Pollutants and Water Management

Pollutants and Water Management
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POLLUTANTS AND WATER MANAGEMENT Pollutants and Water Management: Resources, Strategies and Scarcity delivers a balanced and comprehensive look at recent trends in the management of polluted water resources. Covering the latest ­practical and theoretical aspects of polluted water management, the distinguished academics and authors emphasize indigenous practices of water resource management, the scarcity of clean water, and the future of the water system in the context of an increasing urbanization and globalization. The book details the management of contaminated water sites, including heavy metal contaminations in surface and subsurface water sources. It details a variety of industrial activities that typically pollute water, such as those involving crude oils and dyes. In its discussion of recent trends in abatement strategies, Pollutants and Water Management includes an exploration of the application of microorganisms, like bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and cyanobacteria, for the management of environmental contaminants.Readers will also discover a wide variety of other topics on the conservation of water sources including: The role of government and the public in the management of water resource pollutionThe causes of river system pollution and potential future scenarios in the abatement of river pollution Microbial degradation of organic pollutants in various water bodies The advancement in membrane technology used in water treatment processes Lead contamination in groundwater and recent trends in abatement strategies for it Highly polluting industries and their effects on surrounding water resources Perfect for graduate and postgraduate students and researchers whose focus is on recent trends in abatement strategies for pollutants and the application of microorganisms for the management of environmental contaminants, Pollutants and Water Management: Resources, Strategies and Scarcity also has a place in the libraries of environmentalists whose work involves the management and conservation of polluted sites.

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Группа авторов. Pollutants and Water Management

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Pollutants and Water Management. Resources, Strategies and Scarcity

List of Contributors

1 Water Security and Human Health in Relation to Climate Change: An Indian Perspective

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Quantity of Available Water Resources in India

1.3 Quality of Available Water Resources in India

1.4 The Impact of Climate Change on the Quantity of Water Resources

1.4.1 Rainfall

1.4.2 Glaciers

1.4.3 Sea Level

1.4.4 Groundwater

1.5 Impact of Climate Change on the Quality of Water Resources

1.6 The Health Perspective in Association with Water Security and Climate Change

1.7 Major Challenges to Water Security. 1.7.1 Water Demand for the Future

1.7.2 Overexploitation of Groundwater

1.7.3 Management of Water Resources

1.7.4 Health Prospective

1.8 Government Initiatives to Ensure Water Security

1.9 Managing Water Resources Under Climate Change

1.10 Conclusion and Recommendations

References

2 Assessment of Anthropogenic Pressure and Population Attitude for the Conservation of Kanwar Wetland, Begusarai, India : A Case Study

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Distribution of Wetlands. 2.1.1.1 Global Distribution

2.1.1.2 Distribution of Wetlands in India

2.1.1.3 Distribution of Wetlands in Bihar

2.1.2 Significance of Wetlands

2.1.2.1 Ecological Significance

2.1.2.2 Hydrologic and Climatic Significance

2.1.2.3 Socio‐Economic Significance

2.1.3 Background of the Current Study

2.2 Materials and Method. 2.2.1 Study Area

2.2.2 Data Collection

2.3 Results. 2.3.1 Climatic Variation

2.3.2 Hydrological Variation

2.3.3 Land Use Land Cover Change

2.3.4 Water Quality

2.3.5 Sediment Quality

2.3.6 Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risk Index

2.3.7 Socio‐Economic Dependence and Anthropogenic Pressure

2.3.7.1 Demographic Status and Literacy

2.3.7.2 Resource User Groups and their Socio‐Economic Status and Dependency

2.3.7.3 Attitude for Conservation

2.4 Discussion

2.5 Conclusion

References

3 Grossly Polluting Industries and Their Effect on Water Resources in India

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Industrialization in India

3.3 Categorization of Industries

3.4 Criteria for Determination of Grossly Polluting Industries

3.4.1 State Distribution of Grossly Polluting Industries in India

3.5 Different Type of Grossly Polluting Industries and their Impact on Water Bodies

3.5.1 The Textile Industry

3.5.2 The Leather Industry

3.5.3 Food‐Related Industries

3.5.4 The Metal Industry

3.5.5 The Paper and Pulp Industry

3.5.6 The Sugar Industry

3.5.7 Thermal Power Plants

3.5.8 The Petroleum and Oil Industry

3.6 Major Water Body Pollution Due to Grossly Polluting Industries. 3.6.1 The Status of Water Resources in India

3.6.2 The Quality of Some Major Rivers in India Due to Grossly Polluting Industries Wastewater Discharge and their Impact

3.6.3 Quality of Groundwater Resources in India Due to Wastewater Discharge by Grossly Polluting Industries and Its Impact

3.7 Environmental Infrastructure in Grossly Polluting Industries and its Performance

3.8 Challenges Faced in Industrial Water Regulations

3.9 Conclusion

References

4 Phytoremediation : Status and Outlook

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Status of Heavy Metal Pollution: Global and Indian Scenarios

4.3 Status of Phytoremediation

4.4 Metal Hyperaccumulators for Phytoremediation

4.5 Advancements in Techniques for the Improvement of the Phytoremediation Ability in Plants and the Status of Genetically Modified Organisms

4.6 Physiological Mechanisms for the Sequestration of Metals

4.7 Socio‐Economic Costs and Benefits of Phytoremediation

4.8 Conclusion and Recommendations

References

5 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals from the Biosphere Perspective and Solutions

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Heavy Metals. 5.2.1 Sources

5.3 Heavy Metals in Air

5.3.1 Sources of Heavy Metals in Air

5.4 Heavy Metals: Problems and Harmful Effects

5.5 Remediation of Heavy Metals: Need and Conventional Treatments

5.6 Conventional Remedial Techniques: Challenges

5.6.1 Phytoremediation: An Emerging Technique

5.6.2 Uses of Phytoremediation

5.6.3 Phytoremediation: Role of Plants

5.6.4 Phytoremediation: Agents for Remediation

5.6.5 Types of Phytoremediation

5.6.5.1 Phytoextraction

5.6.5.2 Phytofiltration

5.6.5.3 Rhizofiltration

5.6.5.4 Phytostabilization

5.6.5.5 Phytovolatilization

5.6.5.6 Phytodegradation

5.6.5.7 Rhizodegradation

5.6.5.8 Phytodesalination

5.6.5.9 Phytomining

5.6.5.10 Phytostimulation

5.7 Metal Hyperaccumulators: Scope of Phytoremediation

5.8 Advantages and Limitations of Phytoremediation

5.8.1 Advantages of Phytoremediation

5.8.2 Limitations

5.9 Useful Plants

5.10 Conclusion

References

6 Phytoremediation for Heavy Metal RemovalTechnological Advancements

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Phytoremediation

6.3 Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris)

6.4 Mustard (Brassica juncea)

6.5 Rhizobacteria

6.6 Seagrass

6.7 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

6.8 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart)

6.9 Willow (Salix alba L.)

6.10 Description of Heavy Metal Removal from Water

6.11 Conclusion and Future Research Recommendations

References

7 Advances in Biological Techniques for Remediation of Heavy Metals Leached from a Fly Ash Contaminated Ecosphere

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 Status of Fly Ash Generation, Utilization, and Disposal in India

7.1.2 Fly Ash Utilization

7.1.3 Disposal of Fly Ash in India

7.1.4 Introduction to Fly Ash Heavy Metals

7.2 Status of Fly Ash Heavy Metals: Composition and Remediation

7.3 Treatment of Fly Ash Heavy Metal Contaminated Ecospheres

7.3.1 Conventional Practices for Heavy Metal Remediation

7.3.2 Advanced Practices for Heavy Metal Remediation

7.3.2.1 Synergistic Approach Using Plants and Microbes Together for Metal Removal

7.4 Case Study of Gandhinagar Thermal Power Plant, Gandhinagar, India

7.4.1 Heavy Metal Analysis of Fly Ash

7.4.2 Heavy Metal Remediation Using Plants

7.4.3 Metal Remediation Using Microbes

7.4.4 Bioaugmentation of Potential Indigenous Plants with Potential Indigenous Microbes

7.5 Conclusion and Future Prospectives

References

8 Microbial Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Water Bodies : Technological Advancements

8.1 Organic Contaminants in Water

8.1.1 Characterization of Organic Contaminants

8.1.2 Xenobiotic Nature of Organic Contaminants

8.1.3 Environmental Relevance

8.1.4 Hazards Associated with Xenobiotics

8.1.5 Chemical Versus Biological Treatment of Organic Contaminants

8.2 Treatment of Organic Contaminants Using Microbes

8.2.1 Methods of Selection of Microorganisms

8.2.1.1 Random Screening

8.2.1.2 Metagenomic Screening

8.2.1.2.1 Sequence‐Based Screening

8.2.1.2.2 Function‐Based Screening

8.2.1.3 High‐Throughput Screening

8.2.1.4 Microfluidics‐Based Screening

8.2.1.5 Reporter‐Based Screening

8.2.1.6 Use of Computational Techniques

8.2.1.7 Procurement from Repositories

8.2.2 Mechanism of Degradation

8.2.2.1 Biological Processes

8.2.2.1.1 Microbial Degradation

8.2.2.1.1.1 Bacterial Degradation

8.2.2.1.1.2 Fungal Degradation

8.2.3 The Development of Recombinant Strains

8.2.4 Determination of the Rate of Degradation

8.3 The Process Design for Microbial Treatment. 8.3.1 Parameters Affecting the Degradation Process

8.3.1.1 Impact of Organic Contaminants on Microorganisms

8.3.1.2 Choice of Microorganisms

8.3.1.3 Mass Transfer Limitation of Pollutants to the Site of Degradation

8.3.1.4 Operational Parameters

8.3.2 The Design of a Large‐Scale Facility for a Microbial Degradation System

8.3.2.1 Coupling of Energy Generation with the Contaminant Removal Process

8.4 Future Prospects

8.4.1 Nanobioremediation

8.4.2 Microbial Fuel Cells

8.5 Conclusion

Abbreviations Used

References

9 The Fate of Organic Pollutants and Their Microbial Degradation in Water Bodies

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Classification of Organic Pollutants in the Environment

9.2.1 Pesticides

9.2.2 Dioxins

9.2.3 Phthalates

9.2.4 Flame Retardants

9.2.5 Phenols

9.3 Organic Contaminants in Water and Their Sources

9.4 Effects of Organic Pollutants on Aquatic Ecosystems

9.4.1 Depletion of Dissolved Oxygen

9.4.2 Eutrophication

9.5 The Fate of Organic Pollutants in Natural Water Bodies

9.5.1 Photocatalytic Degradation

9.5.2 Advanced Oxidation Technology

9.5.3 Photochemical Reactors

9.6 Microbial Enzymes in the Degradation of Organic Pollutants

9.6.1 Laccases

9.6.2 Monooxygenase

9.6.3 Cellulase

9.7 Approaches for Organic Pollutant Bioremediation

9.7.1 Bioattenuation

9.7.2 Biostimulation

9.7.3 Bioaugmentation

9.7.4 Mechanism of Degradation of Organic Pollutants

9.7.5 Degradation of Aliphatic Compounds

9.7.6 Degradation of Aromatic Compounds

9.8 Microbial Bioaccumulation of Organic Pollutant in Water Bodies

9.9 Factors Affecting Microbial Degradation

9.9.1 Biological Factors

9.9.2 Environmental Factors

9.10 Conclusion and Future Recommendations

References

10 Detection and Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Nanomaterials

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in Wastewater

10.3 Toxicity of Heavy Metals Concerning Human Health and Environment

10.4 Role of Nanomaterials in the Removal of Heavy Metals

10.5 Different Types of Nanoadsorbents. 10.5.1 Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials

10.5.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes

10.5.1.2 Fullerenes

10.5.1.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide

10.5.1.4 Activated Carbon

10.5.2 Metal‐Based Nanomaterials. 10.5.2.1 Nanogold

10.5.2.2 Nano Silver

10.5.2.3 Titanium Oxide

10.5.2.4 Iron Oxide

10.5.2.5 Aluminum Oxide

10.5.3 Dendrimers

10.5.4 Nanocomposites

10.5.4.1 Polymeric Matrix Nanocomposites

10.5.4.2 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites

10.5.4.3 Polymer/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites

10.6 Comparison of Adsorption Capacities of Various Heavy Metal Ions by Nanomaterials and Conventional Methods

10.7 Conclusion and Future Trends

Acknowledgments

Conflict of Interest

References

11 Spinel Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles : An Alternative for Wastewater Treatment

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles

11.3 Synthesis of Spinel Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles

11.3.1 Co‐precipitation Method

11.3.2 Citrate Precursor Method

11.3.3 Hydrothermal Method

11.3.4 Sol–Gel Method

11.3.5 Solvothermal Method

11.3.6 Microemulsion Method

11.3.7 Sonochemical Method

11.3.8 Microwave‐Assisted Method

11.3.9 Thermal Decomposition

11.3.10 Mechanical Milling Method

11.4 Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanisms. 11.4.1 Adsorption

11.4.1.1 Adsorption Mechanisms

11.4.1.2 Factors Influencing Adsorption Capacity

11.4.1.3 Adsorptions of Dye, Pharmaceuticals, and Pesticides

11.4.2 Photocatalytic Degradation

11.4.2.1 Mechanism of Contaminant Degradation Using the Photocatalytic Approach

11.5 Recovery and Reuse

11.6 Future Perspectives

11.7 Conclusion

References

12 Biocompatible Cellulose‐Based Sorbents for Potential Application in Heavy Metal Ion Removal from Wastewater

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Heavy Metal Ions as Pollutants

12.3 Cellulose as Biosorbents: Fundamentals to the Mechanistic Approach

12.4 Modification of Cellulose

12.4.1 Cellulose‐Derived Material

12.5 Removal of Various HMi

12.6 Adsorption and Kinetic Studies

12.6.1 Kinetics

12.6.1.1 Pseudo‐first Order Model

12.6.1.2 Pseudo‐second Order Model

12.6.1.3 Weber and Morris Intraparticle Diffusion Model

12.6.1.4 Ion Exchange Mechanism

12.7 The Role of Thermodynamics

12.8 Prospects Toward Sustainability

12.9 Summary

References

13 Advances in Membrane Technology Used in the Wastewater Treatment Process

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Membrane Technologies for Wastewater Treatment

13.2.1 Membranes Classification

13.2.2 Preparation Methods. 13.2.2.1 Solution Casting Method

13.2.2.2 Phase Inversion

13.2.2.3 Sol–Gel and Slip Casting

13.2.2.4 Sintering

13.2.2.5 Interfacial Polymerization

13.2.2.6 Surface Modifications

13.2.3 Membrane Characterization

13.2.3.1 Membrane Porometry

13.2.3.2 Performance Test

13.2.3.3 Spectroscopic Method

13.2.3.4 Microscopic Method

13.2.4 Pressure‐Driven Membrane Separation Technologies

13.2.4.1 Microfiltration

13.2.4.2 Ultrafiltration

13.2.4.3 Nanofiltration

13.2.4.4 Reverse Osmosis

13.3 Advancements in Membrane Technology for Wastewater Treatment

13.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes

13.3.2 Silver Nanoparticles

13.3.3 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

13.3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

13.3.5 Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles

13.3.6 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

13.3.7 Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles

13.3.8 Bioinspired Membranes

13.4 Conclusions

References

14 Occurrence, Fate, and Remediation of Arsenic

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Sources of Arsenic Contamination in the Environment

14.2.1 Natural Sources

14.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources

14.3 Health Effects of Arsenic Toxicity

14.4 Remediation Techniques for Arsenic Contamination

14.4.1 Oxidation

14.4.2 Adsorption

14.4.2.1 Activated Alumina

14.4.2.2 Activated Carbon

14.4.2.3 Red Mud

14.4.2.4 Ion Exchange

14.5 Coagulation and Flocculation

14.6 Bioremediation for the Treatment of Arsenic

14.6.1 Phytoremediation

14.6.1.1 Phytoextraction

14.6.1.2 Phytovolatilization

14.6.1.3 Phytoimmobilization

14.6.2 Microbial Bioremediation

14.6.3 Microbially Assisted Phytoremediation/Phytobial Remediation

14.6.4 Consortia‐Based Approach

14.7 The Fate of Arsenic in the Environment

14.8 Conclusion

References

15 Physical and Chemical Methods for Heavy Metal Removal

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals

15.3 Methods

15.3.1 Physical Methods for Heavy Metal Removal. 15.3.1.1 Membrane Filtration

15.3.1.2 Coagulation and Flocculation

15.3.1.3 Ion Exchange

15.3.1.4 Adsorption

15.4 Chemical Methods for Heavy Metal Removal. 15.4.1 Neutralization

15.4.2 Solvent Extraction

15.4.3 Chemical Precipitation

15.4.4 Electrochemical Treatment

15.5 Conclusion

References

16 The Role of Government and the Public in Water Resource Management in India

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Distribution of Water in India

16.3 Challenges in Water Resource Management. 16.3.1 Water Pollution

16.3.2 Water Stress

16.3.3 Interstate Conflicts for Water

16.4 Traditional Ways of Water Resource Management in India

16.5 Present Management Measures. 16.5.1 Government Schemes and Policies

16.5.1.1 National Water Mission

16.5.1.2 Integrated Water Resources Management

16.5.1.3 National Water Policy

16.5.2 Government Schemes

16.5.2.1 Ganga Cleaning Programs

16.5.2.2 Jal Shakti Abhiyan

16.5.2.3 Interlinking of Rivers

16.5.2.4 Command Area Development and Water Management Program

16.5.2.5 Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal)

16.5.2.6 National Hydrology Project

16.5.2.7 Central Government Schemes Having Potential to Finance Renovation of Traditional and Other Water Bodies/Tanks

16.6 The Role of the Public in Water Resource Management

16.6.1 Kitchen Gardens

16.6.2 Soak Pit/Magic Pit

16.6.3 Afforestation

16.6.4 Rainwater Harvesting

16.6.4.1 Best Practices in Rainwater Harvesting

16.6.4.1.1 Garden Estate, Gurgaon

16.6.4.1.2 Tihar Jail, Delhi

16.6.4.1.3 Mother Dairy F&V Units, Delhi

16.6.4.1.4 Rainwater Harvesting Measures in Chennai

16.6.4.1.5 Successful Endeavors of Public in Water Resources Management

16.7 Recommendations and Conclusion

References

Web References/Online Sources

Notes

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Edited by

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Rupika Sinha Department of Biotechnology, MNNIT, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

K.S. Sista Research and Development, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

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