Nutrition and Growth

Nutrition and Growth
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Children’s growth is a common concern to all health care providers treating neonates, infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents. Defining the best nutrition for healthy and active children as well as for those who suffer from acute or chronic disease is relevant to the children, their care givers, and to health care providers. For this publication, an international group of experts in nutrition, metabolism, gastroenterology, endocrinology, and auxology have selected some of the most important manuscripts published between July 2018 and June 2019. Each paper is supplemented with editorial comments aiming to highlight the lessons that can be learnt. This book provides a significant contribution to the knowledge base and will help all subspecialties of health care providers dealing with the pediatric age group to get updated on some of the key issues in the interaction between nutrition and growth.

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Группа авторов. Nutrition and Growth

World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics

Nutrition and Growth. Yearbook 2020

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

The Physiology and Mechanism of Growth

Introduction

The effect of a high-calorie diet on bone growth is mediated by the insulin receptor

Effects of Dairy Product Consumption on Height and Bone Mineral Content in Children: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials

Mechanisms by which sialylated milk oligosaccharides impact bone biology in a gnotobiotic mouse model of infant undernutrition

Plasma C-Type Natriuretic Peptide: Emerging Applications in Disorders of Skeletal Growth

ASB20123: A novel C-type natriuretic peptide derivative for treatment of growth failure and dwarfism

Exogenous C-type natriuretic peptide restores normal growth and prevents early growth plate closure in its deficient rats

Prospective study of growth and bone mass in Swedish children treated with the modified Atkins diet

Epiphyseal growth plate architecture is unaffected by early postnatal activation of the expression of R992C collagen II mutant

Rapid early increase in body mass index is associated with impaired longitudinal growth in children with cystic fibrosis

Bone mass development is sensitive to insulin resistance in adolescent boys

Growth pattern of infants with gastroschisis in the neonatal period

Skeletal disproportion in glucocorticoid-treated boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Antibiotic perturbation of gut microbiota dysregulates osteoimmune cross talk in postpubertal skeletal development

High prevalence of growth plate gene variants in children with familial short stature treated with growth hormone

Cartilage-targeted insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment to promote longitudinal bone growth

Impact of the ketogenic diet on linear growth in children: a single-center retrospective analysis of 34 cases

References

Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Nutrition

Introduction

Association between maternal adherence to healthy lifestyle practices and risk of obesity in offspring: results from two prospective cohort studies of motherchild pairs in the United States

Duration of exclusive breastfeeding may be related to eating behaviour and dietary intake in obesity prone normal weight young children

Breastfeeding in infancy and lipid profile in adolescence

Bioactive components in human milk are differentially associated with rates of lean and fat mass deposition in infants of mothers with normal versus elevated BMI

Satiety factors oleoylethanolamide, stearoylethanolamide, and palmitoylethanolamide in mother’s milk are strongly associated with infant weight at four months of age-data from the Odense child cohort

Exposure to improved nutrition from conception to age 2 years and adult cardiometabolic disease risk: a modelling study

Early rapid weight gain among formula-fed infants: Impact of formula type and maternal feeding styles

Dietary patterns in primary school are of prospective relevance for the development of body composition in two German pediatric populations

The effect of an extra piece of fruit or vegetables at school on weight status in two generations – 14 years follow-up of the Fruit and Vegetables Makes the Marks study

The impact of adding sugars to milk and fruit on adiposity and diet quality in children: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants (IDEFICS) study

Clustering of multiple energy balance-related behaviors in school children and its association with overweight and obesity-WHO European childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI 2015–2017)

Consumption of low-calorie sweetened beverages is associated with higher total energy and sugar intake among children, NHANES 2011–2016

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in overweight children: role of fructose intake and dietary pattern

A randomized control trial of the impact of LCPUFA-ω3 supplementation on body weight and insulin resistance in pubertal children with obesity

The gut microbiota in infants of obese mothers increases inflammation and susceptibility to NAFLD

References

Epigenetics, Nutrition, and Growth

Introduction

DNA methylation changes related to nutritional deprivation: a genome-wide analysis of population and in vitro data

A randomized controlled trial of folic acid intervention in pregnancy highlights a putative methylation-regulated control element at ZFP57

A low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy induces DNA methylation variation in blood of newborns: results from the ROLO randomised controlled trial

DNA methylation of imprinted genes at birth is associated with child weight status at birth, 1 year, and 3 years

Fetal growth is associated with CpG methylation in the P2 promoter of the insulin-like growth factor-1 gene

Meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies in neonates reveals widespread differential DNA methylation associated with birthweight

ExtraUterine Growth Restriction in preterm infants: growth patterns, nutrition, and epigenetic markers. A pilot study

Phthalate exposures, DNA methylation and adiposity in Mexican children through adolescence

Term and Preterm Infants

Introduction

Randomized controlled trial of iron-fortified versus low-iron infant formula: developmental outcomes at 16 years

Association of infant formula composition and anthropometry at 4 years: Follow-up of a randomized controlled trial (BeMIM study)

Consumption of soy-based infant formula is not associated with early onset of puberty

Palm oil and beta-palmitate in infant formula: A position paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition

Efficacy and safety of hydrolyzed rice-protein formulas for the treatment of cow’s milk protein allergy

Probiotics to prevent infantile colic

Probiotic supplementation restores normal microbiota composition and function in antibiotic-treated and in caesarean-born infants

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and the infant intestinal microbiome

Complementary feeding and food allergy, atopic dermatitis/eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis: a systematic review

Association of early introduction of solids with infant sleep: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial

Compared with cow milk, a growing-up milk increases vitamin D and iron status in healthy children at 2 years of age: The Growing-Up Milk-Lite (GUMLi) randomized controlled trial

A comparison of the effect of a Growing Up Milk-Lite (GUMLi) vs. cow’s milk on longitudinal dietary patterns and nutrient intakes in children aged 12–23 months: the GUMLi randomised controlled trial

A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of consuming Growing Up Milk “Lite” on body composition in children aged 12–23 months

Supplementing enteral intake

Improved lung function at age 6 in children born very preterm and fed extra protein post-discharge

Neurodevelopmental outcome of nutritional intervention in newborn infants at risk of neurodevelopmental impairment: the Dolphin neonatal double-blind randomized controlled trial

Improved outcomes in preterm infants fed a nonacidified liquid human milk fortifier: a prospective randomized clinical trial

Commencing nutrient supplements before full enteral feed volume achievement is beneficial for moderately preterm to late preterm low birth weight babies: a prospective, observational study

Effect of gastric residual evaluation on enteral intake in extremely preterm infants: a randomized clinical trial

Gastric residual volume in feeding advancement in preterm infants (GRIP Study): a randomized trial

Gastric residual volumes versus abdominal girth measurement in assessment of feed tolerance in preterm neonates: a randomized controlled trial

References

Cognition

Introduction

Is breast feeding associated with offspring IQ at age 5? Findings from prospective cohort: lifestyle during pregnancy study

Nutrients or nursing? Understanding how breast milk feeding affects child cognition

The effect of Atlantic salmon consumption on the cognitive performance of preschool children. A randomized controlled trial

Fatty fish intake and the effect on mental health and sleep in preschool children in FINS-KIDS, a randomized controlled trial

Whole blood n-3 fatty acids are associated with executive function in 2–6-yearold Northern Ghanaian children

Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children

Sociodemographic, nutritional, and environmental factors are associated with cognitive performance among Orang Asli children in Malaysia

The interplay between nutrition and stress in pregnancy: implications for fetal programming of brain development

You are what you (first) eat

The importance of maternal folate status for brain development and function of offspring

Prenatal air pollution and childhood IQ: Preliminary evidence of effect modification by folate

Maternal iodine status is associated with offspring language skills in infancy and toddlerhood

Association of maternal iodine status with child IQ: a meta-analysis of individual-participant data

Maternal dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids modifies association between prenatal DDT exposure and child neurodevelopment: A cohort study

The impact of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on neurodevelopment of the offspring in India (DHANI): trial protocol

Associations between vitamin D status in pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopment: a systematic literature review

Maternal selenium status and neuropsychological development in Spanish preschool children

Prenatal selenium status, neonatal cerebellum measures and child neurodevelopment at the age of 18 months

Maternal copper status and neuropsychological development in infants and preschool children

Reference

Nutrition and Growth in Chronic Disease

Introduction

The reduction of faecal calprotectin during exclusive enteral nutrition is lost rapidly after food re-introduction

Crohn’s disease exclusion diet plus partial enteral nutrition induces sustained remission in a randomized controlled trial

Treatment of active Crohn’s disease with an ordinary food-based diet that replicates exclusive enteral nutrition

The Relationship between Body Composition and a Gluten Free Diet in Children with Celiac Disease

Celiac disease and bone health in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Growth patterns in early juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Results from the Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study (CAPS)

Body composition and phase angle as an indicator of nutritional status in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Early life growth patterns persist for 12 years and impact pulmonary outcomes in cystic fibrosis

Nutritional status and pulmonary outcome in children and young people with cystic fibrosis

Food intake, nutritional status and gastrointestinal symptoms in children with cerebral palsy

References

Early Nutrition and Its Effect on Growth, Body Composition, and Later Obesity

Introduction

Infant formula feeding practices associated with rapid weight gain: A systematic review

Infant feeding and weight gain: separating breast milk from breastfeeding and formula from food

Excessive weight gain followed by catch-down in exclusively breastfed infants: an exploratory study

Carbohydrates in Human Milk and Body Composition of Term Infants during the First 12 Months of Lactation

Bioactive components in human milk are differentially associated with rates of lean and fat mass deposition in infants of mothers with normal versus elevated BMI

Human milk short-chain fatty acid composition is associated with adiposity outcomes in infants

Duration of breastfeeding and early growth: a systematic review of current evidence

Breastfeeding and Growth during infancy among offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study

Mode of infant feeding, eating behaviour and anthropometry in infants at 6-months of age born to obese women – a secondary analysis of the UPBEAT trial

Association of infant formula composition and anthropometry at 4 years: Follow-up of a randomized controlled trial (BeMIM study)

Early introduction of complementary foods and childhood overweight in breastfed and formula-fed infants in the Netherlands: the PIAMA birth cohort study

Prospective associations of age at complementary feeding and exclusive breastfeeding duration with body mass index at 5–6 years within different risk groups

Baby-led complementary feeding: Randomized controlled study

Association between breast milk intake at 9–10 months of age and growth and development among Malawian young children

Stunting, wasting and breast-feeding as correlates of body composition in Cambodian children at 6 and 15 months of age

Supplementation with lactoferrin and lysozyme ameliorates environmental enteric dysfunction: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

References

Malnutrition and Catch-Up Growth during Childhood and Puberty

Introduction

Does malnutrition have a genetic component?

Perspective: challenges in use of adolescent anthropometry for understanding the burden of malnutrition

Addressing knowledge gaps in adolescent nutrition: toward advancing public health and sustainable development

Preventive lipid-based nutrient supplements given with complementary foods to infants and young children 6–23 months of age for health, nutrition, and developmental outcomes

Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) for home-based nutritional rehabilitation of severe acute malnutrition in children from six months to five years of age

Community-based supplementary feeding for food insecure, vulnerable and malnourished populations: An overview of systematic reviews

Effectiveness of provision of animal-source foods for supporting optimal growth and development in children 6–59 months of age

Consumption of animal-source protein is associated with improved height-forage z scores in rural Malawian children aged 12–36 months

Maximizing recovery and growth when treating moderate acute malnutrition with whey-containing supplements

Higher levels of dairy result in improved physical outcomes: a synthesis of 3 randomized controlled trials in Guinea-Bissau comparing supplements with different levels of dairy ingredients among children 6–59 months, 5–19 year olds, and mothers in preschools, primary schools, and villages, and the implications for programs

Gut microbiota alterations and dietary modulation in childhood malnutrition: The role of short chain fatty acids

A sparse covarying unit that describes healthy and impaired human gut microbiota development

Effects of microbiota-directed foods in gnotobiotic animals and undernourished children

References

Pregnancy: Impact of Maternal Nutrition on Intrauterine Fetal Growth

Introduction

Dietary patterns before and during pregnancy and birth outcomes: a systematic review

Development of a novel Periconceptual Nutrition Score (PENS) to examine the relationship between maternal dietary quality and fetal growth

A multicountry randomized controlled trial of comprehensive maternal nutrition supplementation initiated before conception: the women first trial

Role of maternal preconception nutrition on offspring growth and risk of stunting across the first 1,000 days in Vietnam: a prospective cohort study

Maternal fruit and vegetable or vitamin C consumption during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth and infant growth up to 6 months: results from the Korean Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) cohort study

The impact of restricted gestational weight gain by dietary intervention on fetal growth in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Effects of high-fat diets on fetal growth in rodents: a systematic review

Evidence for liver energy metabolism programming in offspring subjected to intrauterine undernutrition during midgestation

Overall Commentary

Disclosure Statement

Stunting of Growth in Developing Countries

Introduction

Maternal Common Mental Disorder as Predictors of Stunting among Children Aged 6–59 Months in Western Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

The relationship between wasting and stunting: a retrospective cohort analysis of longitudinal data in Gambian children from 1976 to 2016

Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the effect of enteropathogen infections on linear growth in children in low-resource settings: longitudinal analysis of results from the MAL-ED cohort study

Biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfuction and associations with child linear growth in rural Odisha, India (OR10-06-19)

The aggregate income losses from childhood stunting and the returns to a nutrition intervention aimed at reducing stunting

Lifetime economic impact of the burden of childhood stunting attributable to maternal psychosocial risk factors in 137 low/middle-income countries

Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial

The WASH benefits and SHINE trials. Interpretation of findings on linear growth and diarrhoea and implications for policy: perspective of the investigative teams (P10-136-19)

Thresholds of socio-economic and environmental conditions necessary to escape from childhood malnutrition: a natural experiment in rural Gambia

Environmental enteric dysfunction and child stunting

A multicountry randomized controlled trial of comprehensive maternal nutrition supplementation initiated before conception: the women first trial

PROCOMIDA, a food-assisted maternal and child health and nutrition program, reduces child stunting in Guatemala: a cluster-randomized controlled intervention trial

Perspective: What Does stunting really mean? A critical review of the evidence

Stunting, starvation and refeeding: a review of forgotten 19th and early 20th century literature

References

Author Index

Subject Index

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Nutrition and Growth: Yearbook 2020

Series Editor

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of Endocrinology and Diabetes,

National Center for Childhood Diabetes

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