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Группа авторов. Vaccines for Older Adults: Current Practices and Future Opportunities
Interdisciplinary Topics in. Gerontology and Geriatrics
Vaccines for Older Adults: Current Practices and Future Opportunities
Contents
Preface
How Inflammation Blunts Innate Immunity in Aging
Abstract
Inflammation and Aging
Critical Functions of Innate Immunity
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Inflammation and Innate Immunity
Influence of Tissue Milieu on Innate Immune Cell Function
Skin
Lung
Lymph Node
Adipose Tissue
Mechanisms of Dysfunction in Innate Immune Cells during Aging
Altered Transcription after Stimulation
Impaired Mer Signaling
Reduced RIG-I Signaling
Energy Balance and Inflammation Regulation
Immune Cell Energy Metabolism
Bioactive Lipids
Perspectives and Future Directions
Acknowledgements
Disclosure Statement
References
Natural Killer Cells, Aging, and Vaccination
Abstract
Introduction
NK Cells
NK Cell Phenotype
NK Cell Functions
Collaboration/Interaction with Other Immune Cells
NK Cells and Aging
Vaccination in the Elderly
NK Cells, Aging, and Vaccination in the Old
Perspective
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Disclosure Statement
References
Changes in T Cell Homeostasis and Vaccine Responses in Old Age
Abstract
Introduction
Memory T Cell Differentiation
Memory Inflation and Loss of TCR Diversity
Drivers of Age-Associated T Cell Dysregulation. Replicative Senescence and Exhaustion
Changes in Mitochondria and Relation to T Cell Function
The Role of Inflammaging
Chronic Viral Infections and Immunosenescence
Impact of T Cell Senescence on Vaccination Efficacy
The Role of T Cells in Vaccination
CMV as a Driver of Poor Vaccine Response in the Elderly
Factors Associated with T Cell Senescence and Exhaustion
Improving Vaccination Efficacy in the Elderly
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
Disclosure Statement
References
Age-Related Changes in B Cells Relevant to Vaccine Responses
Abstract
Introduction
An Overview of B Cell Development
Expansion and Contraction of B Cell Repertoire in Response to Vaccination
Early B Cell Development in the Bone Marrow
Peripheral B Cell Activation and the Germinal Centre
Plasma Cells
Memory B Cells
IgM Memory B Cells
“Double-Negative” Memory B Cells
Age-Associated B Cells
Regulatory B Cells
Extrinsic Environmental Influences on B Cell Function
Cautionary Notes
Summary and Future Directions
Disclosure Statement
References
Comorbidities in the Elderly and Their Possible Influence on Vaccine Response
Abstract
Introduction
Relevant Comorbidities in the Elderly. Cardiovascular Diseases
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease
Psychological Stress, Depression, and Dementia
Inflammatory Diseases
Immunosuppression of Various Origins
Immunosuppressant Medication
Oncologic Malignancies
Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Hematological Diseases
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipients
Geriatric Syndromes
Malnutrition
Frailty
Functional Status
Influence on Vaccine Uptake
Disclosure Statement
References
The Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Vaccination Success
Abstract
Introduction
The AT Is an Immunological Tissue
Obesity Induces B Cell Defects Similar to Those Induced by Aging
Obesity Increases Susceptibility to Infections and Decreases Vaccine Responses
Therapeutic Strategies of Intervention to Improve the Response of Individuals with Obesity to Infections and Vaccination
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Disclosure Statement
References
Influenza Vaccination: Accelerating the Process for New Vaccine Development in Older Adults
Abstract
Introduction
Immunosenescence and Inflammaging. Effects of Chronic Diseases
Effects of Cytomegalovirus
Interactions with Chronic Disease and Frailty
Resilience of the Aging Immune System and the Response to Influenza Challenge
Influenza Vaccination
Limitations of Antibody Responses as a Sole Measure of Vaccine Efficacy
Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination
Preventing Serious Influenza Illness in Older Adults
Developing More Effective Influenza Vaccines for Older Adults
Antigenic Priming and Influenza Vaccination
Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Influenza Vaccination
Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccines
Enhanced Subunit Influenza Vaccines: MF59-Adjuvanted and Recombinant Vaccines
High-Dose Influenza Vaccine
Conclusions
Disclosure Statement
References
Vaccines to Protect Older Adults against Pneumococcal Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Colonization
Pathogenesis
Transmission
Vaccines against Pneumococcal Disease
Epidemiology and Serotype Replacement
Effectiveness and Immunogenicity of Different Pneumococcal VTs in Older Adults
Effect of Aging on Vaccine-Induced and Natural Pneumococcal Immunity
Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
Disclosure Statement
Funding Sources
Author Contributions
References
Herpes Zoster and Its Prevention by Vaccination
Abstract
Epidemiology
Typical HZ. Rash
Pain
Why Is Prevention of HZ Important?
Complications of HZ
Postherpetic Neuralgia
Serious Complications of HZ. HZ Ophthalmicus
Paresis
Stroke, Myocardial Infarction and Giant Cell Arteritis
Acute and Chronic Effects of HZ
Quality of Life
Live, Attenuated HZ Vaccine
Recombinant, Glycoprotein E Adjuvanted Vaccine
Synopsis
Acknowledgement
Disclosure Statement
References
Vaccination of Adults and the Older Population against Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tick-Borne Encephalitis: The Importance of Booster Vaccinations throughout Life
Abstract
Introduction
Immunosenescence and Its Impact on Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses
Tetanus and Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Outlook
Disclosure Statement
References
Vaccines for Older Travelers
Abstract
Introduction
Standard (Routine) Vaccines for Older Travelers
Travel Vaccines
Cholera
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Japanese Encephalitis
Meningococcal Disease
Rabies
Typhoid Fever
Yellow Fever
Disclosure Statement
References
Vaccination against Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Abstract
Introduction
The Lifetime Burden of RSV Disease
Immunity to RSV, Aging, and Addressing the Burden of Disease in the Elderly through Vaccination
Obstacles and Opportunities for an Effective RSV Vaccine for the Elderly
Disclosure Statement
References
Vaccination against Nosocomial Infections in Elderly Adults
Abstract
Introduction
Gram-Negative Bacterial Nosocomial Pathogens. Acinetobacter
Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram-Positive Bacterial Nosocomial Pathogens. Clostridioides difficile
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Enterococci
Mycobacterium abscessus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Viral Nosocomial Pathogens. Hepatitis
Influenza
Norovirus
Fungal Nosocomial Pathogens. Candida auris
Future Directions
Acknowledgements
Disclosure Statement
Funding Sources
References
Novel Technologies to Improve Vaccines for Older Adults
Abstract
Vaccines and Ageing
Progress in Improving the Performance of Vaccines in Older Adults
Using a Higher Antigen Dose
Using Alternative Delivery Routes
Improved Adjuvants
What Is New in Vaccines for Older Adults?
From Chemical Conjugation to Bioconjugation
Viral Vectors
Synthetic Biology
Reverse Vaccinology
Structural Vaccinology
Generalised Modules for Membrane Antigens
Perspectives
Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
References
Strategies to Improve Vaccine Uptake throughout Adulthood
Abstract
Introduction
Predictors of Vaccine Uptake
Sociodemographic Characteristics
Cultural Attitudes, Health Literacy, and Vaccine Hesitancy
Environment of Vaccine Delivery
Strategies to Improve Vaccine Uptake
Technology and Communication-Based Strategies
Physician-Centered Interventions
Targeting Healthcare Workers
System-Based Interventions
Improving Vaccine Efficacy
Political Will
Open Questions
Conclusion
Disclosure Statement
References
Author Index
Subject Index
