal Women: Not Only Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Menopause and Staging of Menopause
Physiology of Androgen Production in Menopause. Major Androgens in Menopause
Androgens of Ovarian Origin in Menopause
Androgens of Adrenal Origin during Menopause
Androgens from Peripheral Conversion in Menopause
Intracrinology and Enzymatic Changes in Menopause
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Female Hyperandrogenism in Post-Menopause
Hyperandrogenism of Non-Tumorous Adrenal or Ovarian Etiologies
Exogenous Etiologies
Hyperandrogenism of Tumorous Adrenal or Ovarian Etiologies
Clinical Presentation of Hyperandrogenism in Post-Menopausal Women
Diagnosis (Fig. 4) Diagnosis of Hyperandrogenism
Etiological Diagnosis
Localization
Treatment of Hyperandrogenism in Post-Menopausal Women. Etiological Treatment
Symptomatic Treatment
Long-Term Consequences of Hyperandrogenism in Post-Menopausal Women. The Metabolic Impact of Androgens in Post-Menopausal Women
Future Approach in Improving Health of the Aging Woman: Beyond Hormone Therapy
Conclusions
References
Androgen Excess in Women: Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches
Abstract
Introduction
General Description of the Techniques Used in Proteomics and Metabolomics
Proteomic Contributions to Current Understanding of the Physiopathology of PCOS and Androgen Excess
Metabolomic Contributions to Understanding the Physiopathology of PCOS and Androgen Excess
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Disclosure Statement
References
Androgens and Severe Insulin Resistance States: Basic and Clinical Aspects
Abstract
How to Biochemically Suspect a Severe Insulin Resistance State
Severe IR States: Clinical Aspects
Severe IR States: How Many Causes Do We Actually Know?
Basic Mechanisms for the Association between Severe IR States and Hyperandrogenism
Clinical Studies Highlighting the Association between Hyperandrogenism and Severe IR States
Therapeutic Strategies for Hyperandrogenism Secondary to Severe IR
Conclusions
References
Author Index
Subject Index
