Оглавление
Группа авторов. Pollutants and Water Management
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Pollutants and Water Management. Resources, Strategies and Scarcity
List of Contributors
1 Water Security and Human Health in Relation to Climate Change: An Indian Perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Quantity of Available Water Resources in India
1.3 Quality of Available Water Resources in India
1.4 The Impact of Climate Change on the Quantity of Water Resources
1.4.1 Rainfall
1.4.2 Glaciers
1.4.3 Sea Level
1.4.4 Groundwater
1.5 Impact of Climate Change on the Quality of Water Resources
1.6 The Health Perspective in Association with Water Security and Climate Change
1.7 Major Challenges to Water Security. 1.7.1 Water Demand for the Future
1.7.2 Overexploitation of Groundwater
1.7.3 Management of Water Resources
1.7.4 Health Prospective
1.8 Government Initiatives to Ensure Water Security
1.9 Managing Water Resources Under Climate Change
1.10 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
2 Assessment of Anthropogenic Pressure and Population Attitude for the Conservation of Kanwar Wetland, Begusarai, India : A Case Study
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Distribution of Wetlands. 2.1.1.1 Global Distribution
2.1.1.2 Distribution of Wetlands in India
2.1.1.3 Distribution of Wetlands in Bihar
2.1.2 Significance of Wetlands
2.1.2.1 Ecological Significance
2.1.2.2 Hydrologic and Climatic Significance
2.1.2.3 Socio‐Economic Significance
2.1.3 Background of the Current Study
2.2 Materials and Method. 2.2.1 Study Area
2.2.2 Data Collection
2.3 Results. 2.3.1 Climatic Variation
2.3.2 Hydrological Variation
2.3.3 Land Use Land Cover Change
2.3.4 Water Quality
2.3.5 Sediment Quality
2.3.6 Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risk Index
2.3.7 Socio‐Economic Dependence and Anthropogenic Pressure
2.3.7.1 Demographic Status and Literacy
2.3.7.2 Resource User Groups and their Socio‐Economic Status and Dependency
2.3.7.3 Attitude for Conservation
2.4 Discussion
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 Grossly Polluting Industries and Their Effect on Water Resources in India
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Industrialization in India
3.3 Categorization of Industries
3.4 Criteria for Determination of Grossly Polluting Industries
3.4.1 State Distribution of Grossly Polluting Industries in India
3.5 Different Type of Grossly Polluting Industries and their Impact on Water Bodies
3.5.1 The Textile Industry
3.5.2 The Leather Industry
3.5.3 Food‐Related Industries
3.5.4 The Metal Industry
3.5.5 The Paper and Pulp Industry
3.5.6 The Sugar Industry
3.5.7 Thermal Power Plants
3.5.8 The Petroleum and Oil Industry
3.6 Major Water Body Pollution Due to Grossly Polluting Industries. 3.6.1 The Status of Water Resources in India
3.6.2 The Quality of Some Major Rivers in India Due to Grossly Polluting Industries Wastewater Discharge and their Impact
3.6.3 Quality of Groundwater Resources in India Due to Wastewater Discharge by Grossly Polluting Industries and Its Impact
3.7 Environmental Infrastructure in Grossly Polluting Industries and its Performance
3.8 Challenges Faced in Industrial Water Regulations
3.9 Conclusion
References
4 Phytoremediation : Status and Outlook
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Status of Heavy Metal Pollution: Global and Indian Scenarios
4.3 Status of Phytoremediation
4.4 Metal Hyperaccumulators for Phytoremediation
4.5 Advancements in Techniques for the Improvement of the Phytoremediation Ability in Plants and the Status of Genetically Modified Organisms
4.6 Physiological Mechanisms for the Sequestration of Metals
4.7 Socio‐Economic Costs and Benefits of Phytoremediation
4.8 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
5 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals from the Biosphere Perspective and Solutions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Heavy Metals. 5.2.1 Sources
5.3 Heavy Metals in Air
5.3.1 Sources of Heavy Metals in Air
5.4 Heavy Metals: Problems and Harmful Effects
5.5 Remediation of Heavy Metals: Need and Conventional Treatments
5.6 Conventional Remedial Techniques: Challenges
5.6.1 Phytoremediation: An Emerging Technique
5.6.2 Uses of Phytoremediation
5.6.3 Phytoremediation: Role of Plants
5.6.4 Phytoremediation: Agents for Remediation
5.6.5 Types of Phytoremediation
5.6.5.1 Phytoextraction
5.6.5.2 Phytofiltration
5.6.5.3 Rhizofiltration
5.6.5.4 Phytostabilization
5.6.5.5 Phytovolatilization
5.6.5.6 Phytodegradation
5.6.5.7 Rhizodegradation
5.6.5.8 Phytodesalination
5.6.5.9 Phytomining
5.6.5.10 Phytostimulation
5.7 Metal Hyperaccumulators: Scope of Phytoremediation
5.8 Advantages and Limitations of Phytoremediation
5.8.1 Advantages of Phytoremediation
5.8.2 Limitations
5.9 Useful Plants
5.10 Conclusion
References
6 Phytoremediation for Heavy Metal RemovalTechnological Advancements
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Phytoremediation
6.3 Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris)
6.4 Mustard (Brassica juncea)
6.5 Rhizobacteria
6.6 Seagrass
6.7 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
6.8 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart)
6.9 Willow (Salix alba L.)
6.10 Description of Heavy Metal Removal from Water
6.11 Conclusion and Future Research Recommendations
References
7 Advances in Biological Techniques for Remediation of Heavy Metals Leached from a Fly Ash Contaminated Ecosphere
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Status of Fly Ash Generation, Utilization, and Disposal in India
7.1.2 Fly Ash Utilization
7.1.3 Disposal of Fly Ash in India
7.1.4 Introduction to Fly Ash Heavy Metals
7.2 Status of Fly Ash Heavy Metals: Composition and Remediation
7.3 Treatment of Fly Ash Heavy Metal Contaminated Ecospheres
7.3.1 Conventional Practices for Heavy Metal Remediation
7.3.2 Advanced Practices for Heavy Metal Remediation
7.3.2.1 Synergistic Approach Using Plants and Microbes Together for Metal Removal
7.4 Case Study of Gandhinagar Thermal Power Plant, Gandhinagar, India
7.4.1 Heavy Metal Analysis of Fly Ash
7.4.2 Heavy Metal Remediation Using Plants
7.4.3 Metal Remediation Using Microbes
7.4.4 Bioaugmentation of Potential Indigenous Plants with Potential Indigenous Microbes
7.5 Conclusion and Future Prospectives
References
8 Microbial Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Water Bodies : Technological Advancements
8.1 Organic Contaminants in Water
8.1.1 Characterization of Organic Contaminants
8.1.2 Xenobiotic Nature of Organic Contaminants
8.1.3 Environmental Relevance
8.1.4 Hazards Associated with Xenobiotics
8.1.5 Chemical Versus Biological Treatment of Organic Contaminants
8.2 Treatment of Organic Contaminants Using Microbes
8.2.1 Methods of Selection of Microorganisms
8.2.1.1 Random Screening
8.2.1.2 Metagenomic Screening
8.2.1.2.1 Sequence‐Based Screening
8.2.1.2.2 Function‐Based Screening
8.2.1.3 High‐Throughput Screening
8.2.1.4 Microfluidics‐Based Screening
8.2.1.5 Reporter‐Based Screening
8.2.1.6 Use of Computational Techniques
8.2.1.7 Procurement from Repositories
8.2.2 Mechanism of Degradation
8.2.2.1 Biological Processes
8.2.2.1.1 Microbial Degradation
8.2.2.1.1.1 Bacterial Degradation
8.2.2.1.1.2 Fungal Degradation
8.2.3 The Development of Recombinant Strains
8.2.4 Determination of the Rate of Degradation
8.3 The Process Design for Microbial Treatment. 8.3.1 Parameters Affecting the Degradation Process
8.3.1.1 Impact of Organic Contaminants on Microorganisms
8.3.1.2 Choice of Microorganisms
8.3.1.3 Mass Transfer Limitation of Pollutants to the Site of Degradation
8.3.1.4 Operational Parameters
8.3.2 The Design of a Large‐Scale Facility for a Microbial Degradation System
8.3.2.1 Coupling of Energy Generation with the Contaminant Removal Process
8.4 Future Prospects
8.4.1 Nanobioremediation
8.4.2 Microbial Fuel Cells
8.5 Conclusion
Abbreviations Used
References
9 The Fate of Organic Pollutants and Their Microbial Degradation in Water Bodies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of Organic Pollutants in the Environment
9.2.1 Pesticides
9.2.2 Dioxins
9.2.3 Phthalates
9.2.4 Flame Retardants
9.2.5 Phenols
9.3 Organic Contaminants in Water and Their Sources
9.4 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Aquatic Ecosystems
9.4.1 Depletion of Dissolved Oxygen
9.4.2 Eutrophication
9.5 The Fate of Organic Pollutants in Natural Water Bodies
9.5.1 Photocatalytic Degradation
9.5.2 Advanced Oxidation Technology
9.5.3 Photochemical Reactors
9.6 Microbial Enzymes in the Degradation of Organic Pollutants
9.6.1 Laccases
9.6.2 Monooxygenase
9.6.3 Cellulase
9.7 Approaches for Organic Pollutant Bioremediation
9.7.1 Bioattenuation
9.7.2 Biostimulation
9.7.3 Bioaugmentation
9.7.4 Mechanism of Degradation of Organic Pollutants
9.7.5 Degradation of Aliphatic Compounds
9.7.6 Degradation of Aromatic Compounds
9.8 Microbial Bioaccumulation of Organic Pollutant in Water Bodies
9.9 Factors Affecting Microbial Degradation
9.9.1 Biological Factors
9.9.2 Environmental Factors
9.10 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
10 Detection and Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Nanomaterials
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in Wastewater
10.3 Toxicity of Heavy Metals Concerning Human Health and Environment
10.4 Role of Nanomaterials in the Removal of Heavy Metals
10.5 Different Types of Nanoadsorbents. 10.5.1 Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials
10.5.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes
10.5.1.2 Fullerenes
10.5.1.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide
10.5.1.4 Activated Carbon
10.5.2 Metal‐Based Nanomaterials. 10.5.2.1 Nanogold
10.5.2.2 Nano Silver
10.5.2.3 Titanium Oxide
10.5.2.4 Iron Oxide
10.5.2.5 Aluminum Oxide
10.5.3 Dendrimers
10.5.4 Nanocomposites
10.5.4.1 Polymeric Matrix Nanocomposites
10.5.4.2 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites
10.5.4.3 Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites
10.6 Comparison of Adsorption Capacities of Various Heavy Metal Ions by Nanomaterials and Conventional Methods
10.7 Conclusion and Future Trends
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
11 Spinel Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles : An Alternative for Wastewater Treatment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles
11.3 Synthesis of Spinel Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles
11.3.1 Co‐precipitation Method
11.3.2 Citrate Precursor Method
11.3.3 Hydrothermal Method
11.3.4 Sol–Gel Method
11.3.5 Solvothermal Method
11.3.6 Microemulsion Method
11.3.7 Sonochemical Method
11.3.8 Microwave‐Assisted Method
11.3.9 Thermal Decomposition
11.3.10 Mechanical Milling Method
11.4 Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanisms. 11.4.1 Adsorption
11.4.1.1 Adsorption Mechanisms
11.4.1.2 Factors Influencing Adsorption Capacity
11.4.1.3 Adsorptions of Dye, Pharmaceuticals, and Pesticides
11.4.2 Photocatalytic Degradation
11.4.2.1 Mechanism of Contaminant Degradation Using the Photocatalytic Approach
11.5 Recovery and Reuse
11.6 Future Perspectives
11.7 Conclusion
References
12 Biocompatible Cellulose‐Based Sorbents for Potential Application in Heavy Metal Ion Removal from Wastewater
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Heavy Metal Ions as Pollutants
12.3 Cellulose as Biosorbents: Fundamentals to the Mechanistic Approach
12.4 Modification of Cellulose
12.4.1 Cellulose‐Derived Material
12.5 Removal of Various HMi
12.6 Adsorption and Kinetic Studies
12.6.1 Kinetics
12.6.1.1 Pseudo‐first Order Model
12.6.1.2 Pseudo‐second Order Model
12.6.1.3 Weber and Morris Intraparticle Diffusion Model
12.6.1.4 Ion Exchange Mechanism
12.7 The Role of Thermodynamics
12.8 Prospects Toward Sustainability
12.9 Summary
References
13 Advances in Membrane Technology Used in the Wastewater Treatment Process
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Membrane Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
13.2.1 Membranes Classification
13.2.2 Preparation Methods. 13.2.2.1 Solution Casting Method
13.2.2.2 Phase Inversion
13.2.2.3 Sol–Gel and Slip Casting
13.2.2.4 Sintering
13.2.2.5 Interfacial Polymerization
13.2.2.6 Surface Modifications
13.2.3 Membrane Characterization
13.2.3.1 Membrane Porometry
13.2.3.2 Performance Test
13.2.3.3 Spectroscopic Method
13.2.3.4 Microscopic Method
13.2.4 Pressure‐Driven Membrane Separation Technologies
13.2.4.1 Microfiltration
13.2.4.2 Ultrafiltration
13.2.4.3 Nanofiltration
13.2.4.4 Reverse Osmosis
13.3 Advancements in Membrane Technology for Wastewater Treatment
13.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes
13.3.2 Silver Nanoparticles
13.3.3 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
13.3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
13.3.5 Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles
13.3.6 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
13.3.7 Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles
13.3.8 Bioinspired Membranes
13.4 Conclusions
References
14 Occurrence, Fate, and Remediation of Arsenic
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sources of Arsenic Contamination in the Environment
14.2.1 Natural Sources
14.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
14.3 Health Effects of Arsenic Toxicity
14.4 Remediation Techniques for Arsenic Contamination
14.4.1 Oxidation
14.4.2 Adsorption
14.4.2.1 Activated Alumina
14.4.2.2 Activated Carbon
14.4.2.3 Red Mud
14.4.2.4 Ion Exchange
14.5 Coagulation and Flocculation
14.6 Bioremediation for the Treatment of Arsenic
14.6.1 Phytoremediation
14.6.1.1 Phytoextraction
14.6.1.2 Phytovolatilization
14.6.1.3 Phytoimmobilization
14.6.2 Microbial Bioremediation
14.6.3 Microbially Assisted Phytoremediation/Phytobial Remediation
14.6.4 Consortia‐Based Approach
14.7 The Fate of Arsenic in the Environment
14.8 Conclusion
References
15 Physical and Chemical Methods for Heavy Metal Removal
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals
15.3 Methods
15.3.1 Physical Methods for Heavy Metal Removal. 15.3.1.1 Membrane Filtration
15.3.1.2 Coagulation and Flocculation
15.3.1.3 Ion Exchange
15.3.1.4 Adsorption
15.4 Chemical Methods for Heavy Metal Removal. 15.4.1 Neutralization
15.4.2 Solvent Extraction
15.4.3 Chemical Precipitation
15.4.4 Electrochemical Treatment
15.5 Conclusion
References
16 The Role of Government and the Public in Water Resource Management in India
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Distribution of Water in India
16.3 Challenges in Water Resource Management. 16.3.1 Water Pollution
16.3.2 Water Stress
16.3.3 Interstate Conflicts for Water
16.4 Traditional Ways of Water Resource Management in India
16.5 Present Management Measures. 16.5.1 Government Schemes and Policies
16.5.1.1 National Water Mission
16.5.1.2 Integrated Water Resources Management
16.5.1.3 National Water Policy
16.5.2 Government Schemes
16.5.2.1 Ganga Cleaning Programs
16.5.2.2 Jal Shakti Abhiyan
16.5.2.3 Interlinking of Rivers
16.5.2.4 Command Area Development and Water Management Program
16.5.2.5 Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal)
16.5.2.6 National Hydrology Project
16.5.2.7 Central Government Schemes Having Potential to Finance Renovation of Traditional and Other Water Bodies/Tanks
16.6 The Role of the Public in Water Resource Management
16.6.1 Kitchen Gardens
16.6.2 Soak Pit/Magic Pit
16.6.3 Afforestation
16.6.4 Rainwater Harvesting
16.6.4.1 Best Practices in Rainwater Harvesting
16.6.4.1.1 Garden Estate, Gurgaon
16.6.4.1.2 Tihar Jail, Delhi
16.6.4.1.3 Mother Dairy F&V Units, Delhi
16.6.4.1.4 Rainwater Harvesting Measures in Chennai
16.6.4.1.5 Successful Endeavors of Public in Water Resources Management
16.7 Recommendations and Conclusion
References
Web References/Online Sources
Notes
Index. a
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