Positive Psychology

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Группа авторов. Positive Psychology

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Positive Psychology. An International Perspective

List of Contributors

Acknowledgment

1 Embracing Psychology Positively

References

2 The Empathy‐Altruism Hypothesis

Empathy‐Altruism Hypothesis

Empathic concern

Altruistic motivation

Self‐benefits as ultimate goals (egoism) or unintended consequences (altruism)

Two non‐claims of empathy‐altruism hypothesis

Why worry about our motivation for benefiting others?

Current status of the empathy‐altruism hypothesis

Evolutionary function of empathy‐induced altruism

Practical implications

Benefits of empathy‐induced altruism

Liabilities of empathy‐induced altruism

Conclusion

References

3 Positive Creativity

Positive Creativity and Negative Creativity

Causes of Negative Creativity

References

4 Science of Well‐Being: Notable Advances

Relative Independence of Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Life Satisfaction

Subjective Well‐Being Measurement

Set Point and Adaptation

Causes of Well‐Being. Income

Social relationships

Genes, biology, and personality

Strengths and positive behaviors

Outcomes of Well‐Being. Health

Income and work success

Social relationships and behaviors

Conclusion

References

5 Positive Psychology: Coaching Leadership Tensions

Introduction

Workplace Coaching

Leadership Tensions

(1) Coaching for Happiness at Work: Well‐Being and Performance

(2) Coaching for Emotions at Work: Going to, Going through

Perceiving emotions

Understanding emotions

Using emotions to facilitate thinking

Managing emotions

(3) Coaching for Vision at Work: Clarifying and Aligning

(4) Coaching the Self at Work: Humility and Audacity

Conclusion

References

6 Positive Cyberpsychology: A Conceptual Framework

Technology in Experiencing Well‐being and Optimal Human Functioning

Impact of Technology on Well‐Being

Impact of Online Content on Well‐Being

Positive versus Negative Cyberpsychology

References

7 Earth to Humans: Get with It or Get Out!: Adaptive Intelligence in the Age of Human‐Induced Catastrophes

Social Psychology and Intelligence

Role of Rational Thinking

Role of Personality

The Role of Positive Psychology

References

Note

8 Time Perspective and Good Feelings

Introduction

Time Perspective

Positive Affective Experiences

Time Perspective and Subjective Positive Affects

References

9 Physiological and Epigenetic: Implications of Positive Emotions

Introduction

Dopaminergic Neural Pathway

Cholinergic Anti‐Inflamatory Pathway

Interoception Information

Conclusion

References

10 Youth Civic Engagement: Micro and Macro Social Processes

Conceptualizing Youth Civic Engagement

Interactions with community

Multiple dimensions of civic engagement

Civic engagement and positive psychology

A developmental perspective

Role of Microsocial Processes

Role modeling

Communication

Democratic climates

Role of Macro‐Societal Contexts

Social contract

Independent versus collectivist societies

Groupways

Macrosocial changes

Mediation and moderation of microprocesses

Future Directions

References

11 The Ups and Downs of Love: What Makes Love Go Well, or Badly?

Love is Not a Single Thing: Analyze What Is Going Right or Wrong

The Role of Ideals

Triangulating Love

Box 11.1 Examples of kinds of items from the triangular love scale (based on Sternberg 1997, 1998a)

Love as a Story

Kinds of stories

Box 11.2 Taxonomy of some love stories (based on Sternberg, 1998b)

Aspects of stories

Box 11.3 Love Stories Scale: Sample items (based on Sternberg 1998b)

The Role of Jealousy

Conclusion

References

12 Flow: Component of a Good Life

Flow and Measuring Experience

Flow in Leisure and Work

Flow in the Good Life

References

13 Global Perspectives on Positive Psychology

Call for More Positive Psychological Science

Globalization of Positive Psychological Science

Scientific Foundation of Positive Psychological Science

Workings of Positive Psychology Interventions

New Directions in Positive Psychological Science

Conclusion

References

14 Self‐Efficacy, Collective Efficacy and Positive Psychology

Bandura’s Theories

Self and the Collective

Surviving Impossible Odds of Infancy

Hope and Caring for Others. Building efficacy in kids

Caring in kids

Connection between Caring and Competence

Positive Psychology and Efficacy Beyond Self

Recognizing Challenges and Working for the Good

References

15 Positive Psychology Interventions: Going Viral and Staying Vital

Creating Your Intervention. REACH forgiveness: My focal intervention

Where Do Ideas for Interventions Come From?

Practice

Teaching

Graduate students, undergraduate students, and collaborators

Reflection on life events

Other reading

Reading and doing basic science

Interventions are not “natural”

Turn Your Idea into an Actual Intervention. There is no substitute for using an intervention with people who are seeking help

The initial development of REACH forgiveness: A case study

Systematic Efficacy Trials for REACH Forgiveness

Disseminating Your Intervention. Scientific publication and presentations

Dissemination through books

Dissemination through public speaking

Dissemination through local presence

Dissemination through web presence

Dissemination through application of marketing principles

Going Viral. The 22 (perhaps not so) immutable laws of marketing

Start with why

Crossing the chasm – the law of diffusion

Create a clear message

Creating a tipping point

Stay Vital. The Heaths’s made to stick

Use an easy‐to‐disseminate format

Conclusion

References

16 From Serbia with Positive Orientation: The Serbian Studies

Introduction

Positivity

Study 1: Positivity Underlying the Constructs of Self‐Esteem, Life Satisfaction, and Optimism

Participants

Instruments

Results

Discussion of Study 1

Study 2: Positivity Scale – Psychometric Properties of Serbian Translation

Participants

Instrument

Results

Discussion of Study 2

Study 3: Composite Positivity Measure Versus the Positivity Scale: Comparing the Potential to Predict Depression and Self‐Efficacy

Participants

Instruments

Results

Discussion of Study 3

Study 4: Positivity and Personality Traits

Participants

Instruments

Results

Discussion of Study 4

Study 5: Positivity, Early Family Traumatization, and Subjective Well‐Being

Participants

Instruments

Results

Discussion of Study 5

Toward Positivity

References

Index

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Underscoring the broad applicability of empathy‐induced attitude change, Shelton and Rogers (1981) found that inducing empathy for whales led to more positive attitudes that were reflected in increased intention to help save whales. Both Schultz (2000) and Berenguer (2007) found that empathy induced for animals being harmed by pollution improved attitudes toward protecting the natural environment.

There are practical reasons to employ empathy to improve attitudes toward and action on behalf of the disadvantaged and stigmatized of society – at least initially. The induction of empathy is likely to be easier than trying to improve attitudes through methods such as direct intergroup contact (Pettigrew, 1998). Novels, movies, and documentaries show that it is relatively easy to induce empathy for a member of a stigmatized group. Moreover, this empathy can be induced in low‐cost, low‐risk situations. Rather than the elaborate arrangements required to create positive personal contact with members of an outgroup, we can be led to feel empathy for a member of a stigmatized group as we sit comfortably in our own home. Further, empathy‐inducing experiences can be controlled to ensure that they are positive far more readily than can live, face‐to‐face contact. (For real‐world examples of the induction of empathic concern to improve attitudes toward stigmatized groups, see Stowe, 1852/2005, and Paluck, 2009. For a review of the range of programs that have used empathy to improve such attitudes in educational settings, see Batson & Ahmad, 2009.)

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