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Группа авторов. Unveiling Diabetes - Historical Milestones in Diabetology
Frontiers in Diabetes
Unveiling Diabetes – Historical Milestones in Diabetology
Contents
Preface
Diabetes in Ancient Times: The Long and Winding Road to Insulin
Abstract
Ancient Oriental Medicine
Egypt
Diabetes in Old Western Medicine
The Middle Ages
Sweet Urine
Sweet Blood
The Pancreas and Diabetes
References
Claude Bernard Invented Metabolic Research
Abstract
A Failed Career as a Writer
A Difficult Career Start
An “Arranged” Marriage
The Role of the Pancreas
Understanding Glucose Metabolism
The Discovery of Glycogen
La Piqûre Diabétique
Honorem ei, qui meritur
Experimental Medicine
The “Milieu intérieur”
His Home in St. Julien Became a Museum
An Inspiring Relationship
Claude Bernard’s Book: Lessons on Diabetes
What Is the Legacy of a Genius?
The First National Funeral for a Scientist
References
Paul Langerhans: The Man Who Discovered the Islets
Abstract
References
Apollinaire Bouchardat Invented Patient Education
Abstract
References
Oskar Minkowski and the Discovery of Pancreatic Diabetes
Abstract
References
Allen and Joslin and the Starvation Treatment of Diabetes
Abstract
Allen’s Early Work
Promoting Starvation
Joslin’s Enlistment
Allen Back in Civilian Life
Conclusions
References
They Got Very Near the Goal: Zülzer, Scott, and Paulescu
Abstract
Georg Ludwig Zülzer, Camille Reuter, and Their Acomatol
Oskar Minkowski’s Team Missed the Nobel Prize
Roche’s Board Members Missed a Big Deal
Ernest Lyman Scott: The Case of the Murdered Manuscript
Nicolai Paulescu: A Misquoted Discovery and Embarrassing Political Activities
Insulin Discovered in Bucharest
Rise and Fall of Glory
References
First among Equals: Macleod, Banting, and the Discovery of Insulin in Toronto
Abstract
References
The True Banting and Best Story: The Priority Rule and the Discovery of the Antidiabetic Hormone
Abstract
Background. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1923
The Priority Rule
Objective
Materials and Methods
Émile Gley: Pioneer in the Treatment of Experimental Diabetes with PE
Georg Ludwig Zülzer (1870–1949)
Nicolae Constantin Paulescu (1869–1931)
F.G. Banting and C.H. Best: Experimental and Clinical Research Activities on Insulin in the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto (May 1921 to January 1923)
General Discussion: Critics of the Research of Banting and Best and Claims for Priority of the Discovery of the Antidiabetic Pancreatic Hormone. E.L. Scott, J.R. Murlin, F. Roberts
The Case of Georg L. Zülzer: Claims for Priority and Appraisals Received from Experts
The Case of Nicolae C. Paulescu: His Claims and Appraisals Received from Experts
The “Mistake” of Banting and Best Quoting Paulescu’s Research
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Starting Insulin Therapy in Europe: The Early Days
Abstract
How a Canadian Would-Be Cardiologist Saved the Life of the First Scottish Dermatologist
How the Wife of a Danish Noble Laureate Made Denmark an Insulin Kingdom in Europe
What Made the Discoverer of Vitamin B Produce Insulin?
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Historical Development of Oral Antidiabetic Agents: The Era of Fortuitous Discovery
Abstract
Biguanides and Metformin. Guanidine Derivatives: From Plants to Synthalins
Metformin Development in France (The Aron Odyssey)
Phenformin History in the USA (Powerful Efficacy Is Not Enough)
Arrival of Metformin in the USA 50 Years after European Development (A Winning Bet)
Non-Diabetic Uses of Metformin (New Hopes)
Sulfonylureas. Fortuitous Discovery
Clinical Development
Defining the Molecular Mechanism
Thiazolidinediones. Troglitazone and Hepatic Toxicity
Thiazolidinediones as PPARγ Activators
Rosiglitazone and Politics
Pioglitazone and Bladder Cancer: A 10-Year Odyssey
Newer Antidiabetic Drugs
References
Josef von Mering: The Baron Who Discovered SGLT Inhibition
Abstract
Stas and De Koninck Discovered Phlorizin
A Baron from Cologne
The Discovery of Phlorizin Diabetes
SGLT Inhibition and Ketosis: Forgotten and Rediscovered
The FDA Missed Older Evidence
A Renowned Professor in Halle
Highly Honored in the Past, Almost Forgotten Today
References
Metformin: From a Stepchild to the Crown Prince
Abstract
References
The Rise and Fall of the Glitazones
Abstract
Enter the Glitazones
Clinical Implications
A Brief History of the Glitazones
What Went Wrong?
The Regulators
The Companies
The Doctors
Where Next for the Glitazones?
References
Dr. R.D. Lawrence: His Contribution to Diabetology
Abstract
Injections
Progression of the Disease and the Possibility of Regeneration
Blood Sugar Levels and Their Measurement
Diet
Hypoglycemia
Diabetic Clinics
Research
Associations and the Fight for People with Diabetes
References
Diabetes Control Can Avoid Complications: The Pioneering Work of Jean Pirart
Abstract
Who Was Jean Pirart?
The Origin of the “One Man” Diabetes Control and Complications Study of Jean Pirart
Evaluating Diabetes Control in Pirart’s Study
The Search for Diabetes Complications in Pirart’s Study
Analysis of the Data and Reporting the Results
Follow-Up, Recognition, and Conclusion
References
Together We Are Stronger: The ADA and EASD
Abstract
The Portuguese Were the First
The First Meeting of the ADA in 1941
ADA Honors Sir Frederic Banting
E.P. Joslin’s Banting Lecture
The Centennial Event of the ADA: the DCCT Presentation
From the Gila Monster to a New Family of Drugs
HbA1c, Discovered in Iran
The EASD
First EASD Meeting in Montecatini Terme, 1965
An Association of Individual Members
Growing Up
Highlights from EASD Meetings
The Presentation of the UK Diabetes Study
Prizes
EASD Supporting Young Researchers
Postgraduate Activities
Successful Study Groups
The European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes
Perfect Transatlantic Collaboration
References
The Discovery of Glucagon and Glucagon-Related Peptides
Abstract
The Discovery of Glucagon
The Basics of Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Glucagon
The Cellular Origin of Glucagon
The Breakthrough: A Sensitive and Specific Radioimmunoassay for Glucagon
In Search of the Physiological Role of Glucagon
Remarkable Progress in Glucagon Molecular Physiology
GLP-1 and GLP-2
The Role of Glucagon in Diabetes
Glucagon Research: The Royal Way to the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
Reminiscences
References
History of the Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Abstract
Insulin Therapy
Fluid Replacement
Alkali
Potassium
Conclusion
References
Milestones in the History of the Metabolic Management of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy
Abstract
Before the Discovery of Insulin
First Reports of Insulin Use in Pregnant Women
The Pioneers in the Management of Diabetes and Pregnancy
Intermediary Metabolism in Pregnancy
GDM as a Clinical Entity
The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study
The IADPSG Diagnostic Criteria for GDM
The HAPO Follow-Up Study
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose and Intensive Insulin Therapy
Pharmacological Therapy
Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Artificial Pancreas: The New Frontier of Management
Progress and Future Trends in Management
References
Saving Sight: A History of Diabetic Eye Disease
Abstract
The First Hundred Years: From “Retinitis” in Diabetes to Diabetic Retinopathy
The Last 70 Years: Developing Treatments
Fluorescein Angiography
Classification of Lesions and Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy
Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy
Pituitary Ablation
Photocoagulation
The DRS
The ETDRS
Vitrectomy
The DRCR.net
Debates on Diabetes: The Role of Metabolic Control
From Bench to Bedside: The Search for a Pathogenesis-Targeted Therapy
Prevention versus Treatment
Epidemiological Surveys
Screening for Sight-Threatening Retinopathy
Conclusions
References
The History of Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy
Abstract
Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes
Treatment of Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Albuminuria
Microalbuminuria
Prevention and Treatment of Microalbuminuria
Glycemic Control
Blood Pressure Control
Multifactorial Intervention
Microalbuminuria Conclusion
References
A History of Patient Education for People with Diabetes: A Very Personal View
Abstract
References
Psycho-Social Issues in Diabetes: A Posthumous Contribution by Bruno Bruni and Pierluigi Barbero
Abstract
Psycho-Social Issues in Diabetology by Bruno Bruni and Pier Luigi Barbero
Psycho-Social Approach
Elliot P. Joslin
Social Diabetology in North America
Social Diabetology in Europe
The Associations
Final Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
How Technology Improved Care: Troves of the Diabetes Museum in Turin
Abstract
Bruno Bruni and the Museum of Diabetes
Sweet Urine
Sweet Blood
A Curiosity
Miscellaneous
Bruni’s Legacy
References
Three and a Half Thousand Years of Diabetes Research
Abstract
References
Author Index
Subject Index
